Characterizing an adaptive optics (AO) system refers to understanding its performance and limitations. The goal of an AO system is to correct wavefront aberrations. The uncorrected aberrations, called the residual errors and referred to in what follows simply as the errors, degrade the image quality in the science camera. Understanding the source of these errors is a great aid in designing an AO system and optimizing its performance. This chapter explains how to estimate the wavefront error terms and the relationship between the wavefront error and the degradation of the image. The analysis deals with the particular case of a HartmannShack wavefront sensor (WFS) and a continuous deformable mirror (DM), although the principles involved can be applied to any AO system.

Application of high pressure significantly alters the interatomic distance and thus the nature of intermolecular interaction, chemical bonding, molecular configuration, crystal structure, and stability of solid [1]. With modern advances in high-pressure technologies [2], it is feasible to achieve a large (often up to a several-fold) compression of lattice, at which condition material can be easily forced into a new physical and chemical configuration [3]. The high-pressure thus offers enhanced opportunities to discover new phases, both stable and metastable ones, and to tune exotic properties in a wide-range of atomistic length scale, substantially greater than (often being several orders of) those achieved by other thermal (varying temperatures) and chemical (varying composition or making alloys) means. Simple molecular solids like H{sub 2}, C, CO{sub 2}, N{sub 2}, O{sub 2}, H{sub 2}O, CO, NH{sub 3}, and CH{sub 4} are bounded by strong covalent intramolecular bonds, yet relatively weak intermolecular bonds of van der Waals and/or hydrogen bonds. The weak intermolecular bonds make these solids highly compressible (i.e., low bulk moduli typically less than 10 GPa), while the strong covalent bonds make them chemically inert at least initially at low pressures. Carbon-carbon single bonds, carbon-oxygen double bonds and nitrogen-nitrogen triple bonds, for example, …

Interview with Michael Hurd, a journalist and member of the Texas Black History Preservation Project from Houston, Texas. Hurd discusses growing up in Texarkana and Houston, his education and service in the Air Force, work with the Houston Post and USA Today, Juneteenth, researching black history, the Texas Black History Preservation Project and related efforts, being an historian, the history of Juneteenth and emancipation in Texas, and civil rights. In appendix are photographs of Hurd, clippings of his reporting, and URLs to videos he was involved in.

''Save with Solar'' is a quarterly bulletin produced under the Department of Energy's Federal Energy Management Program for all those who are planning or working on installations of solar and other renewable energy technologies in the Federal government's facilities. Contents include technical information about today's solar technologies and information about the programs, policies, procurement practices, and incentives that support the deployment of renewable energy in the Federal sector. Among the topics covered in this issue is a two-page article about how solar energy is being used by the National Science Foundation in NSF outposts in Antarctica. The newsletter also describes projects that meet the goals of the President's Million Solar Roofs Initiative.

Interview with Mary Jane Dellinger. The interview includes Dellinger's personal experiences about working as a riveter at Armstrong Cork and Rubber Company during World War II, and assembling time fuses for bombs at the Hamilton Watch Company. Dellinger also talks about pre-war work experience in silk mills, effects of the Great Depression on her family, her marriage to Clair Dellinger, personal motivations for seeking defense work, her decision to change jobs and work for Armstrong Cork and Rubber Company, her work on the F4U Corsair fuselage assembly line, sexual harassment, production incentives and awards, war bond drives, shift work, transportation arrangements, and her decision to quit.

Contours, the connected components of level sets, play an important role in understanding the global structure of a scalar field. In particular their nestingbehavior and topology-often represented in form of a contour tree-have been used extensively for visualization and analysis. However, traditional contour trees onlyencode structural properties like number of contours or the nesting of contours, but little quantitative information such as volume or other statistics. Here we use thesegmentation implied by a contour tree to compute a large number of per-contour (interval) based statistics of both the function defining the contour tree as well asother co-located functions. We introduce a new visual metaphor for contour trees, called topological cacti, that extends the traditional toporrery display of acontour tree to display additional quantitative information as width of the cactus trunk and length of its spikes. We apply the new technique to scalar fields ofvarying dimension and different measures to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.

Interview with Robert Crist from Wrightsville, Pennsylvania concerning his experiences while employed by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) during the Great Depression as well as his childhood and his experiences leading up to joining the CCC. Crist worked at a camp in Mehoopany, Pennsylvania (Company 1377).

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