The quasi-free electron attachment rate, k/sub e/, and mobility, ..mu../sub e/, were studied in non-polar solutions using pulsed conductivity techniques. Measurements of k/sub e/ of >50 nitro compounds in liquids have ..mu../sub e/ ranging from <0.1 to 100 cm/sup 2//volt sec at temperatures from -100 to +40/sup 0/C indicated electron-dipole interactions are important in liquids having ..mu../sub e/ < 1 cm/sup 2//volt sec. The Smoluchowski equation was modified to include electron-dipole interactions and calculated k/sub e/'s agreed with observations within +-20%. The cellular enhancement ratio, CER, of nine of the nitro compounds were measured and a correlation between k/sub e/ and CER was found which was used to refine a model of cellular radiosensitization involving quasi-free electrons. Diffusion-controlled k/sub e/'s were observed for several carcinogens and in reversed micellar solutions. Field-dependent k/sub e/'s were measured in liquids having ..mu../sub e/ ranging from 10/sup -4/ to 500 cm/sup 2//volt sec and were found to increase at ..mu../sub e/ < 1 and decrease at ..mu../sub e/ > 70 cm/sup 2//volt sec with increasing field. The ..mu../sub e/ of liquid C/sub 2/H/sub 6/ was measured from -40/sup 0/C through the critical temperature at fields up to 180 kV/cm and a transition from polaron …

The results of an experimental investigation into the convective heat losses in large aspect ratio flat-plate solar collectors are described. An experimental study has been undertaken on a specially designed test cell using a 3 inch Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Air at atmospheric pressure was used as the heat-transfer fluid. The experimental results include interferograms which show the thermal boundary layer formations and the temperature profiles. Local temperature profiles have been analyzed through the use of an optical comparator to determine local Nusselt number profiles, which have, in turn, been integrated to give average heat-transfer results. Angles of inclination from the horizontal of 45, 60, 75 and 90 degrees have been investigated. Aspect ratios from 9 to 36 were examined over a Rayleigh number range of 4,000 to 310,000. Finally, heat-transfer correlations have been developed for the prediction of local Nusselt numbers in the starting and departure corners and for the average heat-transfer results as a function of collector tilt angle.

The elements of the environment relating to transportation and handling include temperature, solar radiation, precipitation, humidity, pressure, shock, and vibration. While each of these deserves consideration, the latter two, shock and vibration, are perhaps the least understood. The report discusses all of these elements, but concentrates largely on shock and vibration. Emphasis is upon the necessity of understanding both the product and the environment. To that end, descriptions of the environment which have been derived statistically are discussed. Land, sea, and air transport are considered. Current knowledge of the handling environment is indicated.

A linear-quadratic model of dose-kinetics is proposed for x-ray induced recessive lethal mutations in oogonia of Drosophila. From this it should follow that at higher total doses fractionation treatments should give a lower yield of mutations than an equivalent acute exposure. A dose of 6000 R, given acutely and in 3 different fractionation regimes gave results in the expected direction for 2 x 3000 R, and a significant decrease for 3 x 2000 R and for 4 x 1500 R fractionations.

We propose to study the utilization of high-temperature (approximately 2000-2500K) process heat from fusion reactors for large-scale chemical process applications. Of particular interest is the decomposition reaction, CO/sub 2/ ..--&gt;.. CO + /sup 1///sub 2/O/sub 2/, which at 2500K should yield approximately 60 percent conversion to CO if O/sub 2/ is partially removed through an oxide membrane. Hydrogen can be derived from CO at lower temperatures by reacting CO with steam, and C can also be derived from CO by a disproportionation into C and CO/sub 2/ at approximately 1000K. These chemicals, CO, H/sub 2/, and C, form the basis for a multitude of non-electrical energy applications in the areas of transportation, industrial processes, and residential and commercial uses. In addition to the CO/sub 2/ decomposition process, we propose to explore a variety of ideas and evaluate them for scientific and economic merit. A follow-on research and development program will be proposed if the ideas prove promising.

