The fluid dynamics occurring in HRI's H-coal process development unit coal liquefaction reactor during Run PDU-10 were measured and compared with Amoco Oil cold-flow fluidization results. It was found that catalyst bed expansions and gas holdups are higher in the PDU than those observed in the cold-flow tests for slurries having the same nominal viscosity. Comparison of PDU results with cold-flow results shows that the bulk of the operating reactor gas flow lies in the ideal bubbly regime. It also appears that the gas bubbles in these PDU tests are rising quite slowly. Only two of the operating points in our test program on the PDU were found to lie in the churn turbulent regime. Existence of churn turbulent behavior during these two experiments is consistent with trends observed in earlier cold-flow experiments. Two- and three-phase fluidization experiments were carried out in Amoco's cold-flow fluid dynamics unit. The data base now includes fluidization results for coal char/kerosene slurry concentrations of 4.0, 9.8, and 20.7 vol% in addition to the 15.5 and 17.8 vol% data from our earlier work. Both HDS-2A and Amocat-1A catalysts were used in the tests. Bed expansion is primarily a function of slurry velocity, with gas velocity …

Results are presented of a literature survey of over 70 pertinent publications and critical reviews of fracture mechanics emphasizing the fracture behavior of layered rocks. Historical perspective, fracture mechanisms, linear and nonlinear fracture mechanics, energy theories, ductile and brittle fractures, process regions, specific work of fracture, J-integrals, failure theories, static and dynamic fractures, rock fracture mechanics, fracture toughness of layered rocks (e.g., oil shale), experimental and numerical methods are reviewed and discussed. Innovative and promising methods tailored for the fracture mechanics of layered rocks are recommended.

An experimental study on energy efficient electrical domestic clothes dryers is presented. A literature survey was performed and four basic energy saving techniques were identified: (1) reduced air flow rate and heater input, (2) recirculation of a portion of the exhaust air back into the clothes dryer, (3) heat recovery, utilizing an air-to-air heat exchanger, and (4) 100% recirculation of air through the dryer and a heat pump to condense water out of the air. Reduced air flow rate and heater input leads to energy savings around 8%, while recirculation of exhaust air reduces the energy consumption by approximately 18%. Because of the low cost of these two measures, they should be pursued by the manufacturers. When utilizing an air-to-air heat exchanger for heat recovery, two modes are considered. The first is to preheat the inlet air with heat from the exhaust air, which results in 20 to 26% energy savings depending upon the location of the dryer in the house. The second more attractive mode is 100% recirculation of air and condensation of water from this air in the heat exchanger (using indoor air as a heat sink) and represents a 100% heat recovery but leads to a 1 …

The technically recoverable gas from Devonian shale (Lower and Middle Huron) in Ohio is estimated to range from 6.2 to 22.5 Tcf, depending on the stimulation method and pattern size selected. This estimate of recovery is based on the integration of the most recent data and research on the Devonian Age gas-bearing shales of Ohio. This includes: (1) a compilation of the latest geologic and reservoir data for the gas in-place; (2) analysis of the key productive mechanisms; and, (3) examination of alternative stimulation and production strategies for most efficiently recovering this gas. Beyond a comprehensive assembly of the data and calculation of the technically recoverable gas, the key findings of this report are as follows: a substantial volume of gas is technically recoverable, although advanced (larger scale) stimulation technology will be required to reach economically attractive gas production rates in much of the state; well spacing in certain of the areas can be reduced by half from the traditional 150 to 160 acres per well without severely impairing per-well gas recovery; and, due to the relatively high degree of permeability anisotropy in the Devonian shales, a rectangular, generally 3 by 1 well pattern leads to optimum recovery. Finally, although …

The properties of jets in high-E/sub tau/ events produced in pp collisions at ..sqrt..s = 63 GeV have been studied at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings. The fragmentation of the jets is found to be similar to that of jets produced in e/sup +/e/sup -/ annihilation. The jets are wider than calculated from a constituent scattering model with no hard bremsstrahlung component. The charge correlations of positive and negative particles show differences consistent with expectation from valence-quark scattering. 11 references.

A Nuclear Criticality Information System (NCIS) is being established at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in order to serve personnel responsible for safe storage, transport, and handling of fissile materials and those concerned with the evaluation and analysis of nuclear, critical experiments. Public concern for nuclear safety provides the incentive for improved access to nuclear safety information.

