Financial barriers which hinder the use and acceptance of solar technology in the building and industrial markets are identified. The barriers fall under three categories: risk, liquidity, and subsidy. Policy initiatives that can be used to overcome financing barriers which hinder the use of solar technology are briefly mentioned. These include direct lending programs operated by the government or by private banks and secondary financing organizations which provide liquidity and security to mortgage lenders. Policy options considered to accomplish the objectives of the initiatives and the evaluation of each option is presented. Options considered are: to modify existing governmental programs and institutions so that these institutions more effectively promote the use of solar energy; to create a new and separate institution to undertake a number of financing functions; and to create a direct federal loan program. The proposed functions of a Solar Development Bank are specifically examined. Information on functions and participants in the secondary mortgage market is discussed in the appendix. The text of a presidential speech on the technically feasible use of solar powered units is given. (MCW)

The results of investigations conducted under Ce Hybrid Vehicle Potential Assessment Task are reported in 10 volumes. This volume contains an overview of the study and its results. The purpose of the overall study was to determine if the petroleum fuel savings achievable through the use of hybrid electric vehicles is worth the R and D expenditures needed to develop the hybrid vehicles and to determine R and D priorities. It was concluded that by the year 2010 hybrid vehicles could replace 80% of the automotive power that would otherwise be produced from petroleum fuels; the public should not suffer any mobility loss through the use of hybrid vehicles; high initial and life-cycle costs are a limiting factor; and R and D funds should be spent for systems design and the development of low-cost batteries and controllers. (LCL)

In the Hybrid Vehicle Potential Assessment Task three major powertrain configurations (parallel, parallel with flywheel, and series) were studied. An evaluation of the series configuration is presented. The series configuration has the advantage that the engine is mechanically uncoupled from the wheels and can be operated at its best economy point much of the time. The mechanical energy produced by the engine is converted through a generator into electrical energy which is used to drive the motor or charge the batteries. This configuration offers a good degree of flexibility. It has the disadvantage that substantial losses of energy occur since the mechanical energy from the engine passes through several components before being used to drive the wheels. The energy produced by the engine is reduced by the product of efficiencies of components connected in series. Trade-offs involved in the study of the series configuration were directed toward establishing the size of the engine, motor and generator to meet vehicle acceleration performance; determining what level to operate the engine, and determining when to use the battery. These results were then used in the electric range simulation.

The design, operation and calculated performance of a flywheel-electric hybrid vehicle are discussed. Seven different operating strategies are considered. The calculation procedures are described. The results are plotted. (LCL)

The purpose of the cost analysis is to determine the economic feasibility of a variety of hybrid vehicles with respect to conventional vehicles specifically designed for the same duty cycle defined by the mission analysis. Several different hybrid configurations including parallel, parallel-flywheel, and series vehicles were evaluated. The ramifications of incorporating examples of advanced batteries, these being the advanced lead-acid, nickel-zinc, and sodium sulfur were also investigated. Vehicles were specifically designed with these batteries and for the driving cycles specified by the mission. Simulated operation on the missions yielded the energy consumption (petroleum and/or electricity) over the driving cycles. It was concluded that: in the event that gasoline prices reach $2.50 to $3.00/gal, hybrid vehicles in many applications will become economically competitive with conventional vehicles without subsidization; in some commercial applications hybrid vehicles could be economically competitive, when the gasoline price ranges from $1.20 to $1.50/gal. The cost per kWh per cycle of the advanced batteries is much more important economically than the specific energy; the series hybrid vehicles were found to be more expensive in comparison to the parallel or parallel-flywheel hybrids when designed as passenger vehicles; and hybrid vehicles designed for private use could become economically competitive and …

