This review briefly describes the laser system, spatial filter, computer control system, and the 46 cm disk amplifier. (MOW)

The principal goal of the inertial confinement fusion program is the development of a practical fusion power plant in this century. Rapid progress has been made in the four major areas of ICF--targets, drivers, fusion experiments, and reactors. High gain targets have been designed. Laser, electron beam, and heavy ion accelerator drivers appear to be feasible. Record-breaking thermonuclear conditions have been experimentally achieved. Detailed diagnostics of laser implosions have confirmed predictions of the LASNEX computer program. Experimental facilities are being planned and constructed capable of igniting high gain fusion microexplosions in the mid 1980's. A low cost long lifetime reactor design has been developed.

Compositeness may be signaled by an increase in the production of high transverse momentum hadronic jet pairs or lepton pairs. The hadronic jet signal competes with the QCD production of jets, a subject of interest in its own right. Tests of perturbative QCD at the SSC will be of special interest because the calculations are expected to be quite reliable. Studies show that compositeness up to a scale of 20 to 35 TeV would be detected in hadronic jets at the SSC. Leptonic evidence would be discovered for scales up to 10 to 20 TeV. The charge asymmetry for leptons would provide information on the nature of the compositeness interaction. Calorimetry will play a crucial role in the detection of compositeness in the hadronic jet signal. Deviations from an e/h response of 1 could mask the effect. The backgrounds for lepton pair production seem manageable. 30 refs., 19 figs., 10 tabs.

Worldwide incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma has increased substantially, and no screening program has yet demonstrated reduction in mortality. We evaluated the education, self examination and targeted screening campaign at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) from its beginning in July 1984 through 1996. The thickness and crude incidence of melanoma from the years before the campaign were compared to those obtained during the 13 years of screening. Melanoma mortality during the 13-year period was based on a National Death Index search. Expected yearly deaths from melanoma among LLNL employees were calculated by using California mortality data matched by age, sex, and race/ethnicity and adjusted to exclude deaths from melanoma diagnosed before the program began or before employment at LLNL. After the program began, crude incidence of melanoma thicker than 0.75 mm decreased from 18 to 4 cases per 100,000 person-years (p = 0.02), while melanoma less than 0.75mm remained stable and in situ melanoma increased substantially. No eligible melanoma deaths occurred among LLNL employees during the screening period compared with a calculated 3.39 expected deaths (p = 0.034). Education, self examination and selective screening for melanoma at LLNL significantly decreased incidence of melanoma thicker than 0.75 mm and reduced …

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Partons produced in the early stage of non-central heavy-ioncollisionscan develop a longitudinal fluid shear because of unequal localnumber densities of participant target and projectile nucleons. Undersuch fluid shear, local parton pairs with non-vanishing impact parameterhave finite local relative orbital angular momentum along the directionopposite to the reaction plane. Such finite relative orbitalangularmomentum among locally interacting quark pairs can lead to global quarkpolarization along the same direction due to spin-orbital coupling. Locallongitudinal fluid shear is estimated within both Landau fireball andBjorken scaling model of initial parton production. Quark polarizationthrough quark-quark scatterings with the exchange of a thermal gluon iscalculated beyond small-angle scattering approximation in a quark-gluonplasma. The polarization is shown to have a non-monotonic dependence onthe local relative orbital angular momentum dictated by the interplaybetween electric and magnetic interaction. It peaks at a value ofrelative orbital angular momentum which scales with the magnetic mass ofthe exchanged gluons. With the estimated small longitudinal fluid shearin semi-peripheral Au+Au collisions at the RHIC energy, the final quarkpolarization is found to be small left hbar P_q right hbar<0.04 inthe weak coupling limit. Possible behavior of the quark polarization inthe strong coupling limit and implications on the experimental detectionof such global quark polarization at RHIC and …

The Tandem Mirror Reactor, with its cylindrical central cell, has led to numerous blanket designs taking advantage of the simple geometry. Also many new applications for fusion neutrons are now being considered. To the pure fusion electricity producers and hybrids producing fissile fuel, we are adding studies of synthetic fuel producers and fission-suppressed hybrids. The three blanket concepts presented are new ideas and should be considered illustrative of the breadth of Livermore's application studies. They are not meant to imply fully analyzed designs.

A spherically-symmetric, transient heat-transfer analysis conducted on a cryogenic multiple-shelled laser-driven pellet shows that injection velocities of 300 m/s are required. Support mechanisms for the inner shells must be able not only to withstand the maximum pellet acceleration but also to dissipate the heat generated in the frozen D-T fuel. Manufacturing, storage, and acceleration of pellets are also examined and found to require a cryogenic environment.

