High-temperature creep measurements combined with microstructural investigations can be used to elucidate deformation mechanisms that can be related to the diffusion kinetics and defect chemistry of the minority species. This paper will review the theoretical basis for this correlation and illustrate it with examples from some important electronic ceramics having a perovskite structure. Recent results on BaTiO{sub 3}, (La{sub 1{minus}x}Sr){sub 1{minus}y}MnO{sub 3+{delta}}, YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x}, Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub x}, (Bi,Pb){sub 2}Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x} and Sr(Fe,Co){sub 1.5}O{sub x} will be presented.

As Linux clusters have matured as platforms for low-cost, high-performance parallel computing, software packages to provide many key services have emerged, especially in areas such as message passing and net-working. One area devoid of support, however, has been parallel file systems, which are critical for high-performance I/O on such clusters. We have developed a parallel file system for Linux clusters, called the Parallel Virtual File System (PVFS). PVFS is intended both as a high-performance parallel file system that anyone can download and use and as a tool for pursuing further research in parallel I/O and parallel file systems for Linux clusters. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of PVFS and present performance results on the Chiba City cluster at Argonne. We provide performance results for a workload of concurrent reads and writes for various numbers of compute nodes, I/O nodes, and I/O request sizes. We also present performance results for MPI-IO on PVFS, both for a concurrent read/write workload and for the BTIO benchmark. We compare the I/O performance when using a Myrinet network versus a fast-ethernet network for I/O-related communication in PVFS. We obtained read and write bandwidths as high as 700 Mbytes/sec with Myrinet and …

Polycrystalline Sr{sub 3}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 6.54} and Sr{sub 3}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 7} layered manganites were studied at room temperature using Raman spectroscopy. While the phonon spectrum of the stoichiometric Sr{sub 3}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 7} sample is consistent with the group theoretical analysis for the 14/mm structure, three additional modes are observed in the phonon spectrum of the oxygen deficient Sr{sub 3}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 6.54} sample. Based on an analysis of the temperature dependence of the Raman spectrum of Sr{sub 3}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 6.54} and a comparison with the Raman spectrum of LaSr{sub 2}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 7}, the authors conclude that the extra modes should be viewed as disorder induced Raman scattering.

An index matching fluid has been used to minimize the effect of interference fringes which develop when contact printing diffraction gratings on silicon wafers. These fringes are the result of interference effects when there is a small but uneven gap between the photomask and resist surface. They are especially troublesome when printing and etching large area, coarse diffraction gratings on the surface of silicon wafers and silicon disks.

All surface waters in the world contain dissolved organic matter and its concentration depends on climate and vegetation. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is ten times higher in wetlands and swamps than in surface water of arctic, alpine, or arid climate. Climates of high ecosystem productivity (i.e., tropics) typically have soils with low organic carbon storage, but drain high dissolved organic loads to rivers. Regions with lower productivity (e.g. grasslands) typically have high soil carbon storage while adjacent rivers have high DOC contents. Most DOC in a free-flowing river is derived from leaching vegetation and soil organic matter, whereas in dammed rivers algae may comprise a significant portion. Water chemistry and oxygen-18 abundance of river water, along with radiocarbon and carbon-13 isotope abundance measurements of DOC were used to distinguish water and water quality sources in the Missouri River watershed. Drinking water for the City of St. Louis incorporates these different sources, and its water quality depends mostly on whether runoff is derived from the upper or the lower watershed, with the lower watershed contributing water with the highest DOC. During drinking water chlorination, DOC forms carcinogenic by-products in proportion to the amount of DOC present. This has recently led the …

