The authors present measurements of the invariant cross section for the inclusive reaction p + p {yields} p + X in the region 0.14 < |t| < 0.38 GeV{sup 2}, 100 < s < 750 GeV{sup 2} and 0.07 < M{sub x/s}{sup 2} < 0.20.

A series of experiments was performed to determine the relative beta backscatter obtained from aluminum and from mylar. These experimental values were then compared with calculated values of relative backscatter.

Major results of tritium and rare gas diffusion research conducted under the contract are summarized. The materials studied were austenitic stainless steels, Zircaloy, and niobium. In all three of the metal systems investigated, tritium release rates were found to be inhibited by surface oxide films. The effective diffusion coefficients that control tritium release from surface films on Zircaloy and niobium were determined to be eight to ten orders of magnitude lower than the bulk diffusion coefficients. A rapid component of diffusion due to grain boundaries was identified in stainless steels. The grain boundary diffusion coefficient was determined to be about six orders of magnitude greater than the bulk diffusion coefficient for tritium in stainless steel. In Zircaloy clad fuel pins, the permeation rate of tritium through the cladding is rate-limited by the extremely slow diffusion rate in the surface films. Tritium diffusion rates through surface oxide films on niobium appear to be controlled by cracks in the surface films at temperatures up to 600/sup 0/C. Beyond 600/sup 0/C, the cracks appear to heal, thereby increasing the activation energy for diffusion through the oxide film. The steady-state diffusion of tritium in a fusion reactor blanket has been evaluated in order to …

Experiments on dose-kinetics of x-ray induced sexlinked lethal mutations in Drosophila oogonia were continued. A wide range of doses was tested, with special emphasis on the low-dose range (20 to 500R). This year more data were added for O R, 200, 500, 1500R and some high doses. Oogonia of adult females were irradiated, and only one daughter from each experimental parent-female was analyzed for a new lethal in her maternal X-chromosome. Thus no clusters of mutations of identical origin are encountered. The extensive accumulated data do not support the linearity principle, firmly established for recessive mutations induced in mature spermatozoa for high doses down to very low x-ray doses. A mathematical model describing the mutational yield is included that suggests that recessive mutations, like chromosome aberrations, result from both one-track and two-track events, with the latter playing an increasingly important role at higher doses.

A linear-quadratic model of dose-kinetics is proposed for x-ray induced recessive lethal mutations in oogonia of Drosophila. From this it should follow that at higher total doses fractionation treatments should give a lower yield of mutations than an equivalent acute exposure. A dose of 6000 R, given acutely and in 3 different fractionation regimes gave results in the expected direction for 2 x 3000 R, and a significant decrease for 3 x 2000 R and for 4 x 1500 R fractionations.

Results are reported from large-scale experiments on the dose-kinetics of x-ray induced sex-linked lethal mutations in treated oogonia of Drosophila. (auth)

The calibration technique described is an attempt to determine the actual energy release from the events causing emission bursts in beryllium and to quantitatively evaluate the effects of specimen geometry on the apparent energy per burst. (GHT)

The objective of this research effort is to obtain the design data-base covering performance, operational characteristics and emissions essential for making a rational decision regarding the selection and design of prototype hydrogen-fueled, air-breathing engines capable of being manufactured for general automotive use. To this end hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines were divided into fourteen subgroups. An engine representative of each subgroup will be tested during the course of the three year program. The Project Program Plan calls for investigation of pre-intake valve closing fuel ingestion (Pre IVC) hydrogen-fueled engines during the first two years. Work accomplished during the third 3-month period of the project is reported. Activities in this quarter included: water injection experiments with the throttled and unthrottled engine mode of operation; design and construction of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) equipment for use with the EGR experiments with the throttled and unthrottled engine configuration; construction of lithium-filled exhaust valves; and analysis of data for annual report preparation purposes. (LCL)

Recent work on isospin quintets utilizing the on-line mass analysis system RAMA is described. Possibilities for future studies of both proton-rich and neutron-rich light nuclides towards the limits of nuclear stability are discussed. 4 figures.

Plutonium is one of the principal materials of both commercial and military nuclear power. It is produced primarily in fission reactors that contain uranium fuel, and its importance arises from the fact that a large portion of the plutonium produced is fissile: like uranium 235, the mass 239 and 241 isotopes of plutonium can be caused to fission by neutrons, including those with low energy. Because such fission events also release neutrons, substantial amounts of energy can be extracted from plutonium in a controlled or an explosive nuclear chain reaction. Now that commercial nuclear reactors provide a noticeable fraction of United States (and world) electrical energy, these reactors account for most plutonium production. For the most part, this material now remains in the irradiated fuel after removal from reactors, but should this fuel be reprocessed, the plutonium could be recycled to provide part and even most of the fissile content of fresh fuel. For the current generation of water-cooled reactors, the amount of plutonium to be recycled is substantial. In fast breeder reactors, designed to produce more fissile material than they destroy, considerably larger quantities of plutonium would be recycled. In other types of advanced reactors, particularly those which depend …

