Research was expanded to the drilling of crystalline rock. Advance rates of 40 inches per minute have been achieved at 16,000 psi, 10 gpm flow rate in a 30,000 psi compressive strength rock using the water alone as the drilling mechanism. The quality of the hole achieved as the jet drilled a variety of rock was found to vary and a hydromechanical drilling bit, combining high pressure water jets with roller cones, has been developed. A field drilling unit has been tested and modified to allow the drilling of holes to 3/sup 1///sub 2/ inch diameter using the hydromechanical drill. Preliminary work on the development of a cavitation test for rock is also included.

The principal purposes of this report are: (1) identification of the jurisdiction areas of the Federal pipeline-regulating agencies, and (2) examination of the amenability of the regulatory system to the introduction of energy-conservative new technology into the pipeline industry. The history, scope, and agency structure of state and Federal regulation are recounted and some gaps, overlaps, and ambiguities are identified. The only significant inhibitory effects upon technological innovation are found to derive from the FPC and ICC limits upon profit, the 1941 Justice Department consent decree limiting dividends to shipper-owned pipelines, and the income tax rules governing recovery of investment credits and startup losses. Effects of these limits are explored by simulation studies using the Systems, Science and Software pipeline economic model (PEM). Two new concepts of regulation are proposed which would neutralize the inhibitory effect of the present regulatory system and would motivate pipeline operators to conserve energy: (1) use of a ''national equivalent value'' in the economic tradeoff analyses which justify entry of a technological innovation into the rate base (valuation), and (2) a ''valuation allowance'' which would reverse the presently often-existing situation and insure that the pipeline operator would realize a greater profit from saving energy than …

The principal purposes of this report are to identify the jurisdiction areas of the federal pipeline regulating agencies, and to examine the amenability of the regulatory system to the introduction of energy-conservative new technology into the pipeline industry. The history, scope, and agency structure of state and federal regulation are recounted and some gaps, overlaps, and ambiguities are identified. The only significant inhibitory effects upon technological innovation are found to derive from the FPC and ICC limits upon profit, the 1941 Justice Department consent decree limiting dividends to shipper-owned pipelines, and the income tax rules governing recovery of investment credits and startup losses. Effects of these limits are explored by simulation studies using the Systems, Science and Software pipeline economic model (PEM). Two new concepts of regulation are proposed which would neutralize the inhibitory effect of the present regulatory system and would motivate pipeline operators to conserve energy: one, the use of a national equivalent value in the economic trade-off analyses which justify entry of a technological innovation into the rate base (valuation); and two, a valuation allowance which would reverse the presently often-existing situation and insure that the pipeline operator would realize a greater profit from saving energy than …

The particle beam parameters needed for inertial fusion can be achieved with conventional accelerator technology if heavy ion machines attain the level of performance of the most intense high energy proton machines. Many of the problems posed by this goal pertain to the low energy portions of the accelerator system. In particular, the implied particle current in the rf linac is 10/sup 3/--10/sup 4/ times the values achieved with existing heavy ion machines. Much of this discrepancy is simply attributable to the great differences between the design considerations relevant to accelerators for fusion and those which have determined the performance of the existing machines. The basic concept chosen at Argonne National Laboratory is cavities containing single drift tubes mounted on lambda/4 supports. Such structures pose the least problem for the beam transport system, and one cavity is placed between adjacent quadrupole magnets. The average voltage gain of the first cells of the low velocity section is moderate; and, although probably acceptable and improved by the end of the 10 MV section, the low initial gain adds to the motivation provided by the transport problem to increase the preinjector voltage substantially above 750 kV.

A stress analysis was performed on the LOFT pressurizer surge line (hereafter called the surge line) to determine if it met the requirements of the ASME BPV Code Section III, for Class 1 components. Dead weight, thermal expansion, seismic, design LOCE and LOCA loads were considered. After the addition of restraints (specified in letter, HIK-12-75, ''LOFT Pipe Hanger Requirements on Main Feed, Main Steam, Pressurizer, and ECC Systems,'' Nov. 24, 1975) the primary and secondary stress levels were found to be acceptable.

