A linear-quadratic model of dose-kinetics is proposed for x-ray induced recessive lethal mutations in oogonia of Drosophila. From this it should follow that at higher total doses fractionation treatments should give a lower yield of mutations than an equivalent acute exposure. A dose of 6000 R, given acutely and in 3 different fractionation regimes gave results in the expected direction for 2 x 3000 R, and a significant decrease for 3 x 2000 R and for 4 x 1500 R fractionations.

The calibration technique described is an attempt to determine the actual energy release from the events causing emission bursts in beryllium and to quantitatively evaluate the effects of specimen geometry on the apparent energy per burst. (GHT)

The objective of this research effort is to obtain the design data-base covering performance, operational characteristics and emissions essential for making a rational decision regarding the selection and design of prototype hydrogen-fueled, air-breathing engines capable of being manufactured for general automotive use. To this end hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines were divided into fourteen subgroups. An engine representative of each subgroup will be tested during the course of the three year program. The Project Program Plan calls for investigation of pre-intake valve closing fuel ingestion (Pre IVC) hydrogen-fueled engines during the first two years. Work accomplished during the third 3-month period of the project is reported. Activities in this quarter included: water injection experiments with the throttled and unthrottled engine mode of operation; design and construction of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) equipment for use with the EGR experiments with the throttled and unthrottled engine configuration; construction of lithium-filled exhaust valves; and analysis of data for annual report preparation purposes. (LCL)

Plutonium is one of the principal materials of both commercial and military nuclear power. It is produced primarily in fission reactors that contain uranium fuel, and its importance arises from the fact that a large portion of the plutonium produced is fissile: like uranium 235, the mass 239 and 241 isotopes of plutonium can be caused to fission by neutrons, including those with low energy. Because such fission events also release neutrons, substantial amounts of energy can be extracted from plutonium in a controlled or an explosive nuclear chain reaction. Now that commercial nuclear reactors provide a noticeable fraction of United States (and world) electrical energy, these reactors account for most plutonium production. For the most part, this material now remains in the irradiated fuel after removal from reactors, but should this fuel be reprocessed, the plutonium could be recycled to provide part and even most of the fissile content of fresh fuel. For the current generation of water-cooled reactors, the amount of plutonium to be recycled is substantial. In fast breeder reactors, designed to produce more fissile material than they destroy, considerably larger quantities of plutonium would be recycled. In other types of advanced reactors, particularly those which depend …

In this work a technique was described to study the repassivation of bare metal surfaces. The advantage of this approach over other techniques is the ease with which multiple repassivation events can be studied. The repassivation rate of aluminum was found to depend on the anion in solution. Repassivation rates are higher for aluminum in phosphate and sulfate solutions compared to borate. It is possible that borate may interact more strongly than sulfate or phosphate on the bare aluminum surface blocking the diffusion of oxygen or changing the rate of repassivation.

Heavy-ion collisions are studied by the use of two different approaches, depending upon whether the bombarding energy per nucleon yields collective velocities that are small or large compared to the nuclear sound speed. In low energy collisions the primary emphasis is on such fundamental aspects of nuclei as the nuclear potential energy of deformation, the nuclear inertia tensor, and the mechanism for nuclear dissipation. In high energy collisions the primary emphasis is on the nuclear equation of state, the fundamental relation specifying how the pressure depends upon density and internal energy. Some results are shown for differential cross sections and fragment elongation versus distance between mass centers. (JFP)

The production of charged nuclear fragments was measured in collisions of 0.93 GeV/c/nucleon, 1.75 GeV/c/nucleon, and 2.88 GeV/c/nucleon alpha particles on targets of carbon, copper, lead, and CH/sub 2/, using a double focusing spectrometer. Single particle inclusive cross sections are then presented for the production of protons, deuterons, tritons, /sup 3/He, and /sup 4/He at momenta from 0.5 to 11.5 GeV/c and angles from 0 to 12/sup 0/. The relevance of the concept of limiting fragmentation to data is discussed and possible uses of the data to study nuclear structure and particle production mechanisms are pointed out.

