The operating procedure for the LLL Hazards Control Calibration and Standards Facility neutron generator is described. The generator is a Texas Nuclear Model 9400, and is located in the Low-Scatter Room. A general description of the generator is included.

The Data Management Plan (DMP) describes the data management objectives, system components, data base structure and contents, system maintenance, data processing, and user interface for the prototype phase of the Oak Ridge Environmental Information System (OREIS). The major goals of OREIS data management are to compile data of known quality, to maintain the integrity of the data base, and to provide data to users. The DMP defines the requirements, describes the responsibilities, and references the procedures for meeting the data management objectives. Emphasis is on management of measurement data and the associated metadata used to support its proper interpretation and legal defensibility. The DMP covers transmittal, processing, storage, and data access activities associated with OREIS. The OREIS data dictionary is provided as an appendix.

It has been observed for a number of the Zr catalysts that the maximum MCH conversion (ca. 20 wt.%) can be obtained in 15 min. using a reaction temperature of 150{degrees}C and 1 atm. of H{sub 2}, and no further reaction occurs during 120 minutes. Typical results for these catalysts as well as catalyst which show lower activities using the 15 min. residence time are shown in Figure 2. Both catalyst formulations, a Pt/ZrO{sub 2}/SO{sub 4} and a Fe/Mn/ZrO{sub 2}/SO{sub 4} show this behavior. The 15 minute conversion and the 2 hour conversion are not due to thermodynamic limitations. A series of experiments were completed using the Pt/ZrO{sub 2}/SO{sub 4} catalyst to obtain data to explain the maximum conversions obtained. In the first set of experiments a conversion versus residence time curve (Figure 3) was generated. The data shown in Figure 3 indicated a conversion curve with reaction time that is typical of the catalysts tested. In the next set of experiments, the amount of reactor volume which was occupied by the catalyst and feedstock was varied to determine if the reaction taking place in the liquid or gas phase was limiting the conversion of MCH. The MCH/catalyst ratio was …

The neutron source calibration procedure used in the LLL Hazards Control Calibrations and Standards Facility is described. The source strength is determined by comparing the equilibrium activity of /sup 56/Mn in a MnSO/sub 4/ bath induced by an unknown source to the activity induced by a known source that has been calibrated by the National Bureau of Standards.

Our goal is to improve the scientific basis for tumor diagnosis, treatment and treatment follow-up based on the use of cyclotron produced radiotracers in oncology. The grant includes 3 interactive components: Radiochemistry/Cyclotron; Pharmacology; and Immunology. The radiochemistry group seeks to develop innovative cyclotron targetry, radiopharmaceuticals, and radiolabeled antibodies, which are then used to assess important unanswered questions in tumor pharmacology and immunology. Examples include selected positron emitting radionuclides, such as Iodine-124, and Ga-66; I-124, I-123, I-131 labeled iododeoxyuridine, C-11 colchicine, and antimetabolites, like C-11 methotrexate; and radiolabeled antibodies, 3F8, M195, A33, and MRK16 for application in the pharmacology and immunology projects. The pharmacology program studies tumor resistance to chemotherapy, particularly the phenomenon of multidrug resistance and the relationship between tumor uptake and retention and the tumor response for anti-metabolite drugs. The immunology program studies the physiology of antibody localization at the tissue level as the basis for novel approaches to improving tumor localization such as through the use of an artificial lymphatic system which mechanically reduces intratumoral pressures in tumors in vivo. Quantitative imaging approaches based on PET and SPECT in radioimmunotherapy are studied to give greater insight into the physiology of tumor localization and dosimetry.

This report describes the author's continuing long term goal of promoting nuclear medicine applications by improving the scientific basis for tumor diagnosis treatment and treatment follow-up based on the use of cyclotron produced radiotracers in oncology. The program has 3 interactive components: Radiochemistry /Cyclotron; Pharmacology; and Immunology. An essential strategy is as follows: novel radionuclides and radiotracers developed in the Radiochemistry/Cyclotron section under the DOE grant during the 1989--1992 grant period, will be employed in the Pharmacology and Immunology sections of the DOE grant during the 1992--1995 grant period. The development of novel radionuclides and tracers is of course useful in and of itself, but their utility is greatly enhanced by the interaction with the immunology and pharmacology components of the program.

Scene-Based Wave Front Sensing uses the correlation between successive wavelets to determine the phase aberrations which cause the blurring of digital images. Adaptive Optics technology uses that information to control deformable mirrors to correct for the phase aberrations making the image clearer. The correlation between temporal subimages gives tip-tilt information. If these images do not have identical image content, tip-tilt estimations may be incorrect. Motion detection is necessary to help avoid errors initiated by dynamic subimage content. With a finely limited number of pixels per subaperature, most conventional motion detection algorithms fall apart on our subimages. Despite this fact, motion detection based on the normalized variance of individual pixels proved to be effective.

