The boundary conditions of mass, momentum, energy, and charge appropriate for fluid formulations of edge plasmas are surveyed. We re-visit the classic problem of 1-dimensional flow, and note that the ''Bohm sheath criterion'' is requirement of connectivity of the interior plasma with the external world, not the result of termination of the plasma by a wall. We show that the nature of the interior plasma solution is intrinsically different for ion sources that inject above and below the electron sound speed. We survey the appropriate conditions to apply, and resultant fluxes, for a magnetic field obliquely incident on a wall, including the presence of drifts and radial transport. We discuss the consequences of toroidal asymmetries in wall properties, as well as experimental tests of such effects. Finally, we discuss boundary-condition modifications in the case of rapidly varying plasma conditions.

The status of coupling the fluid 3D turbulence code BOUT and the fluid plasma/neutral 2D transport code UEDGE is reported, where both codes simulate the edge region of diverted tokamaks from several cm inside the magnetic separatrix to the far scrape-off layer (SOL), thereby including the magnetic X-point. Because the characteristic time scale of the turbulence is short ({approx} 10{sup -5}-10{sup -4}s) and the profile evolution time scale can be long ({approx} 10{sup -2}-10{sup -1} s owing to recycling), an iterative scheme is used that relaxes the turbulent fluxes passed from BOUT to UEDGE and the profiles from UEDGE to BOUT over many coupling steps. Each code is run on its own characteristic time scale, yielding a statistically averaged steady state. For this initial study, the ion and neutral densities and parallel velocities are evolved, while the temperature profiles are stationary. Here the turbulence code is run in the electrostatic approximation. For this example of self-consistent coupling with strong L-mode-like turbulence, the ion flux to the main-chamber exceeds that to the divertor plates.

The focus of this project is to improve the catalytic performance of zeolite Y for petroleum hydrocracking by synthesizing nanoparticles of the zeolite ({approx}20-25 nm) inside nanoporous silicate or aluminosilicate hosts. The encapsulated zeolite nanoparticles are expected to possess reduced diffusional path lengths, hence hydrocarbon substrates will diffuse in, are converted and the products quickly diffused out. This is expected to prevent over-reaction and the blocking of the zeolite pores and active sites will be minimized. In this phase of the project, procedures for the synthesis of ordered nanoporous silica, such as SBA-15, using block copolymers and nonionic surfactant were successful reproduced. Expansion of the pores sizes of the nanoporous silica using trimethylbenzene is suggested based on shift in the major X-Ray Diffraction peak in the products to lower 2 angles compared with the parent SBA-15 material. The synthesis of ordered nanoporous materials with aluminum incorporated in the predominantly silicate framework was attempted but is not yet successful, and the procedures needs will be repeated and modified as necessary. Nanoparticles of zeolite Y of particle sizes in the range 40 nm to 120 nm were synthesized in the presence of TMAOH as the particle size controlling additive.

OAK B262 The Kinetics of Dissociations of Aluminum--Oxygen Bonds in Aqueous Complexes--An NMR Study. In this project we determined rates and mechanisms of Al(III)-O bond rupture at mineral surfaces and in dissolved aluminum complexes. We then compared the experimental results to simulations in an attempt to predict rate coefficients. Most of the low-temperature reactions that are geochemically important involve a bonded atom or molecule that is replaced with another. We probe these reactions at the most fundamental level in order to establish a model to predict rates for the wide range of reactions that cannot be experimentally studied. The chemistry of small aluminum cluster (Figure) provides a window into the hydrolytic processes that control rates of mineral formation and the transformation of adsorbates into extended structures. The molecule shown below as an example exposes several types of oxygens to the bulk solution including seven structurally distinct sets of bridging hydroxyls. This molecule is a rich model for the aqueous interface of aluminum (hydr)oxide minerals, since it approaches colloidal dimensions in size, yet is a dissolved complex with +18 charge. We have conducted both {sup 17}O- {sup 27}Al- and {sup 19}F-NMR experiments to identify the reactive sites and to determine the …

During nuclear weapons production, nuclear reactor target and fuel rods were processed in F- and H-Canyons. For the target rods, a caustic dissolution of the aluminum cladding was performed prior to nitric acid dissolution of the uranium metal targets in the large canyon dissolvers. To dissolve the aluminum cladding and the U-Al fuel, mercury in the form of soluble mercury (II) nitrate was added as a catalyst to accelerate the dissolution of the aluminum. F-Canyon began to process plutonium-containing residues that were packaged in aluminum cans and thus required the use of mercury as a dissolution catalyst. Following processing to remove uranium and plutonium using the solvent extraction process termed the Plutonium-Uranium Recovery by Extraction (PUREX) process, the acidic waste solutions containing fission products and other radionuclides were neutralized with sodium hydroxide. The mercury used in canyon processing is fractionated between the sludge and supernate that is transferred from the canyons to the tank farm. The sludge component of the waste is currently vitrified in the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF). The vitrified waste canisters are to be sent to the federal repository for High Level Waste. The mercury in the sludge, presumably in an oxide or hydroxide form is …

This report provides a description of the ultrasonic (UT) nondestructive examinations (NDE) and the results of the examinations, performed on high level waste (HLW) storage tank number 15 at the Savannah River Site. These inspections were performed in accordance with the ''In-Service Inspection (ISI) Program for High Level Waste Tanks'' (i) The ISI Program for HLW Tanks was developed using the ''Guidelines for Tank Structural Integrity Programs'' for waste tank in-service inspection programs (ii) as a guide. The inspections were performed from the contaminated, annular space of the 46 year old, inactive, 1.03 million gallon waste storage tank. A steerable, magnetic wheel wall crawler was used to simultaneously collect data with up to 4 UT transducers and 2 cameras. The purpose of this inspection was to verify known corrosion models and to investigate the possibility of previously unidentified corrosion mechanisms. The inspections included evaluation of previously identified leak sites as well as thickness mapping and crack detection scans on specified areas of the tank covering welds and all past and present interface levels. No indications of reportable wall loss or pitting were detected. All thickness readings were above minimum design thickness. Several small indications of thinning were detected. The crack …