It is well recognized that the model predictability is more or less hampered by the imperfect representations of atmospheric state and model physics. Therefore, it is a common problem for any numerical models to exhibit some sorts of biases in the prediction. In this study, the emphasis is focused on the cold bias of surface temperature forecast in Naval Research Laboratory's three-dimensional mesoscale model, COAMPS (Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System). Based on the comparison with the ground station data, there were two types of ground temperature cold biases identified in LLNL (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) operational forecasts of COAMPS over the California and Nevada regions during the 1999 winter and the 2000 spring. The first type of cold bias appears at high elevation regions covered by snow, and its magnitude can be as large as 30 F - 40 F lower than observed. The second type of cold bias mainly exists in the snow-free clear-sky regions, where the surface temperature is above the freezing point, and its magnitude can be up to 5 F - 10 F lower than observed. These cold biases can affect the low-level stratification, and even the diurnal variation of winds in the mountain regions, and …

We use Lorentz invariance and the QCD equations of motion to study the evolution of functions that appear at leading (zeroth) order in a l/Q expansion in azimuthal asymmetries. This includes the evolution equation of the Collins fragmentation function. The moments of these functions are matrix elements of known twist two and twist three operators. We present the evolution in the large NC limit, restricted to the non-singlet case for the chiral-even functions.

The theoretical aspects of two leading twist transversity single spin asymmetries, one arising from the Collins effect and one from the interference fragmentation functions, are reviewed. Issues of factorization, evolution and Sudakov factors for the relevant observables are discussed. These theoretical considerations pinpoint the most realistic scenarios towards measurements of transversity.

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We present a comparative study of soil CO{sub 2} flux (F{sub CO2}) measured by five groups (Groups 1-5) at the IAVCEI-CCVG Eighth Workshop on Volcanic Gases on Masaya volcano, Nicaragua. Groups 1-5 measured F{sub CO2} using the accumulation chamber method at 5-m spacing within a 900 m{sup 2} grid during a morning (AM) period. These measurements were repeated by Groups 1-3 during an afternoon (PM) period. All measured F{sub CO2} ranged from 218 to 14,719 g m{sup -2}d{sup -1}. Arithmetic means and associated CO{sub 2} emission rate estimates for the AM data sets varied between groups by {+-}22%. The variability of the five measurements made at each grid point ranged from {+-}5 to 167% and increased with the arithmetic mean. Based on a comparison of measurements made by Groups 1-3 during AM and PM times, this variability is likely due in large part to natural temporal variability of gas flow, rather than to measurement error. We compared six geostatistical methods (arithmetic and minimum variance unbiased estimator means of uninterpolated data, and arithmetic means of data interpolated by the multiquadric radial basis function, ordinary kriging, multi-Gaussian kriging, and sequential Gaussian simulation methods) to estimate the mean and associated CO{sub 2} emission …

We generalize to arbitrary dimension the construction of a covariant and supersymmetric constraint for the massless superPoincare algebra, which was given for the eleven-dimensional case in a previous work. We also contrast it with a similar construction appropriate to the massive case. Finally we show that the constraint uniquely fixes the representation of the algebra.

The first one-meter long common coil dipole model (HFDC-01) has been fabricated and is being tested at Fermilab. This magnet has several innovative features such as: single-layer racetrack coils, a 22-mm wide 59-strand Rutherford-type cable made of 0.7-mm Nb{sub 3}Sn strands, and a stainless steel coil-support structure reinforced by horizontal bridges inserted between coil blocks. The model was instrumented with voltage taps, quench heaters, temperature sensors and strain gauges in order to monitor the quench origin and propagation, and to study mechanical and quench protection issues. This paper summarizes the model design parameters, the fabrication procedures and the test results.