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Approximately 200 items were molded from inert-filled and pyrotechnic powder-filled diallyl phthalate molding powders and shipped to Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, together with 10 lb of unfilled diallyl phthalate molding powder, as specified in Sandia purchase order SA-4105. Preparation, pelletizing, and molding procedures for the powders are summarized.

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Geothermal energy development research at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory through 1976 has been aimed at solving the problems associated with the use of high-temperature, high-salinity brines found in the Salton Sea Geothermal Field for their practical conversion to electrical energy. Specifically, part of the program has been oriented toward solving the problems of scale and solids deposition and corrosion of system components that are exposed to the highly mineralized brines. Brine acidification was found to be a promising method for controlling scale and solids deposition. Titanium, zirconium, and chromium-molybdenum alloys were shown to be the best economical corrosion-resistant materials for use in various parts of a total-flow turbine system. Scale and solids control and materials tests for conversion systems based on brine flashing are currently being evaluated. Some initial results and test plans are discussed.

The parametric design study of the tandem mirror reactor (TMR) is described. The results of this study illustrate the variation of reactor characteristics with changes in the independent design parameters, reveal the set of design parameters which minimizes the cost of the reactor, and show the sensitivity of the optimized design to physics and technological uncertainties. The total direct capital cost of an optimized 1000 MWe TMR is estimated to be $1300/kWe. The direct capital cost of a 2000 MWe plant is less than $1000/kWe.

Addition of minute amounts of oxygen to a thermionic energy converter results in a significant performance improvement. The presence of oxygen reduces the collector work function and decreases the cesium pressure required to obtain a given current density from the emitter. In addition, oxygen additive diodes have the practical benefits of increased interelectrode spacing and improving converter power density and efficiency with polycrystalline electrodes. The motivation for the studies described was to provide insight into the activation processes by characterizing the chemical and physical structures of the tungsten oxide collector surfaces from four thermionic diodes in different states of activation: initial, preactivated, activated, and post-activated. The primary tool for these investigations was Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) with sputtering capability, which provided chemical composition information as a function of distance through each of the tungsten oxide layers. This study has resulted in several important insights into the activation mechanisms. First, converter performance is correlated with layer thickness and with the oxygen concentration. Second, deconvolution of the ESCA spectra shows that four oxidation states of tungsten (0, +2, +4 and +6) are present at all stages of activation. Third, the cesium distributions indicate that this element is present throughout the …

This document contains information on (1) the hydraulic conductivity of salt; (2) the various types of naturally occurring salt solution collapse features, and (3) the rate of formation of solution cavities in salt. (LK)

Reports and articles on decommissioning have been reviewed to determine the current technology status and also attempt to identify potential decommissioning problem areas. It is concluded that technological road blocks, which limited decommissioning facilities in the past have been removed. In general, techniques developed by maintenance in maintaining the facility have been used to decommission facilities. Some of the more promising development underway which will further simplify decommissioning activities are: electrolytic decontamination which simplifies some decontaminating operations; arc saw and vacuum furnace which reduce the volume of metallic contaminated material by a factor of 10; remotely operated plasma torch which reduces personnel exposure; and shaped charges, water cannon and rock splitters which simplify concrete removal. Areas in which published data are limited are detailed costs identifying various components included in the total cost and also the quantity of waste generated during the decommissioning activities. With the increased awareness of decommissioning requirements as specified by licensing requirements, design criteria for new facilities are taking into consideration final decommissioning of buildings. Specific building design features will evolve as designs are evaluated and implemented.

Electrostatic instabilities occurring in mirror-confined ion velocity-distributions have been thoroughly investigated. The electromagnetic instability of greatest concern is the Alfven-ion-cyclotron (AIC) mode. In this work we investigate both convective and absolute growth, both in homogeneous plasma and in finite machines, for a variety of ion velocity-distributions. Good agreement is found with the results from the particle simulation code ''Superlayer''. Quasilinear effects are outlined and a rough criterion found for the importance of Dupree-type broadening.

The study of Rydberg spectra and ionization thresholds of ten lanthanides using several variations of time-resolved resonant multistep techniques is reported. The ionization limits for the lanthanides determined in this way show a systematic dependence on atomic number. A physical model explaining these results is presented. 16 references. (JFP)

This report is intended as a ''quick-look'' report summarizing the experimental results obtained from pressure suppression experiment numbers 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 that were performed on the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory's 1/5-scale boiling water reactor (BWR) Mark I pressure suppression experimental facility on April 26, 1977. A brief description of the general nature of the tests and a summary of the actual tests that were performed are given.