Conditions for the stable propagation of a pinched electron beam in low pressure gas (p approximately 0.1 to 100 torr) are described. The observed window of good propagation around p approximately 2 torr air is interpreted as the quenching of the two-stream mode by sufficiently high plasma density and collision frequency, and the simultaneous suppression of the resistive hose mode by sufficiently rapid generation of electrical conductivity from breakdown ionization.

The overall objective of this program is to obtain AM1 efficiencies in the range of 10% with electrochemical cells utilizing thin film electrodes. The system currently being investigated is the CdSe/aqueous sulfide-polysulfide system. This report presents the results to date of the initial CdSe deposition parameter study. The key finding has been that the ratio of Se and Cd in the as deposited film has marked effect on the film's chemical, microstructural, optical, and electrical properties as well as I-V performance. In addition, it has been found that electrolyte concentration and compostion can have a strong effect on the I-V performance of a given electrode.

The mirrors used on concentrating solar systems must be able to withstand severe and sustained environmental stresses for long periods of time if they are to be economically acceptable. Little is known about how commercially produced wet process silvered second surface mirrors will withstand the test of time in solar applications. Field experience in existing systems has shown that the performance of the reflective surface varies greatly with time and is influenced to a large extent by the construction details of the mirror module. Degradation of the reflective layer has been seen that ranges from non-observable to severe. The exact mechanisms involved in the degradation process are not well understood from either the phenomenological or microanalytical points of view and are thus subject to much debate. The three chapters of this report summarize the work recently performed in three general areas that are key to understanding and ultimately controlling the degradation phenomena. These areas are: a survey of the present commercial mirroring industry, the microanalytical examination of numerous degraded and nondegraded mirrors, and an investigation of several novel techniques that might be used to extend the life of heliostat mirrors. Appendices include: (a) list of mirror manufacturers and (b) recommended …

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Results are presented of the test of a regional scale assessment model using four modes of precipitation hourly, 6 hourly, average turned on and off with the natural frequency and average precipitation. The test cases were carried out for a release of SO/sub 2/ with transformation to SO/sub 4/ at three different sites in the United States for July 1974. The results indicated that the use of average precipitation turned on and off with the natural frequency could be used instead of hourly precipitation for long-term assessments.

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Geothermal exploration and development in the Philippines are reviewed. The geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of the Tongonan geothermal field are described. The well drilling, power development, and plans for a 112 MW power plant are included. (MHR)

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Since the enactment of the Water Quality Act of 1965, there has been an increasing concern over the quality of the nation's waters. Adoption of temperature standards of water bodies, combined with the economics of scale, is resulting in increased use of alternatives to once-through cooling systems, particularly ponds and towers. Approximately 60 steam-electric power plants with capacities greater than 60 electrical megawatts use cooling ponds. This report documents a review of cooling pond technology in which major emphasis was placed on examination of engineering and environmental aspects of design, mathematical and physical modeling, use of sprays, and economics.

The feasibility analysis and evaluation of the Piqua, Ohio District Heating and Cooling Demonstration program is being conducted by the Piqua Municipal Power Co., the Piqua Law Dept., the Public Works Dept., a firm of economic analysts, and the Georgia Tech Engineering Dept. This volume contains information on the organization and composition of the demonstration team; characterization of the Piqua community; and the technical, environmental, institutional; financial, and economic assessments of the project. (LCL)

High multiplicity hadron production amplitudes with long-range rapidity correlations from Regge cuts can exhibit dramatic condensation phenomena in rapidity and charge variables. The rapidity structures would appear as metastable heavy hadrons such as Upsilon or Psi. Charge-space condensation (spontaneous symmetry breakdown) would produce phenomena resembling observed ''Centauro'' cosmic-ray events. The conditions necessary for appearance of such phenomena are linked to the conditions for generating electromagnetic and weak interactions through spontaneous strong-interaction symmetry breakdown.

