By de-emphasizing the print journal collection our organization has been able to accomplish several goals: provide access to additional digital resources through cost savings; support customers' requirements for information at the desktop; reduce staff costs; free staff time for higher level tasks; and reduce space costs. Print journal cancellations have now become incorporated into the regular routine of our library. We have a proven process in place that we can rely on to provide sound decisions. We have been aided in our successful accomplishments by the enormous support of our customers, our Library Advisory Board and laboratory management. Opportunities and challenges will continue to present themselves as our organization continues to emphasize digital resources over print.

Cleanrooms, critical to a wide range of industries, universities, and government facilities, are extremely energy intensive. Consequently, energy represents a significant operating cost for these facilities. Improving energy efficiency in cleanrooms will yield dramatic productivity improvement. But more importantly to the industries which rely on cleanrooms, base load reduction will also improve reliability. The number of cleanrooms in the US is growing and the cleanroom environmental systems' energy use is increasing due to increases in total square footage and trends toward more energy intensive, higher cleanliness applications. In California, many industries important to the State's economy utilize cleanrooms. In California these industries utilize over 150 cleanrooms with a total of 4.2 million sq. ft. (McIlvaine). Energy intensive high tech buildings offer an attractive incentive for large base load energy reduction. Opportunities for energy efficiency improvement exist in virtually all operating cleanrooms as well as in new designs. To understand the opportunities and their potential impact, Pacific Gas and Electric Company sponsored a project to benchmark energy use in cleanrooms in the electronics (high-tech) and biotechnology industries. Both of these industries are heavily dependent intensive cleanroom environments for research and manufacturing. In California these two industries account for approximately 3.6 million …

In this paper we discuss the conceptual design of a low-{beta} superconducting proton linac based on multi-gap spoke resonator structures. We have demonstrated the feasibility of using superconducting accelerating structures throughout a proton linac for high-peak current applications. The injection energy for this linac is assumed to be 6.7 MeV, which equals the output energy of the CW RFQ built for the Low-Energy Demonstration Accelerator now operating at Los Alamos. The beam is accelerated to 109 MeV using multi-gap spoke resonators. Both 2-gap and 3-gap cavities are used in three accelerating sections with geometric-{beta} values of 0.175, 0.2, and 0.34. Higher beam energies can be achieved by transitioning to elliptical superconducting cavities to further accelerate the beam. Preliminary beam-dynamics simulation results are shown and discussed.

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This article describes the crystal structure of 1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxaadamantane, C₁₁H₁₈O₃.

The electricity supply system is undergoing major regulatory and technological change with significant implications for the way in which the sector will operate (including its patterns of carbon emissions) and for the policies required to ensure socially and environmentally desirable outcomes. One such change stems from the rapid emergence of viable small-scale (i.e., smaller than 500 kW) generators that are potentially competitive with grid delivered electricity, especially in combined heat and power configurations. Such distributed energy resources (DER) may be grouped together with loads in microgrids. These clusters could operate semi-autonomously from the established power system, or macrogrid, matching power quality and reliability more closely to local end-use requirements. In order to establish a capability for analyzing the effect that microgrids may have on typical commercial customers, such as office buildings, restaurants, shopping malls, and grocery stores, an economic mod el of DER adoption is being developed at Berkeley Lab. This model endeavors to indicate the optimal quantity and type of small on-site generation technologies that customers could employ given their electricity requirements. For various regulatory schemes and general economic conditions, this analysis produces a simple operating schedule for any installed generators. Early results suggest that many commercial customers can …

PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine), a mutagen/carcinogen belonging to the class of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) found in cooked meats, is a mammary gland carcinogen in rats and has been implicated in the etiology of certain human cancers including breast cancer. To gain insight into the genomic alterations associated with PhIP-induced mammary gland carcinogenesis, we used comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to examine chromosomal abnormalities in rat mammary carcinomas induced by PhIP, and for comparison, by DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene), a potent experimental mammary carcinogen. There was a consistent and characteristic pattern of chromosome-region loss in PhIP-induced carcinomas that clearly distinguished them from carcinomas induced by DMBA.