The Savannah River Laboratory has developed a procedure for controlled low-temperature chemical denitration of acidic solutions. The procedure can be used in semi-continuous denitration facilities and can also be directly applied to nitric acid solutions in a storage tank (in situ denitration) if there is some provision for moderate heating (up to 80/sup 0/C) and cooling. The procedure works well for both highly acidic (approx. 11M) and moderately acidic (approx. 3M) solutions. Trioxane, the cyclic trimer of formaldehyde, is used to initiate the reaction, while the bulk of the denitration is effected by the formic acid. Once initiated, the off-gas rate is controlled by the formic acid addition rate and can easily be maintained within the capacity limits of the off-gas system. The procedure was successfully applied to a plant-scale in situ denitration at the Savannah River Plant.

This document reports the technical accomplishments of the HTGR Fuel Technology Program at GA Technologies Inc. during the first half of FY 83. The activities include the fuel process, fuel materials, fuel cycle, fission product transport, core component verification, and core technology transfer tasks necessary to support the design and development of a steam cycle/cogeneration (SC/C) version of the HTGR.

We present measurements of the relative production cross-sections of anti p, anti ..lambda.., anti ..xi.., and anti ..cap omega.. at y approx. 0 for 1 less than or equal to p/sub T/ less than or equal to 2 GeV/c in pp collisions at ..sqrt..s = 63 GeV. The results are compared with previous measurements of antibaryon production in hadronic and e/sup +/e/sup -/ collisions.

A parametric survey is made of a high-density tandem two-chamber hydrogen negative ion system. The optimum extracted negative ion current densities are sensitive to the atom concentration in the discharge and to the system scale length. For scale lengths ranging from 10 cm to 0.1 cm optimum current densities range from of order 1 to 100 mA cm/sup -2/, respectively.

Kinetic theory of gases is used to calculate the transport properties of fission product vapors in a steam and hydrogen environment. Provided in tabular form is diffusivity of steam and hydrogen, viscosity and thermal conductivity of the gaseous mixture, and diffusivity of cesium iodide, cesium hydroxide, diatomic tellurium and tellurium dioxide. These transport properties are required in determining the thermal-hydraulics of and fission product transport in light water reactors.

A theory is presented for computing the non-linear dependence of the ..beta..-functions on momentum. Results are found for the quadratic term. The results of the theory are compared with computed results. A procedure is proposed for computing the strengths of the sextupole correctors to correct the dependence of the ..beta..-function on momentum.

A comparison is made of experimental results obtained on two SLAC storage rings PEP and SPEAR with the theoretical calculations and the dependence of the phenomenon on different machine parameters is studied. In the present paper we present such a comparison with reasonably good agreement between the experiment and the theory. The important conclusion from our study is that any valid theory of the beam-beam phenomenon should take into account the asymmetries of the machine parameters arising in any storage ring from all kinds of machine imperfections.

The fast-head-tail instability has been observed at several storage rings. This is a single-bunch beam instability where the unstable motion can occur in either the horizontal or vertical plane. Kohaupt and Talman have offered a simplified treatment of this instability by modeling the bunch as two rigid macroparticles executing synchrotron oscillations and thus exchanging their longitudinal positions periodically. While the wake field forces which drive the fast-head-tail instability are the same ones which drive the slow-head-tail instability, the growth mechanism is considerably different. The two particle model describes the particle motion with two normal modes; below a certain stability threshold, these two modes are stable with different frequencies. In the limit of zero beam current only one of these modes has a center-of-charge motion. However, as the current is increased, both modes acquire center-of-charge motions and at threshold the center-of-charge components of their motions become equal in magnitude, thus when the center-of-charge motion is excited by an impulse as by an injection kicker, the relative amplitude of the two modes depends upon the ratio of bunch current to the threshold current. We shall describe the character of this coherent motion both theoretically and experimentally.

A multidisciplinary effort to locate, delineate, and characterize the geothermal system at Cerro Prieto, Baja California, Mexico, began about 25 years ago. It led to the identification of an important high-temperature, liquid-dominated geothermal system which went into production in 1973. Initially, the effort was undertaken principally by the Mexican electric power agency, the Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE). Starting in 1977 a group of US organizations sponsored by the US Department of Energy, joined CFE in this endeavor. An evaluation of the different studies carried out at Cerro Prieto has shown that: (1) surface electrical resistivity and seismic reflection surveys are useful in defining targets for exploratory drilling; (2) the mineralogical studies of cores and cuttings and the analysis of well logs are important in designing the completion of wells, identifying geological controls on fluid movement, determining thermal effects and inferring the thermal history of the field; (3) geochemical surveys help to define zones of recharge and paths of fluid migration; and (4) reservoir engineering studies are necessary in establishing the characteristics of the reservoir and in predicting its response to fluid production.

The choice of parameters, the design, a 2-1/2 year consruction program and the early operation of a high field, high tune research and development damping ring complex for one of the two linear collider beams are described.