A monitoring instrument based on a high-pressure ionization chamber has been developed that measures average dose rates as low as 0.1 mR/h and responds linearly to short pulses at dose rates up to 1.2 x 10/sup 10/ R/h. Its sensitivity can be remotely changed by a factor of 10/sup 4/, to enable accurate measurement of both background radiation and very high intensities such as can be expected from accelerator beam-spills. The instrument's detector-electrometer pulse response was measured using a dose-calibrated field-emission accelerator having a 30-ns pulse width.

High-power free-electron lasers make new methods possible for heating plasmas and driving current in toroidal plasmas with electromagnetic waves. We have undertaken particle simulation studies with one and two dimensional, relativistic particle simulation codes of intense pulsed electron cyclotron heating and beat-wave current drive. The particle simulation methods here are conventional: the algorithms are time-centered, second-order-accurate, explicit, leap-frog difference schemes. The use of conventional methods restricts the range of space and time scales to be relatively compact in the problems addressed. Nevertheless, experimentally relevant simulations have been performed. 10 refs., 2 figs.

Several processes in various fields require uniformly thick coatings and layers on small particles. The particles may be used as carriers of catalytic materials (platinum or other coatings), as laser fusion targets (various polymer or metallic coatings), or for biological or other tracer or interactive processes. We have devised both molecular beam and electro-dynamic techniques for levitation of the particles during coating and electrodynamic methods of controlling and transporting the particles between coating steps and to final use locations. Both molecular beam and electrodynamic techniques are described and several advantages and limitations of each will be discussed. A short movie of an operating electrodynamic levitation and transport apparatus will be shown.

The paper focuses on a nonrenormalizable theory that is more closely related to those suggested by superstrings, namely a gauged nonlinear delta-model, but one which can also be obtained analytically in a particular limit of a parameter (m/sub H/ ..-->.. infinity) of the standard, renormalizable electroweak theory. This will provide another laboratory for testing the validity of calculations using the effective theory. We find (as for certain superstring inspired models to be discussed later) features similar to those for the Fermi theory: quadratic divergences can be reinterpreted as renormalizations, while new terms are generated at the level of logarithmic divergences. Also introduced in the context of more familiar physics are notions such as scalar metric, scalar curvature and nonlinear symmetries, that play an important role in formal aspects of string theories. 58 refs., 12 figs.

Thin targets of radioactive /sup 148/Gd were used to determine a precise value for the mass of /sup 147/Gd. The (p,d), (d,t), and /sup 3/He,..cap alpha..) reactions were used with high-resolution charged-particle spectrometry to determine Q-values for the /sup 148/Gd target relative to several calibration targets having known Q-values. By combining the measured Q-value with the /sup 148/Gd mass, the mass defect, ..delta..M(/sup 147/Gd) = 75356 +- 6 keV, 149 keV less than the value in the 1977 mass tabulation was obtained. 7 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.

Precision spectroscopy of solar plasmas has historically been the goad for advances in calculating the atomic physics and dynamics of highly ionized atoms. Recent efforts to understand the laboratory plasmas associated with magnetic and inertial confinement fusion, and with X-ray laser research, have played a similar role. Developments spurred by laboratory plasma research are applicable to the modeling of high-resolution spectra from both solar and cosmic X-ray sources, such as the photoionized plasmas associated with accretion disks. Three of these developments in large scale atomic modeling are reviewed: a new method for calculating large arrays of collisional excitation rates, a sum rule based method for extending collisional-radiative models and modeling the effects of autoionizing resonances, and a detailed level accounting calculation of resonant excitation rates in FeXVII. 21 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.

A 14-MeV deuterium-tritium (D-T) neutron source for accelerated end-of-life testing of fusion reactor materials has been designed on the basis of a linear two-component collisional plasma system. An intense flux (up to 5 {times} 10{sup 18}/m{sup 2}{center dot}s) of 14-MeV neutrons is produced in a fully ionized high-density (n{sub e} {approx equal} 3 {times} 10{sup 21} m{sup {minus}3}) tritium target by transverse injection of 60 MW of neutral beam power. Power deposited in the target is removed by thermal electron conduction to large end chambers, where it is deposited in gaseous plasma collectors. We show in this paper that the major physics issues have now been experimentally demonstrated. These include magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibrium and stability, microstability, startup, fueling, Spitzer electron thermal conductivity, and power deposition in a gaseous plasma collector. However, an integrated system has not been demonstrated. 28 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.