This document describes the results of consensus agreements reached by the DARHT Safety Planning Team during the development of the update of the DARHT Safety Analysis Document (SAD). The SAD is one of the Authorization Basis (AB) Documents required by the Department prior to granting approval to operate the DARHT Facility. The DARHT Safety Planning Team is lead by Mr. Joel A. Baca of the Department of Energy Albuquerque Operations Office (DOE/AL). Team membership is drawn from the Department of Energy Albuquerque Operations Office, the Department of Energy Los Alamos Area Office (DOE/LAAO), and several divisions of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Revision 1 of the DARHT SAD had been written as part of the process for gaining approval to operate the Phase 1 (First Axis) Accelerator. Early in the planning stage for the required update of the SAD for the approval to operate both Phase 1 and Phase 2 (First Axis and Second Axis) DARHT Accelerator, it was discovered that a conflict existed between the Laboratory approach to describing the management of facility and worker safety.

We could systematically control the strain states of a Ba{sub 0.6}Sr{sub 0.4}TiO{sub 3} film by depositing a very thin Ba{sub 1{minus}x}Sr{sub x}TiO{sub 3} interlayer between the main layer of the Ba{sub 0.6}Sr{sub 0.4}TiO{sub 3} and a MgO(001) substrate. Ba{sub 0.6}Sr{sub 0.4}TiO{sub 3} films showed very strong dependence of dielectric properties on the strain states. The strain induced by the MgO substrate was relaxed faster than that induced by an interlayer.

California's restructured electricity markets opened on 1 April 1998. The former investor-owned utilities were functionally divided into generation, transmission, and distribution activities, all of their gas-fired generating capacity was divested, and the retail market was opened to competition. To ensure that small customers shared in the expected benefit of lower prices, the enabling legislation mandated a 10% rate cut for all customers, which was implemented in a simplistic way that fossilized 1996 tariff structures. Rising fuel and environmental compliance costs, together with a reduced ability to import electricity, numerous plant outages, and exercise of market power by generators drove up wholesale electricity prices steeply in 2000, while retail tariffs remained unchanged. One of the distribution/supply companies entered bankruptcy in April 2001, and another was insolvent. During this period, two sets of interruptible load programs were in place, longstanding ones organized as special tariffs by the distribution/supply companies and hastily established ones run directly by the California Independent System Operator (CAISO). The distribution/supply company programs were effective at reducing load during the summer of 2000, but because of the high frequency of outages required by a system on the brink of failure, customer response declined and many left the tariff. The …

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The end of the cold war produced large amounts of excess fissile materials in the United States and Russia. The Department of Energy has initiated numerous activities to focus on identifying material management strategies for disposition of these excess materials. To date, many of these planning strategies have included isotopic dilution of highly enriched uranium as a means of reducing the proliferation and safety risks. Isotopic dilution by dry blending highly enriched uranium with natural and/or depleted uranium has been identified as one non-aqueous method to achieve these risk (proliferation and criticality safety) reductions. This paper reviews the technology of dry blending as applied to free flowing oxide materials.

Energy Management Control System (EMCS) data are an underutilized source of information on the performance of commercial buildings. Newer EMCS's have the ability and storage capacity to trend large amounts of data and perform preliminary analyses; however, these features often receive little or no use, as operators are generally not trained in data management, visualization, and analysis. Whole-building hourly electric-utility data are another readily available and underutilized source of information. This paper outlines the use of EMCS and utility data to evaluate the performance of the Ronald V. Dellums Federal Building in Oakland, California, a large office building operated by the Federal General Services Administration (GSA). The project began as an exploratory effort at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) to examine the procedures operators were using to obtain information and operate their buildings. Trending capabilities were available, but in limited use by the operators. LBNL worked with the building operators to use EMCS to trend one-minute data for over one-hundred points. Hourly electricity-use data were also used to understand usage patterns and peak demand. The paper describes LBNL's key findings in the following areas: Characterization of cooling plant operations; Characterization of economizer performance; Analysis of annual energy use and peak …