Scenarios are described which have been generated in support of the Hybrid Vehicle Potential Assessment Task under the JPL Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Systems Research and Development Project. The primary function of the scenario generation is to develop a set of consistent and credible forecasts required to estimate the potential impact of hybrid vehicles on future petroleum consumption in the USA, given a set of specific electric, hybrid and conventional vehicle designs. The forecasts are limited to the next 32 years (1978 to 2010. The four major areas of concern are: population and vehicle fleet size; travel patterns and vehicle fleet mix; conventional vehicle technology (Otto baseline); battery technology; and prices. The forecasts have been generated to reflect two baseline scenarios, a Petroleum Conservation Scenario (Scenario A) and an Energy Conservation Scenario (Scenario B). The primary assumption in Scenario A is higher gasoline prices than in Scenario B. This should result in less travel per car and an increased demand for smaller and more fuel efficient cars (compared to Scenario B). In Scenario B the primary assumption is higher prices on cars (new as well as used) than in Scenario A. This should lead to less cars (compared to Scenario …

Generic and site specific issues and problems are identified that relate directly to geothermal development in California, including changes in the state permitting process, land use issues, coordination between state entities, and geothermal revenues from BLM leased lands. Also discussed are the formation of working groups, preparation of a newsletter, the economic incentives workshops, and recommendations for future actions. (MHR)

Seven vehicle missions were selected and defined for use in assessing hybrid vehicle concepts and are summarized. These missions were selected to provide general coverage of current and future vehicle uses and classes. Their travel pattern definitions are based primarily on analysis of the 1969 National Personal Transportation Study travel data. Performance requirements are based on current highway designs and speed limits and the results of studies of performance requirements for safe and non-interfering operation in today's traffic environment. The mission definitions are independent of vehicle technology so even though they were selected and defined for use in assessing hybrid vehicles, they could also be used in assessing the potential of other vehicle technologies such as electric vehicles, turbo-charging, Stirling engines, etc.

This chapter deals primarily with the parallel hybrid vehicle. This vehicle type is characterized by an arrangement of the heat engine and electric motor in the power-train such that a direct mechanical or fluid-mechanical power path from both the motor and engine to the wheels is available. Out of the several possible component arrangements that could satisfy these requirements, a configuration in which the engine and motor are mounted in tandem, driving a 4-speed manual transmission, was selected for extensive computer analysis. Simulation of all the identified missions were run for this parallel hybrid configuration. For each mission, the battery mass fraction (MFB) which is defined as the ratio of the battery mass to the gross vehicle weight (expressed in percent) was varied from 5 to 30%. These vehicles were designed such that the total energy usage of the battery before cut-off would be about 80% of the C/3 discharge rate.

Review of hybrid vehicles (HVs) built during the past ten years or planned to be built in the near future is presented. An attempt is made to classify and analyze these vehicles to get an overall picture of their key characteristics. The review includes on-road hybrid passenger cars, trucks, vans, and buses.

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The purpose of this interim cost handbood is to provide a consistent single-point source of data and procedures for estimating the costs of electric and hybrid vehicles. These costs include manufacturing, acquisition (purchase price), operating, and life cycle. Each suggested Cost Estimating Relation (CER) presented herein is a result of the compilation of currently existing cost estimates and cost relationships. No independent cost analysis was performed for this handbook, nor was any analysis performed to rework existing cost data for consistency in all primary assumptions. The cost data is presented in terms of major component and subassembly costs so that any vehicle (electric, hybrid, or conventional) can be costed. The cost estimating relations presented in this handbook are subjective averages of the several independent estimates for each component.

A brief overview is presented of the economic status of US cities. Opportunities for efficient use of the existing urban structure are described and results of a city's overall conservation and revitalization effort are briefly noted. (MCW)

The office of Safeguards and Nuclear Materials Management of the US Atomic Energy Commission has commissioned Battelle-Northwest to design, build, and test a gamma spectrometer with the specific purpose of measuring photo peaks emitted from irradiated fuel. The parameters of interest are not just the photo peaks but the variations of the rays with respect to irradiation time in the reactor and storage time after discharge from the reactor. The spectrometer is being built at Tech Shops in the 300 Area and is scheduled to be installed in the cobalt irradiation facility of the KE Reactor spent fuel storage basin during the first week of November, 1970. One complete tube of 38 natural uranium fuel elements, irradiated at KE Reactor, will be specifically discharged for this test program and will be scanned at weekly intervals for a period of one year following the date of discharge by Battelle-Northwest technicians using the spectrometer in the fuel basin. This production test defines the number of fuel assemblies required, the exposure criteria for the fuel, and the special handling procedure necessary to maintain identification of the fuel from the time of discharge. The objective of this test is to invent a system of …