This report was prepared at the request of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission as a part of a license review of the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant operated by Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc., at West Valley, N.Y. The report discusses the approach used by the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in performing an independent seismic analysis of the facility. It includes a description of the facility, our modeling and analysis techniques, failure criteria, results, and conclusions. Two modes of failure are identified and their consequences discussed.

The conference attendance, publicity and press coverage, brochure mailing, presentations, displays, exhibitors, management seminar checklist, and seminar evaluation by attendees are presented. Also included are the proposal for funding of the conference, the list of attendees, keynote speeches, agenda, and feedback questionnaire. (MHR)

The bounce-average computer code simulates the two-dimensional velocity transport of ions in a mirror machine. The code evaluates and bounce-averages the collision operator and sources along the field line. A self-consistent equilibrium magnetic field is also computed using the long-thin approximation. Optionally included are terms that maintain ..mu.., J invariance as the magnetic field changes in time. The assumptions and analysis that form the foundation of the bounce-average code are described. When references can be cited, the required results are merely stated and explained briefly. A listing of the code is appended.

This compilation lists abstracts of papers, internal reports, and talks presented during 1976 at national and international meetings by members of the Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Subjects include: coal gasification, gas stimulation, geothermal fields, oil shale retorting, radioactive waste management, geochemistry, geophysics, seismology, explosive phenomenology, and miscellaneous studies.

With the advent of vector programing it becomes necessary to provide FORTRAN users a convenient method to utilize the vector capabilities of a computer in such a way that the impact is minimal to the user. We propose to do this through four simple-to-use subroutines called the FIVE package.

The immediate objectives of this program are to measure the spectrum-integrated helium generation rates and cross sections of several materials in the available high intensity neutron sources, and to develop neutron dosimetry procedures using some of these materials. This requires further development of foil activation dosimetry techniques, since the cross section measurements require a detailed characterization of each neutron environment. The neutron facilities presently used in this program include accelerators producing d-T and d-Be reactions and high flux mixed-spectrum fission reactors. Most of the work reported here has focused on neutron spectra from the d-T reaction. A description is given of the preliminary analysis of wire rings included in the irradiation capsule for helium accumulation fluence dosimetry. The results show non-uniformities in the neutron fluence distribution characterizing this irradiation, and point out the value of helium accumulation fluence dosimetry for characterizing high energy (approximately 5 to 30 MeV) neutron fields. The helium accumulation fluence data are being used to adjust the neutron fluence map for calculation of final helium generation cross sections from the other RTNS-irradiated pure element specimens. Most of the specimens irradiated in the RTNS-I experiment have been analyzed for helium, and preliminary results are presented.

The energy efficiency of the aqueous electrolysis step in the proposed lithium production cell was experimentally determined. Coulombic efficiencies approach 100 percent above 0.7 kA/m/sup 2/, for amalgam concentrations of 1.0--1.2 at. percent Li, and for T = 21/sup 0/C. Under these operating conditions, cell voltage is 3.1 V, and the overall energy efficiency is 82 +- 1 percent. The anodic dissolution of calcium in mixed NaOH--NaCl electrolytes was studied in the concentration region near (1.6 M NaOH, 0.05 M NaCl). It was found that passivation could be effectively prevented by additions of water-glass, Na/sub 2/O . x(SiO/sub 2/), x = 3--5. An oscillatory phenomenon was discovered where the potential of the calcium fluctuates with an amplitude of 0.4 V and a period of about 25 s. Under investigation are several new concepts for the high-energy-efficiency production of lithium and calcium metals. 4 figures.

The 1/5th scale model Mark I pressure suppression facility was experimentally analyzed in order to determine its fundamental modes of vibration. The results of the modal analysis revealed seven apparent modes with frequencies below 100 Hz. In this report each mode is characterized by a description of the motion, the natural frequency, and the response amplitude. The results indicate that the response of the torus to an impulsive load in the vertical direction is dominated by two modes at 12.2 Hz and 59.8 Hz.