Encapsulated Nuclear Heat Source (ENHS) is a small innovative reactor suitable for use in developing countries. The reference design is a SOMWe lead-bismuth eutectic (Pb-Bi) cooled fast reactor. It is designed so that the fuel is installed and sealed into the reactor module at the factory. The nuclear controls, a major portion of the instrumentation and the Pb-Bi covering the core are also installed at the factory. At the site of operations the reactor module is inserted into a pool of Pb-Bi that contains the steam generators. Major components, such as the pool vessel and steam generators, are permanent and remain in place while the reactor module is replaced every 15 years. At the end of life the sealed reactor module is removed and returned to an internationally controlled recycling center. Thus, the ENHS provides a unique capability for ensuring the security of the nuclear fuel throughout its life. The design also can minimize the user country investment in nuclear technology and staff. Following operation and return of the module to the recycling facility, the useable components, including the fuel, are refurbished and available for reuse. A fuel cycle compatible with this approach has been identified that reduces the amount …

Finite element model validation is a topic of current interest to many researchers in the field of linear and nonlinear structural dynamics. Model validation refers to ''substantiation that a model, within its domain of applicability, possesses a satisfactory range of accuracy consistent with the intended application of the model. [1]. Validation is accomplished primarily by comparison of simulation results to experimental results to confirm the accuracy of the mechanics models in the simulation and the values of the parameters employed in the simulation, and to explore how the simulation might be improved. The assessment of uncertainties in the simulation mechanics models and their associated parameters plays a critical role in the credible validation of nonlinear structural dynamics models. The study of the effects that these uncertainties produce is termed uncertainty quantification (UQ). A major issue in UQ is the determination of how the distributions of the model parameters (which essentially form a set of inputs to the simulation) should be represented in order to accurately reflect the real-world response of the structure. In the case of repeated experiments, it is sometimes adequate to monitor the values of the input variables (e.g. forces, temperatures, velocities, etc.) and estimate a distribution from …

An ongoing study is focused on understanding the hydrology and geochemistry of three contaminated, perennial, semi-arid zone springs at a high explosives production facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory, in northern New Mexico, USA. Springflow time series were examined using singular spectrum analysis (SSA) to identify the important time-scales affecting flow in the springs. SSA results suggest that springflow has two dominant patterns: a series of low-frequency modes which follow the seasonal and longer-term climate conditions at the site, and a large number of higher frequency modes which display the characteristic ''red noise'' spectrum related to local, short-term weather conditions. Phase-plane plots of {delta}{sup 18}O and spring discharge suggest that high flow conditions are dominated by snowmelt and summer monsoon inputs while low flow conditions can be affected by mixing of fast and slow flow components causing wide variations in {delta}{sup 18}O values. The analysis is being used for development of an efficient strategy for sampling design for environmental monitoring of contaminants that respond to multiple time scales.

Recent additions to the list of lunar meteorites include Northwest Africa (NWA) 032 and Dhofar 081. NWA 032 is an unbrecciated basalt, found in Morocco; Dhofar 081 is a fragmented feldspathic breccia, found in Oman. Our goal is the determination of the cosmic ray exposure history of these objects. Most lunar meteorites have complex cosmic ray exposure histories, having been exposed both at some depth on the lunar surface (2{pi} irradiation) before their ejection and as small bodies in space (4{pi} irradiation) during transport from the Moon to the Earth. These exposures were then followed by residence on the Earth's surface, the terrestrial residence time. Unraveling the complex history of these objects requires the measurement of at least four cosmogenic nuclides. The specific goals of these measurements are to constrain the depth of the sample at the time of ejection from the Moon, the transit time from the time of ejection to the time of capture by the Earth, and the residence time on the Earth's surface. These exposure durations in conjunction with the sample depth on the Moon can then be used to model impact and ejection mechanisms. To investigate the complex exposure histories of lunar meteorites, we measured …

