A preliminary design of an electrostatically plugged cusp reactor was presented in (UCRL-52142(1976)). The capital costs of the various components of this reactor are estimated and totaled for two different blanket configurations: one having an energy multiplication factor M = 1.2, and the other having M = 1.68. The unoptimized direct capital costs for these cases are found to be about 1400 and 950 $/kWe, respectively.

The following work is a continuation of an earlier report, Sheshinski (1976). In this paper we continue our examination of the problem of interpolation of air pollution concentrations over an air basin, using a model of a spatially autocorrelated random process. In Chapter I we compare estimators based on a correctly and incorrectly specified constant mean with estimators based on an unspecified constant mean. In Chapter II we compare estimation done with a specified linear trend function to estimation with an unspecified linear trend function. The third chapter deals with a biased partially constrained estimator versus a fully constrained universally unbiased estimator in the presence of a linear trend.

Temporally, spectrally, and spatially resolved x-ray emission diagnostics are important tools in the study of the heating and compression of laser fusion targets by sub-nanosecond laser pulses. The use of the Livermore 15 psec resolution x-ray streak camera to make such measurements is reviewed. Temporal histories of spectrally resolved x-ray emission in the 1 to 10 keV range have been obtained. These data have served to further define the x-ray streak camera as a quantative diagnostic tool and have also provided data relating to the absorption and compression phases of laser heating. The x-ray streak camera has been used in conjunction with a specially designed pinhole imaging system to temporally record images of laser compressed targets with a spatial resolution of approximately 6 ..mu..m. Implosion characteristics are presented for experiments with glass microshell targets. The concept, development, and testing of an ultrafast framing camera for full two-dimensional time resolved imaging is discussed. A prototype camera, based on the image dissection-restoration concept, has achieved an approximately 200 psec frame period with a resolution of 50 ..mu..m.

This report discusses the current status of liquid-metal fast breeder (LMFBR) development and one of the principal safety issues, a hypothetical core-disruptive accident (HCDA). Bibliographic information on worldwide LMFBRs relative to the development of the breeder reactor as a safe source of nuclear power is presented for the period 1960 through 1969. The bibliography consists of 1560 abstracts covering early research and development and operating experiences leading up to the present design practices that are necessary for the licensing of breeder reactors. Key-word, author, and permuted-title indexes are included for completeness.

A subnanosecond x-ray framing camera technique employing a fiber optics image dissector coupled to a 10 ps optical streak camera will be described. The output data from the streak camera can be reduced from photographic film or directly couple into a SEC Vidicon camera for immediate computer decoding of each scan line into a two dimensional picture. The use of the new subnanosecond plastic scintillator in front of the fiber optics dissector will also be discussed. The paper will include (1) the description of the basic principle, (2) fiber optics's image dissector construction, (3) time resolution considerations, and (4) experimental data on a prototype 7 by 7 array.

The properties of highly charged ions and their interaction with electrons and atoms is being studied in-situ at the LLNL electron beam ion traps, EBIT-II and SuperEBIT. Spectroscopic measurements provide data on electron-ion and ion-atom interactions as well as accurate transition energies of lines relevant for understanding QED, nuclear magnetization, and the effects of relativity on complex, state-of-the-art atomic calculations.

Experiments and direct numerical simulations have been performed to examine the effects of initial conditions on the dynamics of a Rayleigh-Taylor mixing layer. Experiments were performed on a water channel facility to quantify the interfacial and velocity perturbations initially present at the two-fluid interface in a small Atwood number mixing layer. The measurements have been parameterized for implementation in numerical simulations of the experiment, and two- and three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the experiment have been performed. It is shown that simulations implemented with initial velocity perturbations are required to match experimentally-measured statistics. Data acquired from both the experiment and numerical simulations are used to elucidate the role of initial conditions on the evolution of integral-scale, turbulence, and mixing statistics. Early-time turbulence and mixing statistics will be shown to be strongly dependent upon the early-time transition of the initial perturbation from a weakly- to a strongly-nonlinear flow.

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The abstract is included of a published report which outlines the potential role of metal/air fuel cells in automotive transportation. The energy and dolar cost of metal/air fuel cell systems is estimated, with emphasis given to the energy and dollar cost of aluminum production. Only aluminum, lithium, and (possibly) calcium are capable of providing the power for a full-performance electric vehicle, while aluminum is most favorable from the standpoint of economics. The electrochemistry of the calcium electrode appears to be similar to that of lithium, although the use of an aggressive anion (chloride) is necessary to prevent rapid passivation of the anode. Faradaic efficiencies were found to approach 100 percent close to the diffusion-limited dissolution conditions, as in the case of lithium. However, electrode polarizations of about 1.5 V under such conditions would produce an energy efficiency of discharge of about 40 percent. The two-stage electrolysis process, proposed for the efficient production of lithium, was subjected to further experimental verification. Faradaic efficiencies exceeding 95 percent were obtained for the formation of Li(Hg) from aqueous LiOH at temperatures up to 56/sup 0/C at 75 mA/cm/sup 2/. Concentrations of Li in Hg were obtained which exceeded the liquidus solubility limit by a …

