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Light Absorption and Scattering Mechanisms in Laser Fusion Plasmas
The picture of laser light absorption and scattering which is emerging from theory and computer simulation studies of laser-plasma interactions is described. On the subject of absorption, we discuss theoretical and experimental evidence that resonance absorption in a steepened density profile is a dominant absorption mechanism. Recent work also indicates the presence of critical surface ripples, which we study using two and three dimensional computer simulations. Predictions of hot electron spectra due to resonance absorption are described, as are effects of plasma outflow. We then discuss two regimes where stimulated scattering may occur. Brillouin scattering is expected in the underdense target blow-off, for long laser pulses, and is limited by ion heating. Raman scattering in the background gas of a reactor target chamber is predicted to be at most a 10 percent effect for 1 ..mu..m lasers.
Date:
October 4, 1977
Creator:
Barnes, C.; Estabrook, K. G.; Kruer, W. L.; Langdon, A. B.; Lasinski, B. F.; Max, C. E. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Effect of fuel recycling on radioactivity and thermal power of high-level wastes
The radioactivity and thermal power of high-level and plutonium-bearing wastes from the nuclear fuel cycle have been calculated for the years 1975 to 2005 using the rate of generation of such wastes projected for the Generic Environmental Statement on Mixed Oxide Fuel (NUREG-0002). Three modes of fuel recycle are considered: (1) no recycle, (2) uranium recycle, and (3) prompt uranium and plutonium recycle. These cases are compared with a respect to radioactivity and thermal power of the generated waste, the waste shipments, and the accumulated inventories at reactor sites, reprocessing facilities, and ultimate disposal sites.
Date:
October 1, 1977
Creator:
Wachter, J.W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High-energy proton radiation damage of high-purity germanium detectors
Motivated by their applicability to gamma-ray spectroscopy experiments in space, quantitative studies of radiation damage effects in high-purity germanium detectors due to high-energy charged particles have been initiated with the irradiation by 6 GeV/c protons of two 1.0 cm thick planar detectors maintained at 88/sup 0/K. The threshold for resolution degradation and the annealing characteristics differs markedly from those previously observed for detectors irradiated by fast neutrons. Under proton bombardment, degradation in the energy resolution was found to begin below 7 x 10/sup 7/ protons/cm/sup 2/, and increased proportionately in both detectors until the experiment was terminated at a total flux of 5.7 x 10/sup 8/ protons/cm/sup 2/, equivalent to about a six year exposure to cosmic-ray protons in space. At the end of the irradiation, the FWHM resolution measured at 1332 keV stood at 8.5 and 13.6 keV, with both detectors of only marginal utility as a spectrometer due to the severe tailing caused by charge trapping. The two detectors displayed a significant difference in proton damage sensitivity, which is consistent with fast neutron damage effects. To ensure that detector variability did not influence the comparison of proton- and neutron-induced damage effects, one of the detectors had been used …
Date:
October 1, 1977
Creator:
Pehl, R.H.; Varnell, L.S. & Metzger, A.E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Calorimetric and optical beam diagnostics on the LBL 120-keV neutral beam test facility
The 120-keV Neutral Beam Test Facility at LBL is fitted with several types of instrumentation to determine the properties of the 10- to 15-A hydrogen and deuterium beams produced in this facility. These include a neutral particle dump for measuring the temperature profile generated by the beam, and a fixed and a moveable ion dump to measure the temperature profiles generated by the various ion components after they have been swept out of the neutral beam by a bending magnet. These several dumps provide enough information to determine the power density profiles and divergences of the neutral beam and the various ion beams for comparison with theoretical calculations, the beam composition, and the neutralization efficiency. The optical beam diagnostic consists of a high-resolution spectrometer coupled with a commercial optical multichannel analyzer. These instruments analyze Doppler-shifted optical radiation from the moving neutral atoms in the beam. Analysis of data so obtained provides the aiming directions and divergences of the various energy components in the neutral beam, as well as the beam composition.
Date:
October 1, 1977
Creator:
Burrell, C. F.; Cooper, W. S.; Steele, W. F. & Smith, R. R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Development of passive electronic components for instrumentation of improved geothermal logging tools and components. Annual progress report
Short term objectives for well-logging instrumentation are circuits which can operate at temperatures in the range 275/sup 0/C to 350/sup 0/C; the medium term goal is operation up to 500/sup 0/C, and the long term goal is to achieve operation at 1000/sup 0/C. It is apparent that useful electronic circuits will require the combination of both passive components and active devices. In order to meet the compatibility requirements, the basic technology which has been selected in this project is the chemical vapor deposition of metal interconnections, resistor material, dielectric material and passivating material. It is to be emphasized that this is a thin-film, not thick-film, technology which is compatible with the processing methods used in fabricating either semiconductor or integrated thermionic devices, and produces components which are electrically compatible with those devices. The investigation in this project is primarily directed toward tungsten metallization, tungsten-silicon resistors, and silicon nitride dielectric and passivation.