Four basaltic shergottites, Dar al Gani (DaG) 476, 489, 670, and 735 were found in the Libyan Sahara [1-3]; two basaltic shergottites, Sayh al Uhaymir (SaU) 005 and 008 were found in Oman [4]. Recently SaU 051 was also recognized as a possible pair of SaU 005/008. Although the collection sites were different, the texture, bulk chemical compositions, and noble gas compositions of these shergottites are similar [e.g. 4]. However, cosmic-ray-produced noble gases alone cannot unambiguously constrain the irradiation history for these objects. From a combination of cosmogenic stable- and radionuclides, exposure histories, and ejection conditions from the hypothesized Martian parent body, and genetic relationships between the Martian meteorites can be determined. In addition to those nuclides produced by galactic cosmic rays (GCR) are those produced by solar cosmic rays (SCR). Radionuclides produced by SCRs reside in the uppermost few centimeters of extraterrestrial bodies and their presence in meteorites indicates the degree to which a meteorite has been ablated. Previous work shows ablation is less than 1-2 cm in at least three shergottites, ALH 77005, Shergotty, and EETA79001 [e.g. 5] and so it is possible some SCR signal may be observed in these meteorites. This suggests that the atmospheric entry …

We present photometric observations of an apparent Type Iasupernova (SN Ia) at a redshift of approximately 1.7, the farthest SNobserved to date. The supernova, SN 1997, was discovered in a repeatobservation by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) of the Hubble DeepField{North (HDF-N), and serendipitously monitored with NICMOS on HSTthroughout the Thompson et al. GTO campaign. The SN type can bedetermined from the host galaxy type: an evolved, red elliptical lackingenough recent star formation to provide a significant population ofcore-collapse supernovae. The classification is further supported bydiagnostics available from the observed colors and temporal behavior ofthe SN, both of which match a typical SN Ia. The photometric record ofthe SN includes a dozen flux measurements in the I, J, and H bandsspanning 35 days in the observed frame. The redshift derived from the SNphotometry, z = 1:7 plus or minus 0:1, is in excellent agreement with theredshift estimate of z = 1:65 plus or minus 0:15 derived from the U_300B_450 V_-606 I_814 J_110 J_125 H_160 H_165 K_s photometry of the galaxy.Optical and near-infrared spectra of the host provide a very tentativespectroscopic redshift of 1.755. Fits to observations of the SN provideconstraints for the redshift-distance relation of SNe Ia and a powerfultest …

The 6.7 MeV, 100 mA proton beam being produced in the Low Energy Demonstration Accelerator (LEDA) RFQ is being injected into a 52 magnet lattice in order to study the charged-beam phenomenon known as beam halo [1]. Quadrupole magnets in the lattice are purposely mismatched to cause or amplify halo formation in the beam. Interceptive diagnostics that consist of a thin wire and a paddle type device called a scraper are placed in the beam to obtain charge-distribution data. The charge-distribution data is used to create a current-density distribution plot of the beam at the probed location [2]. This paper describes the mechanical design, fabrication, and commissioning of the interceptive diagnostic devices and the assembly that carries them.

The 6.7 MeV, 100 mA proton beam being produced in the Low Energy Demonstration Accelerator (LEDA) RFQ is being injected into a 52 magnet lattice in order to study the charged-beam phenomenon known as beam halo [1]. Quadrupole magnets in the lattice are purposely mismatched to cause or amplify halo formation in the beam. Interceptive diagnostics that consist of a thin wire and a paddle type device called a scraper are placed in the beam to obtain charge-distribution data. The charge-distribution data is used to create a current-density distribution plot of the beam at the probed location [2]. This paper describes the mechanical design, fabrication, and commissioning of the interceptive diagnostic devices and the assembly that carries them.

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Josephson junctions with an antiferromagnetic metal as a link are described. The junction can be switched off by a relatively small magnetic field. The amplitude of the current oscillates as a function of the field.

Enterprise Integration connects and combines people, processes, systems, and technologies to ensure that the right people and the right processes have the right information and the right resources at the right time. A consensus roadmap for Technologies for Enterprise Integration was created as part of an industry/government/academia partnership in the Integrated Manufacturing Technology Initiative (IMTI). Two of the grand challenges identified by the roadmapping effort will be addressed here--Customer Responsive Enterprises and Totally Connected Enterprises. Each of these challenges is briefly discussed as to the current state of industry and the future vision as developed in the roadmap.