An evaluation methodology for proliferation resistance (PR) and physical protection (PP) is under development by a PR&PP Experts Group [1]. It involves pathway evaluation and quantification of associated measures for PR and PP. In this paper, probabilistic risk assessment approaches are used to further develop the evaluation procedure for proliferation resistance. This work is part of the Generation IV methodology development that is being sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy. Detailed pathway analysis and quantitative assessment of the proliferation resistance measures for specific scenarios are addressed using a Markov chain approach [2] [3].

There are many accelerator applications for high intensity heavy ion sources, with recent needs including dc beams for RIA, and pulsed beams for injection into synchrotrons such as RHIC and LHC. The present status of sources producing high currents of high charge state heavy ions is reviewed. These sources include ECR, EBIS, and Laser ion sources. Benefits and limitations for these type sources are described. Possible future improvements in these sources are also mentioned.

An issue of the axial electron heat loss is of a significant importance for mirror-based fusion devices. This problem has been considered in a number of publications but it is still shrouded in misconceptions. In this paper we revisit it once again. We discuss the following issues: (1) Formation of the electron distribution function in the end tank at large expansion ratios; (2) The secondary emission from the end plates and the ways of suppressing it (if needed); (3) Ionization and charge exchange in the presence of neutrals in the end tanks; (4) Instabilities caused by the peculiar shape of the electron distribution function and their possible impact on the electron heat losses; (5) Electron heat losses in the pulsed mode of operation of mirror devices.

In 1998, we started the R&D program for the development of high performance planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The long-term goal of the project is to develop a planar SOFC system running directly on natural gas. The short-term goal is to develop low cost manufacturing techniques and to demonstrate stack power density greater than 1 W/cm2 at 800 C. The high power density will make possible to lower fuel cell operating temperature, thus enabling the use of cheaper materials as well as the direct oxidation of natural gas. This paper summarizes the technical status of the fabrication and electrochemical testings of single cells and stacks.

The theoretical development of relations governing the eddy current induced losses in iron electromagnet yokes is reviewed. A baseline laminated electromagnet design is analyzed and a parametric study illustrates the sensitivity of core losses to perturbations of various geometrical, material, and excitation parameters. Core losses and field gradients for the ALS septum magnets are calculated. Design modifications capable of eliminating transverse and longitudinal field gradients are discussed.

The study of Alloy 22 was undertaken in several selected nitrate/chloride (NO{sub 3}{sup -}/Cl{sup -}) electrolytes with chloride concentrations [Cl{sup -}] of 1.0, 3.5 and 6.0 molal with [NO{sub 3} {sup -}]/[Cl{sup -}] ratios of 0.05, 0.15 and 0.5 at temperatures up to 100 C. Results showed that the repassivation potentials increased with increase in [NO{sub 3} {sup -}]/[Cl{sup -}] ratio and decreased with increase in temperature. The absolute [Cl{sup -}] was found to have less of an effect on the repassivation potential compared with temperature and the NO{sub 3} {sup -}/Cl{sup -}. Regression analyses were carried out and expressions were derived to describe the relationship between the repassivation potential, temperature, [Cl{sup -}] and [NO{sub 3} {sup -}] for the conditions tested.

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Much of the activity and growth in the field of pulsed power technology has been spawned by government-sponsored research for military applications. During the last two decades significant advances have been made in pulsed power modulators and accelerators. Pollution control systems for large industrial applications could benefit a great deal by exploring the results of this research and development. In this paper I will present the history of how pulsed power technology got involved in pollution control applications. Emphasis will be placed on the application of pulsed power to pollution control in utility and industrial coal-fired power plants. The use of pulsed techniques for improving the efficiency of electrostatic precipitators will first be discussed; then the parallel developments in electron beam and pulsed corona processing for flue gas treatment will be presented. Pulsed power techniques are essential as supporting technologies for these advanced pollution control methods. To illustrate the large scale of these applications, I will discuss the power requirements of these methods.

Future colliding beam runs at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory will involve bunch spacings of protons and antiprotons at 132 ns intervals. Due to finite processing time, a pipelined architecture is needed to store events until a trigger decision can reach the detector. A single ported pipeline design has been implemented in a 1.2 micron rad soft CMOS technology and partially tested. Results are presented of the performance of that design. The chip supports a level 1 accept rate of 5 kHz. Because high statistics B physics experiments will require level 1 accept rates of 50 kHz, a new dual ported pipeline device has been proposed which would make the readout virtually deadtimeless for trigger rates approaching 50 kHz. The operation of the proposed deadtimeless device is explained.