In the following text we analyze and compare results of the two publications ([1], [2]), dedicated to development of the tunable high-gain Free Electron laser (FEL), seeded by an external source. As a conclusion we summarize similarities and differences between these concepts. This note is initiated by the polemics on the similarity of two different schemes of the wavelength tuning in a seeded high-gain FEL. Below we will be calling the scheme, presented by S. Biedron, S, Milton and H. Freund in Nuclear Instruments and Methods of 2001 ([1]), as the first (1st) scheme. The scheme that we developed and presented in the BNL preprint ([2]) will be called as the second (2nd) scheme. The following analysis provides important information on similarities and differences between both techniques. We start by considering the first approach. As we understand, the goal of the Modular Approach is to make X-ray FEL design more flexible [1]. Usual linac-based FELs begin from a long linac with bunch compressor(s) followed by an FEL magnetic system. The essence of the Modular Approach is to break a machine into modules and then recombine these modules in a more efficient way (from the point of view of monetary and/or …

Sustainable future use of land containing unexploded ordnance requires extensive field assessments, cleanup, and restoration. The ordnance is generally semi-exposed or buried in pits and, because of aging, needs to be handled with caution. Being able to characterize the ordnance in the field to minimize handling, as well as to distinguish it from inert mock material, greatly facilitates assessments and clean-up. We have developed unique sample preparation methodologies and a portable thin-layer chromatography (TLC) kit technology for rapid field screening and quantitative assessment of stabilizer content in propellants and, energetic materials (explosives) in environmental scenarios. Major advantages of this technology include simultaneous chromatography of multiple samples and standards for high sample throughput, high resolution, very low detection limits, and ease of operation. The TLC kit technology, sponsored by the Defense Ammunition Center (DAC) of the U.S. Army, is now patented and has been completely transitioned to our commercial partners, Ho'olana Technologies, located in Hilo, Hawaii. Once fully deployed in the field, the new technology will demonstrate a cost-effective and efficient means for determining the percent of effective stabilizer that is remaining on-site and at munitions clean-up sites, as well as munitions storage facilities. The TLC kit technology is also readily …

Stability in cable-in-conduit conductors (CICC) against perturbations is often associated with transient heat removal of heat generated in the normal zone. Based on this approach, stability criterion requires low current density in the strands. This criterion is often used for design of the magnets for fusion devices like ITER, KSTAR and others. We show that this criterion is not a mandatory requirement for serviceability of CICC and that CICC may work reliably at higher current densities. In conditions of limited and well defined perturbations, sufficient stability is provided not by a large amount of copper and high transient heat transfer, but by a smooth transition to the normal state and easy current redistribution. A strand parameter space in terms of I{sub c} and N-value meeting CICC requirements for stability, limited heat generation, and minimum temperature margin is proposed and discussed. The theory predictions are compared with known experimental data on CICC.

We analyze fluctuations of quark number and electric charge, in 2-flavour QCD at finite temperature and vanishing net baryon number density. In the hadronic phase we find that an enhancement of charge fluctuations arises from contributions of doubly charged hadrons to the thermodynamics. The rapid suppression of fluctuations seen in the high temperature phase suggests that in the QGP quark number and electric charge are predominantly carried by quasi-particles with the quantum numbers of quarks.

Currently, a website dedicated to enhancing communication and dissemination of criticality safety information is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Nuclear Criticality Safety Program (NCSP). This website was developed as part of the DOE response to the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board (DNFSB) Recommendation 97-2, which reflected the need to make criticality safety information available to a wide audience. The website is the focal point for DOE nuclear criticality safety (NCS) activities, resources and references, including hyperlinks to other sites actively involved in the collection and dissemination of criticality safety information. The website is maintained by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) under auspices of the NCSP management. One area of the website contains a series of Nuclear Criticality Safety Engineer Training (NCSET) modules. During the past few years, many users worldwide have accessed the NCSET section of the NCSP website and have downloaded the training modules as an aid for their training programs. This trend was remarkable in that it points out a continuing need of the criticality safety community across the globe. It has long been recognized that training of criticality safety professionals is a continuing process involving both knowledge-based training and experience-based operations floor training. …

The baseline design for the CMS hadronic calorimeter (HCAL) calls for barrel wedges subtending an azimuthal range of 1/18 of 2 {pi}. These wedges will each have about 1 cm of inert material which is required to make a self supporting structure. Therefore, it is expected that there will be about 2 cm of inert material between active elements in the CMS calorimeter. Since the inner radius of the HCAL modules is at 1.95 m, there is about 3% of the azimuth which is inert and possibly projective. Previous studies for the SDC endcap have indicated that such a level of inert material is largely benign. However, it is necessary to examine the specific case of CMS, both in the barrel and in the endcap.