Design considerations for a deflecting cavity intended for a superconducting rf beam separator at NAL are reviewed. The design parameters given are based on an investigation of a 7-cell niobium test deflector operating at 8.665 GHz. Peak magnetic field of 740 G, corresponding to a peak electric field of 25 MV/m, and an equivalent deflecting field of 6.9 MV/m were obtained. (auth)

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Irradiation experiments were performed with the two beam Nd:YAG glass laser systems, Janus(approximately less than 40 J/100 psec, approximately 0.4 TW), Cyclops (approximately less than 70 J/100 psec, approximately 0.7 TW), and Argus (approximately less than 70 J, 35 psec, approximately 2 TW). Two classes of targets have been used, glass microshells (approximately 40 to 120 ..mu..m diameter x approximately 0.75 ..mu..m wall thickness) filled with an equimolar DT mixture and disks (approximately 160 to 600 ..mu..m diameter x approximately 10 ..mu..m thick) of several compositions. The targets were supported in vacuum (pressure approximately less than 10/sup -5/ Torr) by thin glass stalks. This paper reports results related to the propagation, absorption and scattering of laser light by both spherical and planar targets. The absorption measurements cannot be explained using only inverse Bremsstrahlung. The scattered light and the plasma energy are polarization dependent, which is evidence of resonance absorption. The x-ray spectra are characterized by a thermal and a suprathermal distribution. The ''temperature'' of the hot x-rays is given by theta/sub H/ approximately equals I./sup 3/-./sup 4/ depending on the target material. Evidence is also presented which indicates that the laser radiation pressure is producing density steepening in the region …

A variety of new seismological methods is being developed for determining the structure of a geothermal energy source region. In one approach, seismic signals generated in the source region are utilized by interpreting them in terms of the parameters of a seismic source model. For example, using a fluid-filled tensile crack driven by excess pressure in fluid as a model of volcanic tremor, formulas are derived which relate seismic observations with model parameters, and applied the formulas successfully to an actual eruption in Kilauea, giving a new insight to the magma transport in a volcano. Theoretical work is continued on the diffraction of seismic waves by a crack and it was demonstrated that the size and location of a crack can be well determined by particle motion near the crack at various frequencies. The method was applied to Kilauea Iki and the location of the magma lens was found to be in agreement with that estimated by another method. An extensive field experiment in Kilauea Iki was carried out with the cooperation of USGS and SANDIA, and interesting properties of the magma reservoir were revealed by a multiple use of active, passive, conventional, and unconventional seismic methods. The self-contained, digital …

New seismological methods were developed for determining the structure of a geothermal energy source region by the use of data from both active and passive experiments. Technical papers were published on four topics, namely: a field experiment at Kilauea Iki, source models of volcanic tremors, microearthquake source spectra, and a numerical study of elastic wave diffraction by fluid-filled cracks. In addition, papers were submitted for publication on a statistical synthesis of source mechanism of seismic events in Kilauea Iki and the observation of a temporal variation in the attenuation of earthquake coda in central California. The following subjects were worked on: (1) interpretation of seismic data from the LASL Hot Dry Rock system; (2) analyisis of volcanic tremor data from the U.S.G.S. Hawaiian seismic network; (3) frequency dependence and three-dimensional distribution of seismic attenuation in central Japan; (4) experimental study of seismic scattering by a penny-shaped crack; (5) development of a microprocessor system for the treatment of the data from digital event recorders.

An interpretation theory based on the fluid-filled crack model of geothermal systems is being developed and tested against a variety of data from various geothermal areas. Progress is reported on the following subjects: (1) analysis and interpretation of seismic data obtained from the bore holes at the LASL Hot Dry Rock geothermal site. (2) Collection, analysis and interpretation of data on deep volcanic tremors at the USGS Hawaii Volcano Observatory. (3) Development of a new method for determining seismic attenuation at frequencies higher than 1HZ, and initiation of a cooperative work with Mexican seismologists on the attenuation measurements at various geothermal areas in Baja, California using the method. (4) Installation of 3-component digital event-recorders at four stations in the Newberry Peak volcano, Oregon. (5) Developing a computer program for calculating seismic motion generated by the vibration of fluid-filled crack in a layered medium.

The impact of fossil fuel use in the United States on worldwide CO/sub 2/ emissions and the impact of increased coal utilization on CO/sub 2/ emission rates are assessed. The aspects of CO/sub 2/ control are discussed as well as the available CO/sub 2/ control points (CO/sub 2/ removal sites). The primary factor affecting the practicability of a CO/sub 2/ control system is the energy required by the control system. Of the three potential CO/sub 2/ control points, removal from the stacks of fossil fuel power plants appears to require the least amount of energy. Estimates of the energy required to capture and recover CO/sub 2/ from coal-fired power plant stacks by various processes are presented. Although capture and recovery of CO/sub 2/ is an important consideration in the overall scheme of CO/sub 2/ control, disposal or reuse of recovered CO/sub 2/ may be the weakest link in the CO/sub 2/ control chain. Of the several options considered, deep ocean storage appears to be the most promising. Two control scenarios are evaluated, one based on the absorption of CO/sub 2/ contained in power plant flue gas by seawater; the other, based on absorption of CO/sup 2/ by monoethanolamine (MEA). Captured …