The principal objective of this research is to gain information on the role that host petroleum-derived oils (1000 F+), as well as that of catalytically treated host oils, play when used as liquefaction solvents in coprocessing with coal. The host oil will be extensively characterized and then pretreated in a number of ways which involve catalytic reactions such as hydrogenation, hydrocracking, and isomerization. The pretreated oils will then be characterized by elemental analysis, catalytic dehydrogenation, distillation, GC-MS, and NMR. The effects of the host oil on coprocessing with coal will be compared to those obtained using catalytically modified heavy oils. When appropriate, model compounds will be used to study specific reactions brought about by the pretreatments. In the progress report for January, 1993--March, 1993, we concluded that the dispersed iron based catalysts were not effective in hydrotreating the AMOCO VTR at 400{degree}C. During the second quarter of this year, several pretreatment runs were conducted at 440{degree}C using molybdenum naphthenate, a known active hydrotreatment catalyst. The reaction time was increased from one hour to two hours, during which time the reaction pressure leveled off. hen Mo naphthenate was added at a concentration of 500 ppM of Mo, coke production was drastically …

This paper presents the personal views of the author on the subject of the proposed Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). She addresses here concerns about the national security issues which could result from ratification of this convention. She argues the convention alone is not likely to curtail production or availability of such items on the world market because of the relatively low cost. The treaty could thus put the country in a position less likely to protect itself, or adequately deal with such a threat.

We have performed a comprehensive study of the radiation environment for the proposed GEM detector at the SSC. As a result of this study, we have developed a shielding scenario that will ensure that the detector will operate with its design performance for at least 10 years at the luminosity of 10{sup 33} cm {sup {minus}2}{sub s}{sup {minus}1}.

In 1990, Sony corporation announced their intention to manufacture a rechargeable lithium ion battery, based on the intercalation of lithium ions into a carbonaceous anode. The cells were first introduced for portable telephone use in June, 1991. (1) A 3.6V average cell voltage (4.1-2.75V range); (2) Excellent cycle life (1200 @ 100% DOD); (3) Good capacity retention (70% after 6 months); (4) Wide temperature range performance ({minus}20 to +60{degrees}C); (5) Excellent Discharge rate (82% capacity at 30 min. discharge rate); (6) Excellent Charge rate (100% Charge in <3 hrs); and (7) High energy density (264 W*hr/1 and 120 Whr/kg for ``D`` size cell. These specifications show significant promise for application of these batteries in low earth orbit (LEO) small satellites, particularly when compared to existing NiH{sub 2} and NiCd technology. The very high energy density and specific energy will reduce power system volume and weight. The wide temperature range enables simpler thermal design, particularly for new, small, high power satellites. The materials used in the lithium ion batteries are relatively inexpensive and benign, so that we expect costs to come down substantially in the future. The specified cycle life at 100% DOD is also 50% longer than most NiCds, so …

DELPHI was the data summary and interpretation code used by gas diagnostics personnel during the period from 1968 through 1986. It was written by Floyd Momyer, and went through several revisions during its period of use. Described here is the final version, which provided the most extensive set of summary tables. Earlier versions of the code lacked some of the capabilities of the final version, but what they did include was of substantially the same format. DELPHI was run against most available input decks in the mid 1980s. Microfiche and hardcopy output were generated. Both now reside in our archives. These reruns used modified input decks, which may not have had the proper {open_quotes}trigger{close_quotes} to instruct DELPHI to output some tables. These tables could, therefore be missing from a printout even though the necessary data was present. Also, modifications to DELPHI did, in some instances, eliminate DELPHIs` capability to correctly output some of the earlier optional tables. This monologue is intended to compliment the archived printout, and to provide enough insight so that someone unfamiliar with the techniques of Gas Diagnostics can retrieve the results at some future date. DELPHI last ran on the CDC-7600 machines, and was not converted …

This article makes two principal points. First the author argues that the Russian federation has never been a state and is not sustainable as a state. Four centrifugal indicators are presented to support this claim: ethnic divisiveness; uncertainty about the legitimacy of Russia`s current borders; competing claims for legitimacy on the part of federal and regional leaders; and army units` unpredictable allegiances. Second, she argues that Soviet policies intended to facilitate central control of the periphery had the perverse effect of creating ethnic identity and demands for national autonomy where, in many cases, they did not exist prior to the Communist regime. Following the introduction, part one briefly reviews the concepts of state, nation, and nationalism and the roles they play in Russia. Criteria for state-hood are discussed. Part two lists the main ethnic groups in Russia and considers the roots of ethnic nationalism in the Russian Federation. Part three discusses confusion over the legitimacy of the physical, economic, and political boundaries of the Russian Federation. Part four discusses political disarray in the center and the regions and the lack of unity among order-enforcing entities. The Volga-Ural region -- where there is a large concentration of nuclear weapons and facilities, …