With the development of the superconducting magnet as an energy storage unit, pulsed power loads between superconducting magnets of increasing magnitude up to several hundred megawatts or more appear within the realm of possibility. An energy storage unit that is independent of the power grid can be used in applications where the pulsed power required from the power grid may cause a hazardous effect on the power system. An energy transfer system between the storage and the load units eliminates the disturbance on the power grid. An inductor-converter bridge is proposed for such a purpose. The inductor-converter bridge (ICB) is a solid state DC-AC-DC converter system for reversible energy transfer between two high-inductance inductors. The converter thyristors are naturally commutated by a set of wye-connected capacitors on the AC lines of the circuit. The circuit is designed so that, in every converter cycle, a very small fraction of the magnet energy is stored in these capacitors. The characteristics of the inductor-converter bridge are briefly summarized as follows: low energy loss, reversibility of the energy transfer direction, controllability of the energy transfer rate, and no conversion to another energy form.

The commercial feasibility of producing between 76 and 189 million liters (20 to 50 million gallons) of ethanol annually in the San Luis Valley, Colorado using geothermal energy as the primary heat source was assessed. The San Luis Valley is located in south-central Colorado. The valley is a high basin situated approximately 2316 meters (7600 feet) above sea level which contains numerous warm water wells and springs. A known geothermal resource area (IGRA) is located in the east-central area of the valley. The main industry in the valley is agriculture, while the main industry in the surrounding mountains is lumber. Both of these industries can provide feedstocks for the production of ethanol.

Synthetic H-R diagrams are constructed from a grid of stellar models. These are compared directly with observations of young clusters in the LMC and SMC as a test of the models and as a means to determine the age, age dispersion, and composition of the clusters. Significant discrepancies between the observed and model H-R diagrams indicate the possible influences of convective overshoot, large AGB mass-loss rates, and the best value for the mixing length parameter.

This paper describes a 650 mm long liquid hydrogen target constructed for use in the high intensity electron beam at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. The main design problem was to construct a target that would permit the heat deposited by the electron beam to be removed rapidly without boiling the hydrogen so as to maintain constant target density for optimum data taking. Design requirements, construction details and operating experience are discussed.

The ductile failure criteria proposed in the Base report appear appropriate except that stress intensity values, S/sub m/ should be based on lower safety factors and ductility should be added as a criterion. A safety factor for stress intensity, s/sub m/ of 4 is recommended rather than 3 on minimum ultimate tensile strength, S/sub u/ in accordance with ASME code philosophy of assigning higher safety factors to cast ductile iron than to steel. This more conservative approach has no impact on costs since the selection of wall thickness is controlled by shielding rather than by stress considerations. The addition of a ductility criterion is recommended because of the problems associated with the selection of appropriate brittle failure criteria and the potential for cast ductile iron to have extremely low elongation at failure. Neither a materials nor a linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach appear to be viable for demonstrating the prevention of brittle failure in cast ductile iron shipping casks. It is possible that the analytic methods predict brittle failure because of extremely conservative assumptions whereas real casks may not fail. Model drop tests could be used to demonstrate containment integrity. It is estimated that a risk committment of at …

A system for in-situ removal of helium trapping in freshly deposited metal surface layers of a limiter or divertor has been studied. The system would trap helium on a limiter front surface, or a divertor plate, at low plasma edge temperatures, or in a limiter slot region, at high edge temperatures. Fresh material, introduced to the plasma and/or scrape-off zone, would be added at a rate of about five times the alpha production rate. The material would be reprocessed periodically, e.g. once a year. Possible materials are nickel, vanadium, niobium, and tantalum. Advantages of a self-pumping system are the absence of vacuum ducts and pumps, and the minimization of tritium processing and inventory.

We present a calculation of a thermonuclear runaway on a 10 km neutron star which produces two x-ray bursts separated by approx. 2500 sec.

This report summarizes investigations of factors that significantly influence the transport of actinide cations in the groundwater environment. Briefly, measurements of diffusion coefficients for Am(III), Cm(III), and Np(V) in moist US soils indicated that diffusion is negligible compared to mass transport in flowing groundwater. Diffusion coefficients do, however, indicate that, in the absence of flowing water, actinide elements will migrate only a few centimeters in a thousand years. The remaining investigations were devoted to the determination of distribution ratios (K/sub d/s) for representative US soils, factors influencing them, and chemical and physical processes related to transport of actinides in groundwaters. The computer code GARD was modified to include complex formation to test the importance of humic acid complexing on the rate of transport of actinides in groundwaters. Use of the formation constant and a range of humic acid, even at rather low concentrations of 10/sup -5/ to 10/sup -6/ molar, significantly increases the actinide transport rate in a flowing aquifer. These computer calculations show that any strong complexing agent will have a similar effect on actinide transport in the groundwater environment. 32 references, 9 figures.