Particle removal procedures such as plasma cleaning, ultrasonic agitation of solvents, detergents, solvent wiping, mild abrasives, vapor degreasing, high pressure solvent spraying and others have been evaluated and the results are reported here. Wiping with a lens tissue wetted with an organic solvent and high pressure fluid spraying are the only methods by which particles as small as 5 ..mu..m can be effectively removed. All of the other methods tested were found to be at least two orders of magnitude less effective at removing small insoluble particles. An additional and as yet unresolved problem is the development of a reliable method for evaluating particulate surface cleanliness. Without such a reproducible monitoring technique, the large diversity of cleaning methods currently available cannot be quantitatively evaluated.

Creating low-energy electrons in the stratosphere by photoelectric emission has the beneficial effect of suppressing ozone destruction by Cl. This is because Cl is converted to Cl{sup {minus}}, which is less reactive. Critical to the success of this scheme is the ability to attach most of the electrons to Cl{sup {minus}} and its hydrates Cl{sup {minus}} (H{sub 2}O). We found that this attachment efficiency is rather high. This is remarkable given the fact that the electron affinity of Cl{sup {minus}} is less than that of NO{sub 3}{minus}. Photoddetachment of NO{sub 3}{minus} is the key factor that leads to this high efficiency. Computer calculations show that ozone increases with electron injection, and most of the electrons end up attaching to Cl{sup {minus}}(H{sub 2}O). We also point out that 40 km, the altitude at which most of the ozone destruction occurs, is also the optimum altitude for injecting photoelectric electrons. 12 refs., 6 figs.

This report discusses the following topics in relationships to plasma simulation: unstructed grids; particle tracking; and field propagation. (LSP)

Soudan 2 is an 1100-ton tracking calorimeter which is being built 713 m underground to search for nucleon decay and to study neutrino and cosmic-ray physics. The detector is assembled from 256 identical 4.3-ton calorimeter modules. Each module consists of finely segmented iron and drift tubes, and records three space coordinates and dE/dx for every tube crossing. It is surrounded on all sides by a 1700 m{sup 2} active shield of proportional tubes. The first atmospheric neutrino interactions and a magnetic monopole search are described. Prospects for cosmic ray studies are summarized.

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As part of the effort to modernize safeguards equipment, the IAEA is continuing to acquire and install equipment for upgrading obsolete surveillance systems with digital technology; and providing remote-monitoring capabilities where and when economically justified. Remote monitoring is expected to reduce inspection effort, particularly at storage facilities and reactor sites. Remote monitoring technology will not only involve surveillance, but will also include seals, sensors, and other unattended measurement equipment. The experience of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) with the Argus Security System offers lessons for the design, deployment, and maintenance of remote monitoring systems. Argus is an integrated security system for protection of high-consequence U.S. Government assets, including nuclear materials. Argus provides secure transmission of sensor data, administrative data, and video information to support intrusion detection and access control functions. LLNL developed and deployed the Argus system on its own site in 1988. Since that time LLNL has installed, maintained, and upgraded Argus systems at several Department of Energy and Department of Defense sites in the U.S. and at the original LLNL site. Argus has provided high levels of reliability and integrity, and reduced overall life-cycle cost through incremental improvements to hardware and software. This philosophy permits expansion of functional …

The Inner and Outer modules of the Central Solenoid Model Coil (CSMC) were built by US and Japanese home teams in collaboration with European and Russian teams to demonstrate the feasibility of a superconducting Central Solenoid for ITER and other large tokamak reactors. The CSMC mass is about 120 t, OD is about 3.6 m and the stored energy is 640 MJ at 46 kA and peak field of 13 T. Testing of the CSMC and the CS Insert took place at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) from mid March until mid August 2000. This paper presents the main results of the tests performed.

The 3-D nonlinear toroidal gyrokinetic simulation code PG3EQ is used to study toroidal ion temperature gradient (ITG) driven turbulence--a key cause of the anomalous transport that limits tokamak plasma performance. Systematic studies of the dependence of ion thermal transport on various parameters and effects are presented, including dependence on {rvec E} x {rvec B} and toroidal velocity shear, sensitivity to the force balance in simulations with radial temperature gradient variation, and the dependences on magnetic shear and ion temperature gradient.

Analysis of recent conceptual designs reveals that commercial fusion power systems will raise issues of occupational and public health and safety. This paper focuses on radioactive wastes from fusion reactor materials activated by neutrons. The analysis shows that different selections of materials and neutronic designs can make differences in orders-of-magnitude of the kinds and amounts of radioactivity to be expected. By careful and early evaluation of the impacts of the selections on waste management, designers can produce fusion power systems with radiation from waste well below today's limits for occupational and public health and safety.