Report providing a background on artificial intelligence (AI), recent advances, benefits and risks of AI tools. current federal laws addressing AI, perspectives on regulating AI, and other considerations for the 118th Congress.

A weekly publication, the Texas Register serves as the journal of state agency rulemaking for Texas. Information published in the Texas Register includes proposed, adopted, withdrawn and emergency rule actions, notices of state agency review of agency rules, governor's appointments, attorney general opinions, and miscellaneous documents such as requests for proposals. After adoption, these rulemaking actions are codified into the Texas Administrative Code.

From the point of view of constituents of a fuel element at temperatures between 2500 and 4500 degree K, the fuel elements can be considered to consist of six types of material: carbon, elements less volatile than carbon, 26 moles of rare gases, 21 moles of alkali metals, 17 moles of alkaline earth metals, and 4 moles of miscellaneous volatile elements. Various processes involving the constituents from 2000 to 45000 degree K are considered. Reactivity gain due to can rupture is discussed.

The maximum temperature in the interior of the fuel element could be greatly reduced by incorporating a liquid between the fuel element and the outer can to increase-heat transfer rates. It is of interest to consider what liquids would be chemically compatible with graphite and the actinide carbides. Elements which melt below 1100 and boil above 1400 deg C that form no stable solid carbides, include Cu, Ga, TI, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, and compounds include GeP, GeS, GaP, Ga/sub 2/S, GaTe, GaAs, SnTe, Sm/sub 3/As/sub 2/, Sb/sub 3/Te/sub 2/, Zn/sub 3/Sb/sub 2/, Zn/sub 3/P/sub 2/, ZnS, ZnTe, and Zn/s ub 3/As/sub 2/. Some of these compounds have equilibrium pressures that might be considered too high, but they may actually vaporize slowly enough because of low vaporization coefficients to make them suitable. There are probably rot enough data nor adequate theories for predicting the rates, and Langmuir type vaporization experiments would be necessary to determine the rates of vaporization of these compounds. The main problem in the use of a heat transfer fluid is that of reaction between the fluid and the actinide carbides. Thermodynamically extensive attack would be expected. However, it may be possible to make the rate …

The quantity and characteristics of fission products in coolant gases due to leaking fuel elements are discussed. It is concluded that the rare gases, the alkali metals, the halides, and Sb may act as permanent gases to a considerable extent. The other fission products are expected to condense out completely on walls or as dust consisting of metals, carbides, and oxides.

This memorandum summarizes the results of an analysis to determine the extent of displacement of the EOCR core due to blowdown in case of several postulated hot main gas coolant pipe failures. Results show that the core will be damaged for any hot pipe double-ended failure. Excepting the improbable case of no coolant flow existing proper to the break, the core will be damaged for any hot pipe fracture exposing a total flow area to the atmosphere equal to that of one pipe. Smaller breaks will probably be safe in this respect.

At the request of Design Development Operation, various heat transfer and fluid flow problems were examined which are peculiar to the CO2 Gas-Cooled Loop in the PRTR. The results of these calculations are desired primarily to aid in demonstrating the adequacy of the design proposal. In addition, the operational limits of the loop and the consequences of the gas loop installation on the PRT reactor are of interest.

One of the research studies of the Chemical Effluents Technology Operation is the improvement of the method for predicting the capacity of a crib for the retention of wastes. In addition to laboratory work the research was extended a field experiment using a simulated crib fed with a solution containing a radioactive tracer. The purpose is twofold: (1) to check the validity of laboratory findings and (2) to observe several features of the behavior of solutions put to ground in the field.

A system for scintillations from nuclear events has been developed and is presently in use at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. This paper primarily describes the pulsed light source used to simulate nuclear events; it also describes the necessary nanosecond pulse techniques to measure the light source parameters and to operate large numbers of lamps. Considerations concerning distribution networks are shown. Use of the light source as a spark gap trigger is also discussed.

In obtaining the results reported here a double focusing magnetic type spectrometer was used. Momentum spread was about 1%, and in most cases 2560 counts per point were taken. An end window Geiger tube was used as a detector. The window was of mica with areal density of 1.6 mg/cm2.

Various organizations in the Biophysics Section of the Radiological Sciences Department participated in evaluating local radioactive particle fallout as influenced by the nuclear explosions at the Nevada Proving Grounds during the early part of 1953. Data collected from approximately 50 air monitoring stations operated by the Regional Survey forces were used to determine the trend of radioactive particle concentrations in the atmosphere between March and June. These measurements were supplemented with the findings of associated organizations in the Biophysics Section during and immediately after the peak influx on May 26.