A description of the Geothermal Loop Experimental Facility (GLEF) its construction problems, and a discussion of start-up testing are included. A history and description of the operation and maintenance with the brine injection pump for the facility are presented. The GLEF was divided into five separate sections: steam and condensate system, brine system, purge water system, vent gas system, and cooling water system. An insight into the chemistry of each system is provided by analysis of samples taken. Scaling and corrosion effects of brine, steam, gas, and water in these systems are described in detail. (MHR)

Research is described on electrocatalysis of fuel cell reactions including the topics (1) mixed oxides as oxygen electrodes, (2) electrolyte effects on the oxygen reduction reaction, (3) anion effects on the oxygen reduction reaction, and (4) selection and evaluation of electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction in KHCO/sub 3//K/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ buffered electrolytes. Phosphoric acid fuel cell studies include inhibition of sintering of fuel cell catalyst particles: electrochemical methods for surface regeneration and temperature effects on the oxygen reduction reaction at platinum in phosphoric acid electrolyte. Research on the characterization of overpotentials of solid electrolyte fuel cells and selection and evaluation of interconnector materials for solid electrolyte fuel cells is summarized. (WHK)

The SARP includes structural integrity, thermal resistance, radiation shielding and radiological safety, nuclear criticality safety, and quality control of three insulated drum shipping containers identified as USA/9507/BLF (ERDA-AL), also called AL-M1, configurations 1, 3, and 5. Complete physical and technical descriptions of the packages are presented. Each package consists of an inner container centered within an insulated steel drum. The contents are plutonium-239 and uranium-235 in configurations-1 and -3. The configuration-5 package is intended for shipment of up to 100,000 Ci of tritiated water immobilized on a sorbent such as molecular sieve. (TFD)

This interim report contains eight of the eighteen chapters included in the complete report. In Chapter I, pertinent data, facts, and observations are made following an initial summary. Chapter II is an introduction, citing especially the writings of Amory Lovins. The criteria used in defining distributed systems, suggested by Lovins, are that the technologies be renewable, environmentally benign, local, subject to graceful failure, foolproof, flexible, comprehensible, and matched in energy quality. The following chapters are: The Energy Predicament; The California Setting; Energy Resources for California's Future; Alternative Energy Futures for California; Issues and Problems; and Directions for Future Work. Six appendices deal with residential heating loads and air conditioning, allocations, co-generation, population projections, and the California wind energy resource. (MCW)

The scaling of experiments in the Water Reactor Safety Program has been on a power/volume basis. This scaling philosophy has resulted in good thermal modeling of the core, but, combined with core design considerations, compromises the modeling of the hydraulic resistance in the intact loop. Tests in LOFT, Semiscale MOD-1 and FLECHT-SET have been conducted for the purpose of determining the effect of scaling hydraulic resistance to core area ratio (low hydraulic resistance) or to core power ratio (high hydraulic resistance). The results of these tests, together with computer model results using RELAP4/MOD5, RE-FRAP, and FLOOD4, were studied to determine the effects of the scaling compromise. The review of available information has shown no significant results of varying intact loop hydraulic resistance.

The magnetic, structural, and thermal design of superconducting poloidal field coils for a tokamak fusion-fission breeder reactor are described. The design requirements and considerations, with the resulting parameters, are presented.

It is concluded that the direct effects of an ideal form of fusion technologies would be socially more desirable than those of the alternatives. This is particularly true of the second generation fusion power plant. However, given our technological inputs, this was a trivial result. Less trivial was consideration of the negative effects that might accrue through the availability of potentially unlimited supplies of low cost energy. It is concluded that while there may be reasonable humanist argument both for and against such abundance, in a democratic society control of energy development for its own sake is likely to be unacceptable. However, if the indirect effects of pollution, despoilment, and resource depletion through ever expanding energy use become sufficiently disturbing to the well-being of the majority, unlimited energy may come to be seen as undesirable by the society. To this extent successful research and development for unlimited sources such as the fusion or mixed solar alternatives might be judged from some point far in the future to have been a mistake. This could occur even though advances in the technology of pollution control and resource use greatly reduce the pollution and hazard accompanying a much higher rate of energy utilization.

A privately financed solar-augmented hot water system has been demonstrated to pay off in less than 10 years if a loan is obtained at 10.5% interest. Calculations were made on the assumption that electricity costs 5 cents per kWh and water consumption averages 30 gallons per day (using current technology on an existing dwelling in Tennessee).