Date:
October 20, 1977
Creator:
Raymond, L.S.; Hamilton, D.J. & Kerwin, W.J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
New generation of arc and arc filament power supplies for pulsed neutral beams
The new Tandem Mirror Experiment (TMX) facility at LLL requires that neutral beams operate for pulse lengths between 25 and 100 ms. The inevitable increase in cost over the present 12-ms pulse length capability dictated that a more economical alternative to the pulse forming networks and the transformer-type arc filament power supplies currently in use be found. A study of the various alternatives and design requirements revealed that battery banks are the most economical alternative. The thermionic arc filaments have relatively simple power-supply requirements in terms of control and regulation. The battery arc filament power supply controls and electromechanical hardware heat the filaments to provide the electrons which produce the plasma. Component testing revealed problems that must be addressed in the finished production design. The battery arc power supply poses a difficult set of requirements for current control. The TMX requires current control accuracy of +-1.0 percent and rise/fall times of 50 ..mu..s. These requirements are met with a novel thyristor switching circuit. The features of the four-section battery bank design, capable of a total of 4000 A at 58 V dc, are detailed. Control hardware compatible with the current generation of pulse-forming network hardware has been developed. The cost …
Date:
October 3, 1977
Creator:
Santamaria, G.T.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Basic linear algebra subprograms for FORTRAN usage. [BLAS, in FORTRAN and assembly language for IBM 360/67, CDC 6600 and 7600, and Univac 1108]
A package of 38 low-level subprograms for many of the basic operations of numerical linear algebra is presented. The package is intended to be used with FORTRAN. The operations in the package are dot products, elementary vector operations, Givens transformations, vector copy and swap, vector norms, vector scaling, and the indices of components of largest magnitude. The subprograms and a test driver are available in portable FORTRAN. Versions of the subprograms are also provided in assembly language for the IBM 360/67, the CDC 6600 and CDC 7600, and the Univac 1108.
Date:
October 1, 1977
Creator:
Lawson, C.L.; Hanson, R.J.; Kincaid, D.R. & Krogh, F.T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Survey of selected agencies conducted to determine the extent to which the nation's coals are adequately characterized
A survey was conducted to determine the extent to which the nation's coals were adequately characterized. Questionnaires were sent to 81 agencies in the coal community selected to form a representative cross section of the organizations concerned with coal characterization. Fifty-nine completed questionnaires were received. Respondents included representatives of the agencies with the longest experience in characterization and those in the best position to know the status of our knowledge of the composition and properties of the coals comprising the country's coal fields. Analysis of the responses to the questionnaire resulted in the following conclusions: The nation's coals are inadequately characterized for their efficient and effective use, particularly in relation to coal conversion technology and maintaining environmental quality; the number of agencies conducting coal characterization programs is too small to meet the nation's needs within the time frame required; and the scope of coal characterization programs should be expanded to develop a broader spectrum of basic compositional and performance data.
Date:
October 1, 1977
Creator:
Hower, J. M.; Davis, A.; Dolsen, C. P. & Spackman, W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High resolution x-ray crystal spectrographs
Observation of x-ray line emissions are valuable for determining the thermodynamic state of the emitting plasma. For laser produced plasmas, diffraction crystals can be used to isolate x-ray monochromes to obtain high resolution spectral measurements. We will describe a versatile multi-crystal high resolution spectrograph used for photon energies from 0.5 to 6 keV. We will discuss a calculational package that tunes the response and sensitivity of the instrument and estimates the effect of source extent on spectral resolution. A scheme using fine slits to obtain spatial resolution with the basic instrument will also be described. An instrument is being built for Shiva diagnostics that incorporates a diffraction crystal and an x-ray streak camera. The design rationale for the crystal stage will be discussed.
Date:
October 21, 1977
Creator:
Koppel, L. N. & Eckels, J. D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Exploding pusher performance at fixed laser power, a theoretical model
A model for the physics of exploding pusher targets is presented which compares favorably with the predictions of the complex simulation code, LASNEX.
Date:
October 4, 1977
Creator:
Rosen, M.D. & Nuckolls, J.H.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Mechanical properties of LX-10-1. Process Development Endeavor No. 105
Two Holston lots of LX-10-1 were evaluated for mechanical properties. The average 21/sup 0/C tensile failure stress-strain values for Lot 711-1 and 711-2 were 2.32 MPa at 0.15% and 2.07 MPa at 0.18%, respectively. The failure stress range for both lots was approximately 0.4 MPa at 74 C to 5.6 MPa at -37C. Several additional pressing cycles were required to obtain a density of 1.865 Mg/m/sup 3/ for Lot 711-1 material. The additional cycles appear to have increased the tensile failure stress of Lot 711-1 slightly.