The surface and bulk electronic structure of tetragonal (at 300 K) and orthorhombic (at 77 K) KD{sub 2x}H{sub 2(1-x)}PO{sub 4} single crystals (so-called KDP and DKDP), with a deuteration degree x of 0.0, 0.3, and 0.6, is studied by soft x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and non-resonant soft x-ray emission (XES) spectroscopies. High-resolution O K-edge, P L{sub 2,3}-edge, and K L{sub 2,3}-edge XANES and XES spectra reveal that the element-specific partial density of states in the conduction and valence bands is essentially independent of deuteration x. We give assignment of XANES and XES peaks based on previous molecular orbital and band-structure calculations. Projected densities of states in the conduction band also appear to be essentially identical for tetragonal (at 300 K) and orthorhombic (at 77 K) phases, consistent with previous band structure calculations. However, a decrease in sample temperature from 300 to 77 K results in an {approx} 0.5 eV shift in the valence band edge (probed by XES), with negligible changes to the conduction band edge (probed by XANES). Results also show that high-intensity x-ray irradiation results in decomposition of these hydrogen-bonded materials into water and KPO{sub 3} cyclo- and polyphosphates.

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The Savannah River Site (SRS) established a prescriptive approach to defining and protecting major contributors to defense in depth in the mid '90s. This approach came in partial response to the Defense Nuclear Facility Safety Board (DNFSB) criticism at the time of inconsistent classifications between similar facilities at the site. This basic approach of a rigorous and prescriptive minimum definition of levels of control has been in place since that time. Recently SRS has changed its policy of defining major contributors to defense in depth to be a more qualitative approach, with no prescribed minimum number of levels of control. However, to assure that consistency is maintained, guidance has been developed to identify areas of attention when identifying the major contributors to defense in depth that receive the Safety Significant functional classification label or that are protected within the technical safety requirements. This paper discusses this guidance and its implementation within the overall hazard analysis and functional classification process. Based on the experience with selecting safety structures, systems and components (SSCs) and Administrative Controls, the Savannah River Site has moved from a prescriptive process of control selection based on numbers of levels of control (LOCs) and moved to an informed …

The authors have studied the W + {ge} n jets process in Tevatron Run II experiment. This is the first result for the CDF Run II experiment. The data used corresponds to a total integrated luminosity of 72 pb{sup -1} taken from March 2002 through January 2003. The lowest order QCD predictions have been tested with a new prescription of the parton-jet matching, which allows to construct the enhanced LO phase space. They found a good agreement between data and theory in the typical kinematics distributions. Number of events for each inclusive samples up to 3 jets are compared with Monte Carlo calculations. The comparison with Run I results is also presented.

In the field of composite energetic materials, properties such as ingredient distribution, particle size, and morphology affect both sensitivity and performance. Since the reaction kinetics of composite energetic materials are typically controlled by the mass transport rates between reactants, one would anticipate new and potentially exceptional performance from energetic nanocomposites. We have developed a new method of making nanostructured energetic materials, specifically explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics, using sol-gel chemistry. A novel sol-gel approach has proven successful in preparing metal oxide/silicon oxide nanocomposites in which the metal oxide is the major component. By introducing a fuel metal, such as aluminum, into the metal oxide/silicon oxide matrix, energetic materials based on thermite reactions can be fabricated. Two of the metal oxides are tungsten trioxide and iron(III) oxide, both of which are of interest in the field of energetic materials. In addition, due to the large availability of organically functionalized silanes, the silicon oxide phase can be used as a unique way of introducing organic additives into the bulk metal oxide materials. These organic additives can cause the generation of gas upon ignition of the materials, therefore resulting in a composite material that can perform pressure/volume work. Furthermore, the desired organic functionality is …

Article discussing the synthesis and reactivity of a coordinatively unsaturated Ruthenium(II) parent amido complex and studies of X-H activation (X = H or C).

Inversion domains with a V-shape were found to nucleate inside a Mg-doped InN heteroepitaxial layer. They resemble Al-polarity domains, observed recently, in N-polarity AlN films. However, the angle between the side-walls of the V-shaped domain and the c-axis differs in these two cases. In InN, this angle is almost two times bigger than that reported for AlN. The origin of V-shaped inversion domains in InN film is not yet clear.