Plasma generated in low-density vapor by a negative ion beam has been studied experimentally and computationally. We show that space charge neutralization of the beam occurs at very low vapor density, and that correspondingly the electron density may be much less than the beam and plasma ion densities. When there is a large local gas density, as in a charge changing cell, the resulting high electron density is also localized to the same region. Therefore, very few electrons will reach a negative ion accelerator even if it is placed one or two beam diameters from such a cell.

Photoemission energy distribution experiments on clean metal and adsorbate-covered surfaces were performed under ultrahigh vacuum conditions by using x-ray and ultraviolet photon sources in the laboratory as well as continuously-tunable, highly polarized synchrotron radiation obtainable at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL). Studies focused on two general areas: cross-section modulation in the photoemission process was studied as a function of photon energy and orbital composition. Sharp decreases in intensity of the valence bands of several transition metals (i.e., Ag, Au, and Pt) are attributed to the radial nodes in the respective wave functions. Adsorbate photoemission studies of CO adsorbed on platinum single crystals have demonstrated a very high spectral sensitivity to the 4sigma and (1..pi.. + 5sigma) peaks of CO at photon energies of 150 eV. Angle-resolved photoemission allowed determination of the orientation of CO chemisorbed on a Pt (111) or Ni(111) surface. Prelinimary results at high photon energies (approximately 150 eV) indicated scattering from the substrate which could yield chemisorption site geometries.

During fiscal year 1977, the following subtasks were performed. (1) Thermodynamic data were tabulated for those aqueous complexes and solid phases of plutonium, neptunium, americium, and curium likely to form in the environment. (2) Eh-pH diagrams were computed and drafted for plutonium, neptunium, americium and curium at 25/sup 0/C and one atmosphere. (3) The literature on distribution coefficients of plutonium, neptunium, americium, and curium was reviewed. (4) Preliminary considerations were determined for an experimental method of measuring radionuclide transport in water-saturated rocks. (5) The transport mechanisms of radionuclides in water-saturated rocks were reviewed. (6) A computer simulation was attempted of mass transfer involving actinides in water-saturated rocks. Progress in these tasks is reported. Subtasks 1, 2, 3, and 4 are complete. The progress made in subtask 5 is represented by an initial theoretical survey to define the conditions needed to characterize the transport of radionuclides in rocks. Subtask 6 has begun but is not complete.

High multiplicity hadron production amplitudes with long-range rapidity correlations from Regge cuts can exhibit dramatic condensation phenomena in rapidity and charge variables. The rapidity structures would appear as metastable heavy hadrons such as Upsilon or Psi. Charge-space condensation (spontaneous symmetry breakdown) would produce phenomena resembling observed ''Centauro'' cosmic-ray events. The conditions necessary for appearance of such phenomena are linked to the conditions for generating electromagnetic and weak interactions through spontaneous strong-interaction symmetry breakdown.

The effect of shock wave risetime on material ejection in aluminum has been studied for loading stresses of 21 GPa. Uniform loading was accomplished with plate impact techniques by mounting specimens on a ramp wave generator. Projectile impact on one side of the wave generator produced a wave which dispersed with propagation distance. This wave was then made incident to an aluminum specimen, so that the specimen experienced non-shock loading. It was found that mass ejection from aluminum surfaces can be reduced by over two orders of magnitude relative to shock loading conditions by accelerating the surface with a wave risetime greater than about 35 ns. These results suggest an explanation for the apparent discrepancies which are sometimes observed in mass ejection measurements utilizing either plate impact or electron beam deposition to generate stress waves.

Reactivities of chars are maximized by keeping heat treatment temperatures as low as possible, minimizing soak time at maximum HTT and maximizing heating rates. It is feasible to use reactivity parameters as a tool for the study of thermal history of carbonaceous materials. Maximum HTT as well as the heating rate used for char preparation seem to be more important parameters in influencing char reactivity than the atmosphere used during preparation. Aging of chars in air following heat treatment at 800/sup 0/C has little or no effect on subsequent char reactivity. The most significant conclusion of this investigation is that rapid heating results in significant increase in char reactivity to air. Surface areas of rapidly heated samples are significantly higher than those prepared at the same temperature using slower heating rates.