Date:
October 1, 1977
Creator:
Johnson, H.D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Mark I 1/5-scale boiling water reactor pressure suppression experiment facility report
An accurate Mark I /sup 1///sub 5/-scale, boiling water reactor (BWR), pressure suppression facility was designed and constructed at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) in 11 months. Twenty-seven air tests using the facility are described. Cost was minimized by utilizing equipment borrowed from other LLL programs. The total value of borrowed equipment exceeded the program's budget of $2,020,000. Substantial flexibility in the facility was used to permit independent variation in the drywell pressure-time history, initial pressure in the drywell and toroidal wetwells, initial toroidal wetwell water level and downcomer length, vent line flow resistance, and vent line flow asymmetry. The two- and three-dimensional sectors of the toroidal wetwell provided significant data.
Date:
October 11, 1977
Creator:
Altes, R.G.; Pitts, J.H.; Ingraham, R.F.; Collins, E.K. & McCauley, E.W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Study of the health effects of bicycling in an urban atmosphere. Final report
This report analyzes data on the health effects of bicycling in an urban environment through intensive study of ten healthy male subjects bicycling or driving in systematically varied conditions in the streets of Washington, D.C. Evaluation criteria for available technology and instrumentation are included and a methodology is developed for route selection. Specific air pollutants (carbon monoxide, ozone, sulfates, nitrates, and particulates) are measured concurrently with exposure and subsequent changes in health status identified through pulmonary function testing, cardiovascular testing, and blood and symptoms analysis. The report concludes that no major adverse short-term health effects were noted for ten healthy male subjects while bicycling or driving in levels of pollution and thermal stress encountered during the study period. Recommendations for further research are also presented.
Date:
October 14, 1977
Creator:
Waldman, M.; Weiss, S. & Articola, W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Kilowatt Isotope Power System: component test report for the ground demonstration system accumulator. 77-KIPS-100
The purpose of this test was to demonstrate that the system accumulator for the developmental program to be conducted on the Kilowatt Isotope Power System (KIPS) fulfilled the requirements of the test procedure (TP 400) test objectives. The results of the expulsion testing performed on the system accumulator are presented.
Date:
October 10, 1977
Creator:
Brainard, E.L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Applications of concrete polymer materials for the rehabilitation of bridge decks
The rapid deterioration of concrete bridge decks as a result of the increased use of deicing salts is one of the most severe problems facing the highway industry today. One possible solution to the problem is the use of concrete polymer materials. The materials of prime interest are polymer-impregnated concrete (PIC) and polymer concrete (PC), both of which have excellent durability and strength properties. Three potential applications: repair of deteriorated bridge decks, polymer impregnation of new bridge deck surfaces, and full impregnation of precast deck panels have been studied in laboratory and field tests and the results have been encouraging. These results and economic considerations are described.
Date:
October 1, 1977
Creator:
Kukacka, L. E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Metal vapor excimer laser. Quarterly progress report, May 1, 1977--July 31, 1977. [CdHg vapors]
The CdHg excimer program will attempt to determine the existence of optical gain in a discharge pumped high temperature medium. This first quarterly contract period primarily involves detailed design of the experimental apparatus capable of producing high temperature metal vapor. The report begins with the general considerations which went into designing the experiment and follows with descriptions and schematics of the experiment as presently conceived.
Date:
October 1, 1977
Creator:
Kovacs, M A & Jacob, J H
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of homogeneous U233 and U235 critical assemblies with ENDF/B-IV data (AWBA development program)
Thirty-two U233 and U235 homogeneous aqueous critical experiments were analyzed with ENDF/B-IV data. Calculated eigenvalues for both fuel types increased by nearly 2 percent over the range of hydrogen/uranium atomic ratio covered (from 2106 to 27.1). This is attributed mostly to an underprediction of fast leakage, with some contribution from the fission and capture resonance integrals of ENDF/B-IV U235. Eigenvalue sensitivities to several nuclear data changes were examined. Values of the thermal criticality parameter constraint K2 for U233 and U235 were derived from the Gwin-Magnuson critical experiments at the zero leakage limit.
Date:
October 1977
Creator:
Ullo, J.J. & Hardy, J. Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Profile modification by the ponderomotive force in spherical targets
Experiments have been performed by LLL which indicate a definite density profile steepening. One possible mechanism for this effect is the ponderomotive force. LASNEX has been modified to include the light momentum deposition in the form rho dv/dt = -nabla P - nabla(radical epsilon + radical 1/epsilon) I/2c. Results will be presented from numerical simulations on spherical glass targets at laser intensities from 10/sup 14/ to 10/sup 16/ watts/cm/sup 2/. Emphasis is placed on the nature of the density profile near the critical region as a function of laser intensity and plasma conditions. The existence of this sharp step, whose scale length is of the order of a micrometer may imply a local reduction in the thermal conductivity.