This report describes the generic actions to be taken by the Department of Energy, in cooperation with other US government agencies, foreign governments, and international organizations, in support of the implementation of Administration policies with respect to the following international spent fuel management activities: bilateral cooperation related to expansion of foreign national storage capacities; multilateral and international cooperation related to development of multinational and international spent fuel storage regimes; fee-based transfer of foreign spent power reactor fuel to the US for storage; and emergency transfer of foreign spent power reactor fuel to the US for storage.

The objective of the program is to establish a basis for the prediction of radionuclide sorption in geologic environments. In FY 79, experimental and theoretical efforts were concentrated on a study of the sorption of cesium on the solid substrates Min-u-sil (quartz) and Belle Fourche clay (montmorillonite). Cesium sorption isotherms were obtained for the two substrates at 26/sup 0/C as a function of initial Cs concentration in solution (10/sup -3/M to 10/sup -9/M), pH (5 to 10) and supporting electrolyte concentration (0.002M, 0.01M, 0.1M, and 1M) NaCl and a simulated basalt groundwater in batch-type experiments using crushed material. Characterization of the solid phases included measurements of chemical compositions, particle sizes, surface areas, and cation-exchange capacities. In addition, potentiometric acid/base titrations of the solid phases were conducted in order to determine the acid dissociation and electrolyte exchange constants of the surfaces. Preliminary analysis of the sorption data indicate that while the clay data could be explained by simple mass-action expressions, the quartz data could not. Theoretical efforts were aimed at developing and testing an electrolyte binding electrical double-layer model to predict sorption isotherms. A computerized version of the model, MINEQL, which simultaneously considers surface and solution chemical equilibria, was brought to …

The results of analyses of the airborne gamma radiation and total magnetic field survey flown for the region identified as the Socorro National Topographic Map NI13-4 is presented in this report. The airborne data gathered are reduced by ground computer facilities to yield profile plots of the basic uranium, thorium and potassium equivalent gamma radiation intensities, ratios of these intensities, aircraft altitude above the earth's surface, total gamma ray and earth's magnetic field intensity, correlated as a function of geologic units. The distribution of data within each geologic unit, for all surveyed map lines and tie lines, has been calculated and is included. Two sets of profiled data for each line are included, with one set displaying the above-cited data. The second set includes only flight line magnetic field, temperature, pressure, altitude data plus magnetic field data as measured at a base station. A general description of the area, including descriptions of the various geologic units and the corresponding airborne data, is included.

TERA's estimates of capital requirements to transport natural gas, crude oil, petroleum products, and coal in the US by 1990 are presented. It is a continuation of a 1978 study (EAPA 5:3946) to perform a similar analysis on 1979 scenarios. Scenarios B, C, and D from the EIA's Mid-range Energy Forecasting Systems, as used in the 1979 Annual Report to Congress (ARC), were provided as a basis for the analysis and represent three alternative futures. Summaries of transportation investment requirements through 1990 are given for Scenarios B, C, and D. Total investment requirements for the three models (pipelines, railroads, waterways) and the three energy commodities (coal, petroleum, petroleum products, natural gas) are estimated to range between $35.3 and $42.7 billion by 1990 depending on the scenario.