None

IFA-226 contained twelve, mixed plutonium-uranium oxide fuel rods arranged in two, six-rod clusters. The assembly was designed to study fuel-cladding mechanical interaction, fuel thermal response, and fission gas release as a function of fuel density, initial fuel-to-cladding gap, rod power, and burnup. Data were obtained from fuel rod centerline thermocouples, fission gas pressure transducers, and cladding elongation sensors. Results of both nondestructive and destructive examinations are presented. The PIE indicated that one fuel rod failed during service as a result of internal hydriding of the end plug. Circumferential cladding ridges resulting from fuel-cladding interaction were present on all of the rods, with the largest ridges present on the rod with the smallest initial fuel-to-cladding gap. No incipient fuel rod failures were detected.

Dihexyl((diethylcarbamoyl)methyl)phosphonate (DHDECMP) in diethylbenzene extracts actinides well from 6 M nitric acid solution, but commercially available DHDECMP contains impurities which interfere with stripping the actinides from the organic extract. DHDECMP purified by molecular distillation does not contain these impurities, but the pot residue contains increased concentrations of them. Heating the purified DHDECMP causes the formation of products which interfere with stripping in the same way, suggesting that high temperatures employed in the manufacture of DHDECMP may produce the offending impurities. These impurities can be separated from the heat-decomposed material or the pot residues by dilution with a large volume of hexanes (causing part of the impurities to separate as a second liquid phase) followed by equilibration of the hexane solution with dilute alkali. After the treatment with hexane and dilute alkali, the DHDECMP is readily recovered and functions well in the actinide extraction process. Dibutyl((dibutylcarbamoyl)methyl)-phosphonate (DBDBCMP) and di(2-ethylhexyl)((diethylcarbamoyl)-methyl)phosphonate (DEHDECMP) are purified less effectively by these methods. Similar separation methods using diethylbenzene or CCl/sub 4/ as solvent do not remove impurities as completely as the hexane process. Impurities can also be removed from a benzene solution of the DHDECMP pot residue by passing it through a column packed with silica gel …

The construction and use of energy technologies produce environmental and social consequences that are neither desired nor, for the most part, incorporated in the economic costs charged for the energy supplied. Although it is now essentially universally recognized that these 'externalities' or (broadly defined) 'social costs' must somehow be taken into account in the processes by which society chooses among alternative energy options, it is less widely appreciated that these costs - not resource limits or narrow economics - actually define the energy dilemma in the long term. It is important to try to make clear at the outset why this is so. The energy problem resides fundamentally in the fact that the relation between energy and well-being is two-sided. The application of energy as a productive input to the economy, yielding desired goods and services, contributes to well-being; the environmental and social costs of getting and using energy subtract from it. At some level of energy use, and for a given mix of technologies of energy supply, further increases in energy supply will produce incremental social and environmental costs greater than the incremental economic benefits - that is, growth begins to do more harm than good (Holdren, 1977; Committee …

The long range imaginary optical potential arising from quadrupole Coulomb excitation is derived in closed form. An analytical closed form for elastic scattering is obtained by inserting this potential into a weak absorption modified form of Frahn's strong absorption model.

This report identifies potential energy-conservative pipeline innovations that are most energy- and cost-effective and formulates recommendations for the R, D, and D programs needed to exploit those opportunities. From a candidate field of over twenty classes of efficiency improvements, eight systems are recommended for pursuit. Most of these possess two highly important attributes: large potential energy savings and broad applicability outside the pipeline industry. The R, D, and D program for each improvement and the recommended immediate next step are described. The eight technologies recommended for R, D, and D are gas-fired combined cycle compressor station; internally cooled internal combustion engine; methanol-coal slurry pipeline; methanol-coal slurry-fired and coal-fired engines; indirect-fired coal-burning combined-cycle pump station; fuel-cell pump station; drag-reducing additives in liquid pipelines; and internal coatings in pipelines.

Partial photoionization cross sections based on a nonhydrogenic single-electron model that utilizes Dirac--Slater wave functions and all necessary multipoles have been computed for C III-VI and Au + 8, +16, +24, and +36 for n = 1 - 6 and 10, 0 less than or equal to l < n. By use of detailed balance, radiative recombination rate coefficients are obtained for seven temperatures in the range 10 eV - 3 keV from the photoionization cross sections. The cross sections are compared with those obtained by others using semiclassical (Kramers) and hydrogenic models. In most cases, the recombination rate coefficients (summed over subshells) are larger than those computed using hydrogenic photoionization cross sections, by as much as a factor 30 (Au + 8, n = 5, kT = 43 keV). Analytical fits are given for the rate coefficients summed over l and n. The results are applicable to ionization balance and ion transport calculations for fusion reactors and the solar corona.