Date:
October 26, 1977
Creator:
Larsen, J. T. & Harte, J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fixed bed gasification for production of industrial fuel gas
This report summarizes the results of technical and economic evaluations of six commercially available, fixed-bed coal gasification processes for the production of industrial fuel gas. The study was performed for DOE and is intended to assist industrial companies in exploring the feasibility of producing gaseous fuels for both retrofit and new industrial plant situations. The report includes a technical analysis of the physical configuration, performance capabilities, and commercial experiments to-date for both air-blown and oxygen-blown fixed bed gasifiers. The product gas from these gasifiers is analyzed economically for three different degrees of cleanliness: (1) hot raw gas, (2) dust-, tar-, and oil-free gas, and (3) dust-, tar-, oil-free and desulfurized gas. The evaluations indicate that low-Btu gases produced from fixed bed gasifiers constitute one of the most logical short-term solutions for helping ease the shortage of natural gas for industrial fuel applications because the technology is well-proven and has been utilized on a commercial scale for several decades both in this country and overseas; time from initiation of design to commercial operation is about two years; the technology is not complicated to construct, operate, or maintain; and a reliable supply of product gas can be generated on-site. The advantages and …
Date:
October 1, 1977
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Data telecommunications at the CSCF
At Brookhaven National Laboratory data telecommunication for remote job entry, interactive time sharing, networking, graphics, and special purpose links became increasingly important--they now rival the more traditional over-the-counter traffic. The BNL Central Scientific Computing Facility (CSCF) responded to this need with a number of developments. The latest and most comprehensive of these is a ''front-end'' communications system built around MODCOMP II computers. To put this project into its proper framework, some historical background is presented describing predecessor systems, the development of specifications, and the factors considered in the decision to turn to MODCOMP. The hardware is based around dual MODCOMP II-233 processors with a specially developed link to the larger CSCF machines, two Control Data 6600 computers and one CDC 7600. The MODCOMP software is based upon an existing system developed by Chrysler Corporation, running under MAXCOM. On the Control Data side Scope 3.4/INTERCOM 4 is used as a basis. The developments and modifications, both hardware and software, necessary for these components to meet Brookhaven's specifications are described. Certain related special-purpose data link applications are described. Among them are a research project in national resource sharing networks using ARPANET, and a connection to the National Weather Service machines in Suitland, …
Date:
October 1, 1977
Creator:
Peskin, A. M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
NASA/DOE advanced thermionic technology program. Progress report No. 28
Surface studies of thermionic emitters and collectors in the surface characterization chamber are described. Plasma studies including converter theory, experimental plasma analyses, and enhanced mode conversion experiments are discussed. Progress in thermionic converter development, the component hardware program, and the combustion-heated thermionic device program are outlined. (WHK)
Date:
October 1, 1977
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Lead-Glass Wall addition to the Spear Mark I Magnetic Detector
A ''Lead-Glass Wall,'' consisting of 318 lead-glass Cherenkov shower counters and three wire spark chambers, has been added to one octant of the SPEAR Mark I Magnetic Detector. The wall covers a solid angle of approximately 6 percent of 4..pi.. steradians and has been used to identify and measure the energies of electrons and photons produced in electron-positron collisions. The design, calibration, gain-monitoring, and performance of the system are described.
Date:
October 1, 1977
Creator:
Feller, J. M.; Barbaro-Galtieri, A. & Dorfan, J. M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Notes on Luminosity Variation at ISABELLE
In the present ISABELLE design, the luminosity at each insertion will be the same, unless special efforts are taken to get a low-..beta.. insertion or reduced crossing angle. These can only change the luminosity by factors of 2 to 4 from insertion to insertion. An estimation of the range of desired luminosities is given.
Date:
October 19, 1977
Creator:
Herrera, J. C.; Marx, M.; Roe, B. & Rosenberg, E. I.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
System model for analysis of the mirror fusion-fission reactor
This report describes a system model for the mirror fusion-fission reactor. In this model we include a reactor description as well as analyses of capital cost and blanket fuel management. In addition, we provide an economic analysis evaluating the cost of producing the two hybrid products, fissile fuel and electricity. We also furnish the results of a limited parametric analysis of the modeled reactor, illustrating the technological and economic implications of varying some important reactor design parameters.
Date:
October 12, 1977
Creator:
Bender, D.J. & Carlson, G.A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library