For many years there has been an active ICF program in the US concentrating on x-ray drive. X-ray drive is produced by focusing laser beams into a high Z hohlraum. Conceptually, the radiation field comes close to thermodynamic equilibrium, that is it becomes isotropic and Planckian. These properties lead to the benefits of x-ray drive--it is relatively easy to obtain drive symmetry on a capsule with no small scalelengths drive perturbations. Other advantages of x-ray drive is the higher mass ablation rate, leading to lower growth rates for hydrodynamic instabilities. X-ray drive has disadvantages, principally the loss of energy to the walls of the hohlraum. This report is divided into the following sections: (1) review of blackbody radiation; (2) laser absorption and conversion to x-rays; (3) x-ray absorption coefficient in matter and Rosseland mean free path; (4) Marshak waves in high Z material; (5) x-ray albedo; and (6) power balance and hohlraum temperature.

Application of Lower Hybrid (LH) Current Drive (CD) in the DIII-D tokamak has been studied at LLNL, off and on, for several years. The latest effort began in February 1992 in response to a letter from ASDEX indicating that the 2.45 GHz, 3 MW system there was available to be used on another device. An initial assessment of the possible uses for such a system on DIII-D was made and documented in September 1992. Multiple meetings with GA personnel and members of the LH community nationwide have occurred since that time. The work continued through the submission of the 1995 Field Work Proposals in March 1993 and was then put on hold due to budget limitations. The purpose of this document is to record the status of the work in such a way that it could fairly easily be restarted at a future date. This document will take the form of a collection of Appendices giving both background and the latest results from the FY 1993 work, connected by brief descriptive text. Section 2 will describe the final workshop on LHCD in DIII-D held at GA in February 1993. This was an open meeting with attendees from GA, LLNL, MIT …

Oxygen doped La{sub 2}CuO{sub 4+{delta}}, due to the unusually large mobility of the oxygen ions at high temperatures, is the only cuprate which has macroscopic phase separation of doped holes. We discuss our studies of La{sub 2}CuO{sub 4+{delta}}, including phase separation, distributed local structure whose onset coincides with-phase separation and the observation that in the presence of doped holes two distinct copper sites copper sites are generated, an observation which contrasts with results of diffraction studies. The superconducting transition temperature Tc in this material changes by over 10% in response to altered cooling history. Below a temperature T{sub f}, the situation becomes similar to other cuprates since oxygen is no longer sufficiently mobile to allow further macroscopic phase separation. In this regime the magnetic behavior of metallic La{sub 2}CuO{sub 4+{delta}} is conventional in context of cuprates. However {sup 139}La NMR spectroscopy has shown the local structure of the La-O layer to be very sensitive to the presence of doped holes and to be strongly temperature dependent in this same regime. This sensitivity is evident in the CuO{sub 2} planes where, in the presence of doped holes a second, distinct copper site is present. This provides an opportunity to explore the …

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This report summaries progress made during the time interval between November 1, 1993 and October 31, 1994 and briefly describes studies on the metabolism of antibodies targeting B cell antigens, retention of labeled antibodies by human B cell lymphocytes, and tissue distribution of Chloramine T and tyramine cellobiose labeled antibodies in mice harboring a human erythroleukemia tumor transplant.

This integrated test plan describes the demonstration of a surface high resolution seismic reflection acquisition system using swept source technology. Compressional wave data will be collected along a previously occupied seismic line associated with a recent seismic survey north of the 300 Area. The swept source system will be employed testing two very different high resolution vibrator sources, one with a frequency range from 10 to 500 Hz and a smaller unit with a range from 20 to 1,500 Hz. This will enable a precursory comparison of two vibrator data sets with standard impulse data. The data will be evaluated for the presence of reflected energy, signal strength, frequency content and signal-to-noise ratio. If the water table can be distinguished from the Hanford/Ringold formation contact, then the high permeability Hanford-filled channels can be mapped. Next, if details on the configuration of the Ringold middle mud can be discerned, this will allow detecting fluid pathway through the mud and confirm the depositional nature of this unit. Finally, by mapping the extent of the lower confining mud unit, areas where the polluted unconfined and lower confined aquifers communicate might be located. Another source and acquisition method will also be tested by gathering …

