These proceedings contain papers prepared for the 21st Seismic Research Symposium: Technologies for Monitoring The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, held 21-24 September 1999 in Las Vegas, Nevada. These papers represent the combined research related to ground-based nuclear explosion monitoring funded by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), Air Force Technical Applications Center (AFTAC), Department of Defense (DoD), the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), and other invited sponsors. The scientific objectives of the research are to improve the United States capability to detect, locate, and identify nuclear explosions. The purpose of the meeting is to provide the sponsoring agencies, as well as potential users, an opportunity to review research accomplished during the preceding year and to discuss areas of investigation for the coming year. For the researchers, it provides a forum for the exchange of scientific information toward achieving program goals, and an opportunity to discuss results and future plans. Paper topics include: seismic regionalization and calibration; detection and location of sources; wave propagation from source to receiver; the nature of seismic sources, including mining practices; hydroacoustic, infrasound, and radionuclide methods; on-site inspection; and data processing.

It is shown that certain double ratios introduced for computing semileptonic form factors are accurate to order 1/m{sub Q}{sup 2}, even when the action and current are accurate to order 1/m{sub Q}.

We are developing gamma-ray detectors with a bulk absorber and a superconducting transition-edge sensor. The absorber is high purity Sn and the transition-edge sensor is a Mo/Cu multilayer thin film. We have characterized the detector, and will discuss x-ray and gamma-ray results.

The CTEQ5 parton distributions are described, with emphasis on the changes since CTEQ4. The most significant change is in the quark flavor dependence of the parton distributions. Ongoing studies of large-x parton distributions are discussed. Luminosity estimates are given for HERA in order to improve the present uncertainties of the quark distributions. A discussion of how to improve the gluon uncertainty in the future is presented.

Inelastic neutron scattering experiments were performed on a single crystal of the bilayer manganite La{sub 1.2}Sr{sub 1.8}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 7}. Low energy spin-wave excitations were observed along the c direction with a maximum energy of {approx} 0.5 meV at the zone boundary. The dispersion of these acoustic spin wave modes is modeled by a nearest-neighbor Heisenberg model with an inter-bilayer exchange interaction between neighboring spins in different bilayers of 0.048(1) meV and an anisotropy gap of {Delta} = 0.077(3) meV. These results confirm the two-dimensional nature of the spin-correlations in the bilayer manganites, with a ratio of the in-plane to inter-bilayer interaction of {approx}200. The temperature dependence of the energies and intensities of the spin wave excitations are in agreement with our earlier conclusion that the ferromagnetic transition is second-order.

Thermohydrochemical (T-H-C) processes result from the placement of heat-generating radioactive materials in unsaturated, fractured geologic materials. The placement of materials in the proposed Yucca Mountain repository will result in complex environmental conditions. Simple models are developed liking the thermohydrological effects simulated with TOUGHZ to system chemistry, with an example presented for chloride. Perturbations to near-field chemistry could have a significant impact on the migration of actinides and fission products in geologic materials. Various conceptual models to represent fractures are utilized in TOUGHZ simulations of thermohydrological processes. The simulated moisture redistribution is then coupled to simple chemical models to demonstrate the potential magnitude of T-H-C processes. The concentration of chloride in solution (returning to the engineered barrier system) is demonstrated, in extreme cases, to exceed 100,000 mg/L. The implication is that the system (typically ambient chemical and hydrological conditions) in which radionuclide transport is typically simulated and measured may be significantly different from the perturbed system.

Polarized-neutron specular reflectometry (PNR) was developed in the 1980's as a means of measuring magnetic depth profiles in flat films. Starting from simple profiles, and gradually solving structures of greater complexity, PNR has been used to observe or clarify a variety of magnetic phenomena. It has been used to measure the absolute magnetization of films of thickness not exceeding a few atomic planes, the penetration of magnetic fields in micron-thick superconductors, and the detailed magnetic coupling across non-magnetic spacers in multilayers and superlattices. Although PNR is considered a probe of depth dependent magnetic structure, laterally averaged in the plane of the film, the development of new scattering techniques promises to enable the characterization of lateral magnetic structures. Retaining the depth-sensitivity of specular reflectivity, off-specular reflectivity may be brought to resolve in-plane structures over nanometer to micron length scales.

Tevatron direct photon results since DIS98 are reviewed. Two new CDF measurements are discussed, the Run Ib inclusive photon cross section and the photon + Muon cross section. Comparisons with the latest NLO QCD calculations are presented.