During nuclear weapons production, nuclear reactor target and fuel rods were processed in F- and H-Canyons. For the target rods, a caustic dissolution of the aluminum cladding was performed prior to nitric acid dissolution of the uranium metal targets in the large canyon dissolvers. To dissolve the aluminum cladding and the U-Al fuel, mercury in the form of soluble mercury (II) nitrate was added as a catalyst to accelerate the dissolution of the aluminum. F-Canyon began to process plutonium-containing residues that were packaged in aluminum cans and thus required the use of mercury as a dissolution catalyst. Following processing to remove uranium and plutonium using the solvent extraction process termed the Plutonium-Uranium Recovery by Extraction (PUREX) process, the acidic waste solutions containing fission products and other radionuclides were neutralized with sodium hydroxide. The mercury used in canyon processing is fractionated between the sludge and supernate that is transferred from the canyons to the tank farm. The sludge component of the waste is currently vitrified in the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF). The vitrified waste canisters are to be sent to the federal repository for High Level Waste. The mercury in the sludge, presumably in an oxide or hydroxide form is …

There are growing experimental, numerical and theoretical evidences that the anomalous transport observed in tokamaks and stellarators is caused by slow, drift-type modes (such as trapped electron modes and ion-temperature gradient-driven modes). Although typical collision frequencies in hot, magnetized fusion plasmas can be quite low in absolute values, collisional effects are nevertheless important since they act as dissipative sinks. As it is well known, dissipative systems with many (strictly speaking more than two) degrees of freedom are often chaotic and may evolve towards a so-called attractor.

None

With the constant push to miniaturize existing technologies, there is an ever-increasing need to characterize smaller and smaller objects. X-rays have proven their usefulness for characterizing the internal structure of objects. However, standard x-ray imaging (i.e. projection radiography) methods are not ideally suited for high-resolution imaging of small objects. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is currently developing an x-ray microscope that uses high-efficiency reflective (Woelter Type I) optics for imaging millimeter-scale parts at resolutions of better than one micrometer. The optics use multilayer technology to increase the x-ray grazing angle, improving the efficiency of the optics. The Woelter [1] imaging optic focuses x-rays that exit the sample (object plane) onto a scintillator (image plane). The scintillator converts the x-rays into visible light, which can be detected and imaged with a CCD camera. Our optic has a magnification of twelve. The distance between the sample and scintillator is five meters. Figure 1 shows the schematic of the microscope. The Woelter optic consists of hyperbolic and elliptical reflective surfaces. This combination of reflective surfaces was first described by Woelter [1] in 1952. Although simple in concept, the fabrication of a high-quality imaging Woelter optic has proven to be difficult due to the tight …

Results of recent modeling of tokamak edge plasma with the turbulence code BOUT are presented. In previous studies with BOUT the background profiles of plasma density and temperature were set as flux surface functions. However in the divertor region of a tokamak the temperature is typically lower and density is higher than those at the mid-plane. To account for this in the present study a poloidal variation of background plasma density and temperature is included to provide a more realistic model. For poloidally uniform profiles of the background plasma the calculated turbulence amplitude peaks near outer mid-plane, while in the divertor region the amplitude is small. However, present simulations show that as the background plasma profiles become more poloidally non-uniform the amplitude of density fluctuations, {tilde n}{sub i}, starts peaking in the divertor. It is found that in the divertor region the amplitude of n{sub i} fluctuations grows approximately linearly with the local density of the background plasma, n{sub i0}, while the amplitude of T{sub e} and {phi} fluctuations is positively correlated with the local electron temperature, T{sub e0}. Correlation analysis shows that plasma turbulence is isolated by the x-points.

We report on a next-to-leading order QCD calculation of the cross section and the spin asymmetry for isolated large-p{sub T} prompt photon production in collisions of transversely polarized protons. Corresponding measurements may be used at RHIC to determine the transversity parton distributions of the proton.

An instability driven by an electron temperature gradient in combination with sheath boundary conditions at a divertor plate is considered. It is shown that there exists a mode localized between the divertor plate and the x point. Further propagation of the mode is terminated by a strong shear near the x point. A ''heuristic'' boundary condition at the control surface situated somewhat below the x point is suggested. The mode manifests a strong dependence on the radial tilt of the divertor plate, thereby providing some degree of control over the plasma transport in the divertor leg. Estimates of the diffusion coefficient show that it may reach the Bohm value.

The production of spherical poly({alpha}-methylstyrene) (P{alpha}MS) mandrels utilizes a small amount (<0.1wt%) of high-molecular-weight poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) in the suspending medium, which substantially increases the interfacial tension during curing relative to methods using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). However, fully cured capsules made by this method displayed a significant level of high frequency surface debris that became especially problematic when the mandrels were subsequently overcoated. To solve this problem we examined the use of PAA in conjunction with PVA in order to reduce these surface features, and explored numerous variations of concentration and timing of the PVA addition. The optimum conditions were found to be initial use of PAA for centering and symmetry of the mandrels, followed by removal of the PAA medium, washing of the mandrels with water, and finally transfer to PVA solution for completion of the curing cycle.

None