Due to increasing environmental concerns, in 1994, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began implementing regulations that require automakers to incorporate comprehensive on-board diagnostics into new vehicles. The purpose is to monitor emissions, which will allow early detection of any malfunctioning of the engine and/or exhaust treatment system. Currently, monitorings of hydrocarbon and NOx emissions are regarded as being the most critical for evaluating car emissions.

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The Proceedings of the 1999 US Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen Program Review serve as an important technology reference for the DOE Hydrogen Program. This document contains technical progress reports on 60 research and technology validation projects funded by the DOE Hydrogen Program in Fiscal Year 1999, in support of its mission to make hydrogen a cost-effective energy carrier for utility, building, and transportation applications. Each year, the Program conducts a rigorous review of its portfolio of projects, utilizing teams of experts to provide vital feedback on the progress of research.

New modules for simulating electromagnetic showers at energies from 1 keV to a multi-TeV region have been developed and implemented into the MARS code. The entire shower and several non-standard processes essential at high energies are treated either exclusively or inclusively, according to the user's choice. Results of calculations are in a good agreement with data.

A report on beam loss, radiation shielding, and residual radiation experiences and status in the Fermilab Linac and Booster is presented. Historically, the Linac/Booster system has served only as an injector for the relatively low repetition rate Main Ring synchrotron. With the construction of an 8 GeV target station for the 5 Hz MiniBooNE neutrino beam and rapid multi-batch injection into the Main Injector for the NUMI experiment, the demand for Booster protons will increase dramatically over the next few years. Booster beam loss reduction and control are key to the entire future Fermilab high energy physics program.

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Tolerable beam losses are estimated for high-intensity ring accelerators with proton energy of 3 to 16 GeV. Dependence on beam energy, lattice and magnet geometry is studied via full Monte Carlo MARS14 simulations in lattice elements, shielding, tunnel and surrounding dirt with realistic geometry, materials and magnetic fields.

Designing and constructing low-energy buildings (buildings that consume 50% to 70% less energy than code-compliant buildings) require the design team to follow a process that considers how the building envelope and systems work together. The High-Performance Buildings Research Project at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) developed a technique called the ``energy design process''. This process requires a design team to set energy-efficiency goals at the beginning of the pre-design phase. Detailed computer simulations used throughout the design and construction phases ensure that the building is optimized for energy efficiency and that changes to the design do not adversely affect energy performance. Properly commissioning the building and educating the building operators are the final steps to successfully constructing a low-energy building. NREL's High-Performance Buildings Research project applies the energy design process in the context of real building projects. This paper defines the energy design process and describes how the process was used to optimize the design of the BigHorn Center, a retail building in Silverthorne, Colorado.

The motivation, prospects, and R and D plans for future high-intensity muon facilities are described, with an emphasis on neutrino factories. The additional R and D needed for muon colliders is also considered.

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With the Jefferson Lab 12 GeV (11 GeV for Halls A, B and C) upgrade, several new physics windows open up. In particular, a large kinematics domain in deep inelastic scattering becomes available. Coupled to the high luminosity and high polarization of beam and targets, Jefferson Lab will be in a unique position to make a significant contribution in the understanding of nucleon and nuclear structure, and strong interaction in the high x region. (For a non-expert, roughly speaking x is the percentage of momentum carried by the leading quark with which the electron is directly interacting). Theoretically, the high x region is relatively clean, where it provides a testing ground for the understanding of the nucleon structure in terms of a simple quark picture. Due to the fact that the quark distribution drops fast when x becomes large, few precision data exists in this region (especially for the spin-dependent nucleon structure). Precision data in this region (at relatively low Q{sup 2}) are not only important for understanding the structure there, but also have a significant impact for a search of new physics beyond the standard model at very high energies. A high luminosity is crucial for getting precise information …

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Instrumentation concepts for the Very Large Hadron Collider (VLHC) are discussed. Different design concepts for the VLHC result in substantially different instrumentation layouts. High field, cold bore magnets have instrumentation requirements very similar to the SSC and LHC. In contrast, the low field warm bore transmission line magnets have very sparse instrumentation and the long magnet length allows the cable plant to be preinstalled on the magnets. Specialized beam instrumentation concepts including permanently sealed semi-rigid coax BLM's and distributed coupled-bunch damping systems are discussed.

Inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS) provides high-pressure research with an arsenal of analytical capabilities for key measurements that were previously unattainable, and high pressure research provides IXS with numerous applications where the technique has unique advantages over other methods. High-pressure investigations can now be conducted using non-resonant IXS, resonant IXS, nuclear resonant IXS, and x-ray emission spectroscopy with energy resolutions of 100 meV to 1 eV for electronic transitions and 1 to 10 meV for phonon studies. By pressure-tuning materials over a wide range, we are able to investigate fundamental physics of electron gases, strongly correlated electron systems, high-energy electronic excitations, and phonons in energy and momentum space. The results will have a profound influence on materials applications as well as providing basic information for understanding the deep interior of the Earth and other planets.