This study was performed to estimate the cost of decontaminating and decommissioning Z-Plant. All of the buildings in the Z-Plant exclusion area except Building 2736-Z, the plutonium storage vault, are included in the study. The study also excludes all underground facilities within the exclusion area which are not contained within a building and all Z-Plant related facilities outside the perimeter fence. The contamination in Z-Plant is primarily /sup 239/Pu which has a half-life of 24,360 years. Because of the long half-life of /sup 239/Pu, it is not practical to consider the isolation of the facility to await reduction of the contamination level by natural decay. Therefore, this study analyzes the costs, risk and benefit of decontaminating Z-Plant to four different levels of residual contamination. The three principle criteria used in the analysis are cost, the risk of offsite dose to the public, and the occupational exposure to onsite personnel.

Appropriate treatment for internal depositions of some radionuclides can reduce the radiation doses by as much as factors of two to ten. While at first thought that may seem a relatively small therapeutic effect, it is a useful gain for the patient in reducing the dose and may be a significant help in preventing late effects from the radiation. The list of important available treatments include agents that reduce gastrointestinal absorption, blocking and diluting compounds, mobilizing agents, and chelating drugs. Wound irrigation or excision and lung lavage are mechanical techniques that can reduce radionuclide depositions. Successful treatment depends on early application of these drugs and techniques following exposure. This must be done usually on the basis of very limited exposure information, which emphasizes the need for preplanning the medical emergency program if internal radioactive contamination is possible. In most cases, the risks of treatment are well identified. Since the exposure risks are often poorly understood when the decision for treatment must be made, the omission of treatment can be more serious than proceeding with a low or no risk therapeutic regimen.

The research and analysis program at Vitro Labs. in support of the appliance certification and enforcement program provides Vitro's recommended approach to appliance certification and enforcement (C/E). The approach established the C/E program framework, general criteria, and procedures for assuring a specified level of energy-efficiency performance for 13 categories of consumer products (furnaces, humidifiers, dehumidifiers, dishwashers, television, clothes washers, freezers, air conditioners, stoves, refrigerators, water heaters). Section 2 summarizes the recommended approach. Section 3 contains detailed evaluations and comparisons for four independent alternative approaches considered (minimal government intevention, strong certification control, strong enforcement audit, and mixed certification/enforcement). The fifth C/E approach (strong remedy/deterrent) involves the remedies available to the government should non-compliance be discovered and could affect the choice among the approaches, but this approach has not been evaluated. Section 4 summarizes the analysis methodology used to select the recommended approach. Additional information is provided in 6 appendices.

MEQATRON is an acronym for a multiple-beam electrostatic-quadrupole-focused array of electron beams. Conventional electron beam devices consist principally of single electron beams. In this paper the single-beam space-charge limitations are discussed, and a relationship for power flux (W/m/sup 2/) is obtained. Several features of the multiple-beam approach become clear at once. Because the multiple-beam approach removes the current limitation on performance, it is possible to design high-current low-voltage tubes. This fracture is important for low-frequency (200 MHz, say) klystrons. Another feature of the multiple-beam approach relates to the very small sizes (1 to 2 mm, say) associated with each beam. This offers the possibility of developing high-power rf sources in the millimeter wavelength region.

Significant differences in aerial radiometric system calibration constants in humid-forested (Portland quadrangle) and desert (Lake Mead test strip) regions indicated the probability of substantial gamma-ray absorption by soil moisture in humid areas. A set of test quadrangles was selected to investigate relationships among a group of environmental variables and ratios of whole-quadrangle mean (X) stream sediment uranium (U) and thorium (Th) contents to corresponding mean aerial radiometric uranium and thorium measurements. It was assumed that stream sediment values might be sufficiently representative of the average surface radioelement concentrations to be used in ground-calibrating the aerial systems. Preliminary testing established strong statistical correlations between the radioelement ratios and moisture and biomass variables. However, it is recognized that moisture and biomass relationships represent a variety of variables affecting the aerial gamma-ray measurements, such as soil formation, including weathering effects. Also, the data suggested that in certain very humid areas placering effects caused the mean thorium and uranium content of stream sediments to be much greater than actual concentrations in the average surface rocks. These effects appeared to be minimal in the arid regions, where the stream sediment data were more representative of the surface materials in general. These observations prompted a follow-up …

Progress in LMFBR safety studies is briefly summarized.