The operating procedure for the LLL Hazards Control Calibration and Standards Facility neutron generator is described. The generator is a Texas Nuclear Model 9400, and is located in the Low-Scatter Room. A general description of the generator is included.

The Data Management Plan (DMP) describes the data management objectives, system components, data base structure and contents, system maintenance, data processing, and user interface for the prototype phase of the Oak Ridge Environmental Information System (OREIS). The major goals of OREIS data management are to compile data of known quality, to maintain the integrity of the data base, and to provide data to users. The DMP defines the requirements, describes the responsibilities, and references the procedures for meeting the data management objectives. Emphasis is on management of measurement data and the associated metadata used to support its proper interpretation and legal defensibility. The DMP covers transmittal, processing, storage, and data access activities associated with OREIS. The OREIS data dictionary is provided as an appendix.

It has been observed for a number of the Zr catalysts that the maximum MCH conversion (ca. 20 wt.%) can be obtained in 15 min. using a reaction temperature of 150{degrees}C and 1 atm. of H{sub 2}, and no further reaction occurs during 120 minutes. Typical results for these catalysts as well as catalyst which show lower activities using the 15 min. residence time are shown in Figure 2. Both catalyst formulations, a Pt/ZrO{sub 2}/SO{sub 4} and a Fe/Mn/ZrO{sub 2}/SO{sub 4} show this behavior. The 15 minute conversion and the 2 hour conversion are not due to thermodynamic limitations. A series of experiments were completed using the Pt/ZrO{sub 2}/SO{sub 4} catalyst to obtain data to explain the maximum conversions obtained. In the first set of experiments a conversion versus residence time curve (Figure 3) was generated. The data shown in Figure 3 indicated a conversion curve with reaction time that is typical of the catalysts tested. In the next set of experiments, the amount of reactor volume which was occupied by the catalyst and feedstock was varied to determine if the reaction taking place in the liquid or gas phase was limiting the conversion of MCH. The MCH/catalyst ratio was …

The neutron source calibration procedure used in the LLL Hazards Control Calibrations and Standards Facility is described. The source strength is determined by comparing the equilibrium activity of /sup 56/Mn in a MnSO/sub 4/ bath induced by an unknown source to the activity induced by a known source that has been calibrated by the National Bureau of Standards.

Our goal is to improve the scientific basis for tumor diagnosis, treatment and treatment follow-up based on the use of cyclotron produced radiotracers in oncology. The grant includes 3 interactive components: Radiochemistry/Cyclotron; Pharmacology; and Immunology. The radiochemistry group seeks to develop innovative cyclotron targetry, radiopharmaceuticals, and radiolabeled antibodies, which are then used to assess important unanswered questions in tumor pharmacology and immunology. Examples include selected positron emitting radionuclides, such as Iodine-124, and Ga-66; I-124, I-123, I-131 labeled iododeoxyuridine, C-11 colchicine, and antimetabolites, like C-11 methotrexate; and radiolabeled antibodies, 3F8, M195, A33, and MRK16 for application in the pharmacology and immunology projects. The pharmacology program studies tumor resistance to chemotherapy, particularly the phenomenon of multidrug resistance and the relationship between tumor uptake and retention and the tumor response for anti-metabolite drugs. The immunology program studies the physiology of antibody localization at the tissue level as the basis for novel approaches to improving tumor localization such as through the use of an artificial lymphatic system which mechanically reduces intratumoral pressures in tumors in vivo. Quantitative imaging approaches based on PET and SPECT in radioimmunotherapy are studied to give greater insight into the physiology of tumor localization and dosimetry.

This report describes the author's continuing long term goal of promoting nuclear medicine applications by improving the scientific basis for tumor diagnosis treatment and treatment follow-up based on the use of cyclotron produced radiotracers in oncology. The program has 3 interactive components: Radiochemistry /Cyclotron; Pharmacology; and Immunology. An essential strategy is as follows: novel radionuclides and radiotracers developed in the Radiochemistry/Cyclotron section under the DOE grant during the 1989--1992 grant period, will be employed in the Pharmacology and Immunology sections of the DOE grant during the 1992--1995 grant period. The development of novel radionuclides and tracers is of course useful in and of itself, but their utility is greatly enhanced by the interaction with the immunology and pharmacology components of the program.