During the 1990's, macromolecular crystallography became progressively more dependent on synchrotrons X-ray sources for diffraction data collection. Detectors of this diffraction data at synchrotrons beamlines have evolved over the decade, from film to image phosphor plates, and then to CCD systems. These changes have been driven by the data quality and quantity improvements each newer detector technology provided. The improvements have been significant. It is likely that newer detector technologies will be adopted at synchrotron beamlines for crystallographic diffraction data collection in the future, but these technologies will have to compete with existing CCD detector systems which are already excellent and are getting incrementally better in terms of size, speed, efficiency, and resolving power. Detector development for this application at synchrotrons must concentrate on making systems which are bigger and faster than CCDs and which can capture weak data more efficiently. And there is a need for excellent detectors which are less expensive than CCD systems.

NIST and Sandia have developed a procedure for producing and calibrating critical dimension (CD), or linewidth, reference materials. These reference materials will be used to calibrate metrology instruments used in semiconductor manufacturing. The artifacts, with widths down to 100 nm, are produced in monocrystalline silicon with all feature edges aligned to specific crystal planes. A two-part calibration of these linewidths is used: the primary calibration, with accuracy to within a few lattice plane thicknesses, is accomplished by counting the lattice planes across the sample as-imaged through use of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The secondary calibration is the high-precision electrical CD technique. NIST and Sandia are developing critical dimension (CD), or linewidth, reference materials for use by the semiconductor industry. To meet the current requirements of this rapidly changing industry, the widths of the reference features must be at or below the widths of the finest features in production and/or development. Further, these features must produce consistent results no matter which metrology tool (e.g., scanning electron microscope, scanned probe microscope, electrical metrology) is used to make the measurement. This leads to a requirement for the samples to have planar surfaces, known sidewall angles, and uniform material composition. None of the …

Understanding plasma profile evolution and plasma turbulence are two important aspects of developing a predictive model for edge-plasma in tokamaks and other fusion-related devices. Here they describe results relevant to the L-H transition phenomena observed in tokamaks obtained from two simulations codes which emphasize the two aspects of the problem. UEDGE solves for the two-dimensional (2-D) profiles of a multi-species plasma and neutrals given some anomalous cross-field diffusion coefficients, and BOUT solves for the three-dimensional (3-D) turbulence that gives rise to the anomalous diffusion. These two codes are thus complementary in solving different aspects of the edge-plasma transport problem; ultimately, they want to couple the codes so that UEDGE uses BOUT's turbulence transport results, and BOUT uses UEDGE's plasma profiles with a fully automated iteration procedure. This goal is beyond the present paper; here they show how each aspect of the problem, i.e., profiles and turbulent transport, can contribute to L-H type transitions.

The power spectrum of mass density fluctuations is evaluated from the Mark III and the SFI catalogs of peculiar velocities by a maximum likelihood analysis, using parametric models for the power spectrum and for the errors. The applications to the two different data sets, using generalized CDM models with and without COBE normalization, give consistent results. The general result is a relatively high amplitude of the power spectrum, with {sigma}{sub 8}{Omega}{sub m}{sup 0.6} = 0.8 {+-} 0.2 at 90% confidence. Casting the results in the {Omega}{sub m} {minus} {Omega}{sub {Lambda}} plane, yields complementary constraints to those of the high-redshift supernovae, together favoring a nearly flat, unbound and accelerating universe with comparable contributions from {Omega}{sub m} and {Omega}{sub {Lambda}}. Further implications on the cosmological parameters, arising from a joint analysis of the velocities together with small-scale CMB anisotropies and the high-redshift supernovae, are also briefly described.

Concerning the mitigation of high pressure core melt scenarios, the design objective for future PWRS is to transfer high pressure core melt to low pressure core melt sequences, by means of pressure relief valves at the primary circuit, with such a discharge capacity to limit the pressure in the reactor coolant system to less than 20 bar. Studies have shown that in late in-vessel reflooding scenarios there may be a time window where the pressure is indeed in this range, at the moment of the reactor vessel rupture. It has to be verified that large quantities of corium released from the vessel after failure at pressures <20 bar cannot be carried out of the reactor pit, because the melt collecting and cooling concept of future PWRs would be rendered useless. Existing experiments investigated the melt dispersal phenomena in the context of the DCH resolution for existing power plants in the USA, most of them having cavities with large instrument tunnels leading into subcompartments. For such designs, breaches with small cross sections at high vessel failure pressures had been studied. However, some present and future European PWRs have an annular cavity design without a large pathway out of the cavity other …

We describe recent modifications to the UEDGE code that enable us to simulate full double-null magnetic configurations. We present simulation results for magnetically balanced double- nulls, with and without asymmetries due to divertor recycling and cross-field drifts. Up/down electron temperature asymmetries due to recycling are weak for attached plasmas because the magnetic connection length is shorter than for comparable single-null plasmas. Cross-field drifts due to radial electric fields produce strong poloidal ion particle fluxes at the midplane in the SOL that can drive up/down asymmetries.