The basic objective of the storage of radioactive wastes is to protect humanity from: (1) direct radiation, (2) contamination of food and water supplies, and (3) contamination of mineral resources. There have been many proposals for the disposal of high level liquid wastes from chemical plants processing nuclear fuels. These include our present Hanford system of tank storage; disposal to deep wells, such as the oil industry uses for discard of brines they pump; storage in salt caverns; disposal to selected geological formations, such as salt domes and anticlines, or impermeable substances, such as clay, etc.; or release to the depths of the ocean. Only the use of tanks and salt caverns can be considered as storage systems. The latter is essentially a dry mine into which material would be placed as solids or packaged liquids. There is no control over the movement of activity with the other disposal methods. This is also potentially true for tank storage should corrosion or other damage cause leakage. Storage of highly radioactive wastes pose a problem in handling the heat generated by fission product decay. Thus, it is advantageous to look for a substance of high density and high thermal conductivity to help …

As shown elsewhere an ablatively imploded shell is hydrodynamically unstable, the dominant instability being the well known Rayleigh-Taylor instability with growth rate {gamma} = {radical}Akg where k = 2{pi}/{lambda} is the wave number, g is the acceleration and A the Attwood number ({rho}{sub hi} {minus} {rho}{sub lo})/({rho}{sub hi} + {rho}{sub lo}) where {rho}{sub hi} is the density of the heavier fluid and {rho}{sub lo} is the density of the lighter fluid. A theoretical understanding of ablative stabilization has gradually evolved, confirmed over the last five years by experiments. The linear growth is very well understood with excellent agreement between experiment and simulation for planar geometry with wavelengths in the region of 30--100{mu}m. There is an accurate, albeit phenomenological dispersion relation. The non-linear growth has been measured and agrees with calculations. In this lecture, the authors go into the fundamentals of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability and the experimental measurements that show it is stabilized sufficiently by ablation in regimes relevant to ICF.

The Data Management Plan (DMP) describes the data management objectives, system components, data base structure and contents, system maintenance, data processing, and user interface for the prototype phase of the Oak Ridge Environmental Information System (OREIS). The major goals of OREIS data management are to compile data of known quality, to maintain the integrity of the data base, and to provide data to users. The DMP defines the requirements, describes the responsibilities, and references the procedures for meeting the data management objectives. Emphasis is on management of measurement data and the associated metadata used to support its proper interpretation and legal defensibility. The DMP covers transmittal, processing, storage, and data access activities associated with OREIS. The OREIS data dictionary is provided as an appendix.

Our goal is to improve the scientific basis for tumor diagnosis, treatment and treatment follow-up based on the use of cyclotron produced radiotracers in oncology. The grant includes 3 interactive components: Radiochemistry/Cyclotron; Pharmacology; and Immunology. The radiochemistry group seeks to develop innovative cyclotron targetry, radiopharmaceuticals, and radiolabeled antibodies, which are then used to assess important unanswered questions in tumor pharmacology and immunology. Examples include selected positron emitting radionuclides, such as Iodine-124, and Ga-66; I-124, I-123, I-131 labeled iododeoxyuridine, C-11 colchicine, and antimetabolites, like C-11 methotrexate; and radiolabeled antibodies, 3F8, M195, A33, and MRK16 for application in the pharmacology and immunology projects. The pharmacology program studies tumor resistance to chemotherapy, particularly the phenomenon of multidrug resistance and the relationship between tumor uptake and retention and the tumor response for anti-metabolite drugs. The immunology program studies the physiology of antibody localization at the tissue level as the basis for novel approaches to improving tumor localization such as through the use of an artificial lymphatic system which mechanically reduces intratumoral pressures in tumors in vivo. Quantitative imaging approaches based on PET and SPECT in radioimmunotherapy are studied to give greater insight into the physiology of tumor localization and dosimetry.

It has been observed for a number of the Zr catalysts that the maximum MCH conversion (ca. 20 wt.%) can be obtained in 15 min. using a reaction temperature of 150{degrees}C and 1 atm. of H{sub 2}, and no further reaction occurs during 120 minutes. Typical results for these catalysts as well as catalyst which show lower activities using the 15 min. residence time are shown in Figure 2. Both catalyst formulations, a Pt/ZrO{sub 2}/SO{sub 4} and a Fe/Mn/ZrO{sub 2}/SO{sub 4} show this behavior. The 15 minute conversion and the 2 hour conversion are not due to thermodynamic limitations. A series of experiments were completed using the Pt/ZrO{sub 2}/SO{sub 4} catalyst to obtain data to explain the maximum conversions obtained. In the first set of experiments a conversion versus residence time curve (Figure 3) was generated. The data shown in Figure 3 indicated a conversion curve with reaction time that is typical of the catalysts tested. In the next set of experiments, the amount of reactor volume which was occupied by the catalyst and feedstock was varied to determine if the reaction taking place in the liquid or gas phase was limiting the conversion of MCH. The MCH/catalyst ratio was …