The electromagnetic pulse (EMP) from a high-altitude nuclear detonation consists of a transient pulse of high intensity electromagnetic fields. These intense fields induce current and voltage transients in electrical conductors. Although most nuclear power plant cables are not directly exposed to these fields, the attenuated EMP fields that propagate into the plant will couple some EMP energy to these cables. The report predicts the probable effects of the EMP transients that could be induced in critical circuits of safety-related systems. It was found that the most likely consequence of EMP for nuclear plants is an unscheduled shutdown. EMP could prolong the shutdown period by the unnecessary actuation of certain safety systems. In general, EMP could be a nuisance to nuclear power plants, but it is not considered a serious threat to plant safety.

Significant progress in plasma confinement and temperature has been achieved in the 2XIIB facility at Livermore. These encouraging results, and their theoretical corroboration, have provided a firm basis for the design of a new generation of magnetic mirror experiments, adding support to the mirror concept of a fusion reactor. Two new mirror experiments have been proposed to succeed the currently operating 2XIIB facility. The first of these called TMX (Tandem Mirror Experiment) has been approved and is currently under construction. TMX is designed to utilize the intrinsic positive plasma potential of two strong, and relatively small, minimum B mirror cells to enhance the confinement of a much larger, magnetically weaker, centrally-located mirror cell. The second facility, MFTF (Mirror Fusion Test Facility), is currently in preliminary design with line item approval anticipated for FY 78. MFTF is designed primarily to exploit the experimental and theoretical results derived from 2XIIB. Beyond that, MFTF will develop the technology for the transition from the present small mirror experiments to large steady-state devices such as the mirror FERF/FTR. The sheer magnitude of the plasma volume, magnetic field, neutral beam power, and vacuum pumping capacity, particularly in the case of MFTF, has placed new and exciting …

Glass wall-coated open tubular column chromatography has been used for the separation of organic components in fresh and saline waters after treatment with chlorine at concentrations approximating those in power plant cooling waters. Examination of the organic constituents isolated from water samples using an XAD-2 resin column has revealed that a complex mixture of electron-capturing components is produced by chlorination. The analytical scheme for the study of halogenated components consists of clean up steps performed by high speed liquid chromatography followed by gas-liquid chromatography on glass WCOT columns using flame ionization and electron capture GC detectors. Capillary GC/MS was also employed, using electron impact and chemical ionization techniques. Significant problems arose with respect to retaining the identity of hundreds of component peaks as they emerged from different chromatographic columns in different instruments using the different detection systems. Therefore, it was necessary to use procedures for ensuring the reproducibility of retention times in different GC detection modes, and where this was not possible, to develop intercalibration techniques. Concentrations of nonpolar and presumably lipophylic, halogenated components formed by the chlorination of relatively uncontaminated natural waters appear to be very low (in the ng/1 range), with the exception of the haloforms.

For fusion to become available for commercial use in the 21st century, R and D must be undertaken now. But it is hard to justify these expenditures with a &#x27;&#x27;cost/benefit&#x27;&#x27; oriented assessment methodology, because of both the time frame and the uncertainty of the future benefits. Focusing on the factors most relevant for current consideration of fusion&#x27;s commercial prospects, i.e., consumption levels and the outcomes for fission, solar, and coal, many possible futures of the U.S. energy system are posited and analyzed under various assumptions about costs. The &#x27;&#x27;Reference Energy System&#x27;&#x27; approach was modified to establish both an appropriate degree of detail and explicit time dependence, and a computer code used to organize the relevant data and to perform calculations of system cost (annual and discounted present value), resource use, and residuals that are implied by the consumption levels and technology mix in each scenario. Not-unreasonable scenarios indicate benefits in the form of direct cost savings, which may well exceed R and D costs, which could be attributed to the implementation of fusion.