We present H-like Fe XXVI and He-like Fe XXV charge-exchange spectra resulting from collisions of highly charged iron with N{sub 2} gas at an energy of {approx}10 eV amu{sup -1} in an electron beam ion trap. Although high-n emission lines are not resolved in our measurements, we observe that the most likely level for Fe{sup 25+} {yields} Fe{sup 24+} electron capture is n{sub max} {approx} 9, in line with expectations, while the most likely value for Fe{sup 26+} {yields} Fe{sup 25+} charge exchange is significantly higher. In the Fe XXV spectrum, the K{alpha} emission feature dominates, whether produced via charge exchange or collisional excitation. The K{alpha} energy centroid is lower in the former case than the latter (6666 versus 6685 eV, respectively), as expected because of the strong enhancement of emission from the forbidden and intercombination lines, relative to the resonance line, in charge-exchange spectra. In contrast, the Fe XXVI high-n Lyman lines have a summed intensity greater than that of Ly{alpha}, and are substantially stronger than predicted from theoretical calculations of charge exchange with atomic H. A discussion is presented of the relevance of our results to studies of diffuse Fe emission in the Galactic Center and Galactic Ridge, …

Solidification of dendritic alloys is modeled using stabilized finite element techniques to study convection and macrosegregation driven by buoyancy and shrinkage. The adopted governing macroscopic conservation equations of momentum, energy and species transport are derived from their microscopic counterparts using the volume-averaging method. A single domain model is considered with a fixed numerical grid and without boundary conditions applied explicitly on the freezing front. The mushy zone is modeled here as a porous medium with either an isotropic or an anisotropic permeability. The stabilized finite-element scheme, previously developed by authors for modeling flows with phase change, is extended here to include effects of shrinkage, density changes and anisotropic permeability during solidification. The fluid flow scheme developed includes streamline-upwind/Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG), pressure stabilizing/Petrov-Galerkin, Darcy stabilizing/Petrov-Galerkin and other stabilizing terms arising from changes in density in the mushy zone. For the energy and species equations a classical SUPG-based finite element method is employed with minor modifications. The developed algorithms are first tested for a reference problem involving solidification of lead-tin alloy where the mushy zone is characterized by an isotropic permeability. Convergence studies are performed to validate the simulation results. Solidification of the same alloy in the absence of shrinkage is studied to …

Noting that the number of gluons in the hadron wave function is discrete, and their formation in the chain of small x evolution occurs over discrete rapidity intervals of {Delta}y {approx} 1/{alpha}{sub s}, we formulate the discrete version of the Balitsky-Kovchegov evolution equation and show that its solution behaves chaotically in the phenomenologically interesting kinematic region.

The field of Diffraction Dissociation, which is the subject of this workshop, began 50 years ago with the analysis of deuteron stripping in low energy collisions with nuclei. We return to the subject in a modern context- deuteron dissociation in {radical}s{sub NN} = 200 GeV d-Au collisions recorded during the 2003 RHIC run in the PHENIX experiment. At RHIC energy, d {yields} n+p proceeds predominantly (90%) through Electromagnetic Dissociation and the remaining fraction via the hadronic shadowing described by Glauber. Since the dissociation cross section has a small theoretical error we adopt this process to normalize other cross sections measured in RHIC.

We have developed a model-based processor (MBP) for a microcantilever-array sensor to detect target species in solution. We perform a proof-of-concept experiment, fit model parameters to the measured data and use them to develop a Gauss-Markov simulation. We then investigate two cases of interest, averaged deflection data and multi-channel data. For this evaluation we extract model parameters via a model-based estimation, perform a Gauss-Markov simulation, design the optimal MBP and apply it to measured experimental data. The performance of the MBP in the multi-channel case is evaluated by comparison to a ''smoother'' (averager) typically used for microcantilever signal analysis. It is shown that the MBP not only provides a significant gain ({approx} 80dB) in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), but also consistently outperforms the smoother by 40-60 dB. Finally, we apply the processor to the smoothed experimental data and demonstrate its capability for chemical detection. The MBP performs quite well, apart from a correctable systematic bias error.