An investigation was made of a series of binary americium alloys with AB$sub 2$ stoichiometry (B = Al, Co, Fe, Rh and Ru) prepared from the $sup 243$Am isotope. The C-15 (MgCu$sub 2$-type) structure appears in AmAl$sub 2$, AmCo$sub 2$, AmFe$sub 2$, and AmRh$sub 2$, whereas AmRu$sub 2$ is isostructural with AmOs$sub 2$ which has the C-14 (MgZn$sub 2$-type) structure. The magnetic properties of the cubic americium laves phases were studied by means of magnetization and nuclear gamna-ray resonance (Moessbauer effect) measurements between 2.5 and 300$sup 0$K. All the cubic Laves phases studied, except AmFe$sub 2$, exhibit almost temperature-independent paramagnetism. The AmFe$sub 2$ sample is ferromagnetic with an estimated Curie temperature of approximately 400$sup 0$K. The hyperfine field at the Am site in all the compounds is small. The bulk magnetic moment of AmFe$sub 2$ (approximately 3 $mu$/sub B//F.U.) is thus associated only with the Fe atoms. The magnetic properties of the compounds are consistent with the assumption that the Am ion is in the +3 state (5f6). (auth)

In this work a technique was described to study the repassivation of bare metal surfaces. The advantage of this approach over other techniques is the ease with which multiple repassivation events can be studied. The repassivation rate of aluminum was found to depend on the anion in solution. Repassivation rates are higher for aluminum in phosphate and sulfate solutions compared to borate. It is possible that borate may interact more strongly than sulfate or phosphate on the bare aluminum surface blocking the diffusion of oxygen or changing the rate of repassivation.

The feasibility of using ammonia as an intermediate heat exchange fluid, i.e. between the power plant and the dry cooling tower was studied. Information is included on the advantages and disadvantages of using ammonia, design criteria for such a dry cooling system, and a comparative cost projection for the components and overall system. The results showed that the ammonia heat exchange system could save half the cost of transporting the coolant as compared with a conventional indirect cooled dry system, that the heat exchanger cost would be 20 percent less, and the tower would be smaller and cheaper. The condenser/reboiler would be more expensive. Overall a 25 percent saving in total system capital cost and $500 K/yr. in operating costs are projected as compared with wet/dry deluge system of identical capability. Also there are no freezing problems with the ammonia system. It is recommended that: a demonstration unit be designed; performance testing on components be undertaken; a design optimization code for dry/wet systems be developed; and that a test loop be constructed and operated. (LCL)

Investigation of diamond turning on beryllium was made in anticipation of obtaining an optical finish. Although results of past experiences were poor, it was decided to continue diamond turning on beryllium beyond initial failures. By changing speed and using coolant, partial success was achieved. Tool wear was the major problem. Tests were made to establish and plot wear as a function of cutting speed and time. Slower speeds did cause lower wear rates, but at no time did wear reach an acceptable level. The machine, tools, and procedure used were chosen based on the results of preliminary attempts and on previous experience. It was unnecessary to use an air-bearing spindle because tool failure governed the best finish that could be expected. All tools of diamond composition, whether single crystal or polycrystalline, wore at unacceptable rates. Based on present technology, it must be concluded that beryllium cannot be feasibly diamond turned to achieve an optical finish. (22 fig.) (auth)

This study projects economic growth (GNP) and energy demand for the U.S. to the year 2010. The main finding is that both GNP and total energy demand are likely to grow significantly more slowly than has been assumed in most analyses of energy policy. Projections of energy, GNP, and electricity (total and per capita) are summarized, with electricity demand expected to grow more rapidly than total energy demand. Two scenarios designated ''high'' and ''low'' were developed in this study. However, even the ''high'' scenario, 126 quads (q; 1 q equals 10/sup 15/ Btu) in 2000, is much lower than most previous estimates. It is felt that this raises serious questions about fundamental energy and energy R and D policies which, generally, have been based on perceptions of more lavish energy futures. Although the aggregate demands and GNP are projected to increase rather modestly, the energy demands per capita and GNP per capita increase at rates comparable to or even higher than historic rates. The authors believe that the projections developed in this study represent a logical culmination of many trends toward lower growth. These trends have not yet been factored into the older energy projections upon which so much energy …

The presence of radon-222 in soil gas and ground water can indicate the existence of nearby uranium deposits even when heavy overburdens completely absorb the associated gamma radiation. Techniques to detect and measure radon have evolved during the past several years to the point where radon prospecting is routinely employed in a number of countries. A program to develop and field test a prototype system for measuring radon from soil gas and water is described. A prototype system employing a flow through scintillation detector was designed and constructed, utilizing standard commercial components, to provide a fieldworthy unit for testing the system concepts. Laboratory and preliminary field tests of this unit indicate that it can detect anomalous radon levels of less than 10 picoCuries per liter (pCi/l) in soil gas and ground water.

The spent fuel disposition of the utilities is changing month to month due to the shift in the nature and direction of private and government efforts to close the backend of the fuel cycle. This report provides inventory and projection information concerning fuel discharged from each US reactor that will refuel prior to 1991.