Newsletter of the Texas Department of Health discussing the news, activities, and events of the organization and other information related to health in Texas. This issue contains information on the 1996 Oral Rabies Vaccination Program for coyotes in South Texas and the positive results it yielded, updates rabies prevention manual, school-based health promotion, and the Texas Department of Health Quarterly CME Conference.

Newsletter of the Texas Bureau of Disease Control and Epidemiology discussing the news, activities, and events of the organization and other information related to health in Texas.

Scene-Based Wave Front Sensing uses the correlation between successive wavelets to determine the phase aberrations which cause the blurring of digital images. Adaptive Optics technology uses that information to control deformable mirrors to correct for the phase aberrations making the image clearer. The correlation between temporal subimages gives tip-tilt information. If these images do not have identical image content, tip-tilt estimations may be incorrect. Motion detection is necessary to help avoid errors initiated by dynamic subimage content. With a finely limited number of pixels per subaperature, most conventional motion detection algorithms fall apart on our subimages. Despite this fact, motion detection based on the normalized variance of individual pixels proved to be effective.

In the following text we analyze and compare results of the two publications ([1], [2]), dedicated to development of the tunable high-gain Free Electron laser (FEL), seeded by an external source. As a conclusion we summarize similarities and differences between these concepts. This note is initiated by the polemics on the similarity of two different schemes of the wavelength tuning in a seeded high-gain FEL. Below we will be calling the scheme, presented by S. Biedron, S, Milton and H. Freund in Nuclear Instruments and Methods of 2001 ([1]), as the first (1st) scheme. The scheme that we developed and presented in the BNL preprint ([2]) will be called as the second (2nd) scheme. The following analysis provides important information on similarities and differences between both techniques. We start by considering the first approach. As we understand, the goal of the Modular Approach is to make X-ray FEL design more flexible [1]. Usual linac-based FELs begin from a long linac with bunch compressor(s) followed by an FEL magnetic system. The essence of the Modular Approach is to break a machine into modules and then recombine these modules in a more efficient way (from the point of view of monetary and/or …

Sustainable future use of land containing unexploded ordnance requires extensive field assessments, cleanup, and restoration. The ordnance is generally semi-exposed or buried in pits and, because of aging, needs to be handled with caution. Being able to characterize the ordnance in the field to minimize handling, as well as to distinguish it from inert mock material, greatly facilitates assessments and clean-up. We have developed unique sample preparation methodologies and a portable thin-layer chromatography (TLC) kit technology for rapid field screening and quantitative assessment of stabilizer content in propellants and, energetic materials (explosives) in environmental scenarios. Major advantages of this technology include simultaneous chromatography of multiple samples and standards for high sample throughput, high resolution, very low detection limits, and ease of operation. The TLC kit technology, sponsored by the Defense Ammunition Center (DAC) of the U.S. Army, is now patented and has been completely transitioned to our commercial partners, Ho'olana Technologies, located in Hilo, Hawaii. Once fully deployed in the field, the new technology will demonstrate a cost-effective and efficient means for determining the percent of effective stabilizer that is remaining on-site and at munitions clean-up sites, as well as munitions storage facilities. The TLC kit technology is also readily …

Stability in cable-in-conduit conductors (CICC) against perturbations is often associated with transient heat removal of heat generated in the normal zone. Based on this approach, stability criterion requires low current density in the strands. This criterion is often used for design of the magnets for fusion devices like ITER, KSTAR and others. We show that this criterion is not a mandatory requirement for serviceability of CICC and that CICC may work reliably at higher current densities. In conditions of limited and well defined perturbations, sufficient stability is provided not by a large amount of copper and high transient heat transfer, but by a smooth transition to the normal state and easy current redistribution. A strand parameter space in terms of I{sub c} and N-value meeting CICC requirements for stability, limited heat generation, and minimum temperature margin is proposed and discussed. The theory predictions are compared with known experimental data on CICC.

We analyze fluctuations of quark number and electric charge, in 2-flavour QCD at finite temperature and vanishing net baryon number density. In the hadronic phase we find that an enhancement of charge fluctuations arises from contributions of doubly charged hadrons to the thermodynamics. The rapid suppression of fluctuations seen in the high temperature phase suggests that in the QGP quark number and electric charge are predominantly carried by quasi-particles with the quantum numbers of quarks.