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Review of state-of-the-art of solar collector corrosion processes. Task 1 of solar collector studies for solar heating and cooling applications. Final technical progress report
The state-of-the-art of solar collector corrosion processes is reviewed, and Task 1 of a current research program on use of aqueous heat transfer fluids for solar heating and cooling is summarized. The review of available published literature has indicated that lack of quantitative information exists relative to collector corrosion at the present time, particularly for the higher temperature applications of solar heating and cooling compared to domestic water heating. Solar collector systems are reviewed from the corrosion/service life viewpoint, with emphasis on various applications, collector design, heat transfer fluids, and freeze protection methods. Available information (mostly qualitative) on collector corrosion technology is reviewed to indicate potential corrosion problem areas and corrosion prevention practices. Sources of limited quantitative data that are reviewed are current solar applications, research programs on collector corrosion, and pertinent experience in related applications of automotive cooling and non-solar heating and cooling. A data bank was developed to catalog corrosion information. Appendix A of this report is a bibliography of the data bank, with abstracts reproduced from presently available literature accessions (about 220). This report is presented as a descriptive summary of information that is contained in the data bank.
Date:
April 11, 1980
Creator:
Clifford, J E & Diegle, R B
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
HTGR-GT closed-cycle gas turbine: a plant concept with inherent cogeneration (power plus heat production) capability
The high-grade sensible heat rejection characteristic of the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor-gas turbine (HTGR-GT) plant is ideally suited to cogeneration. Cogeneration in this nuclear closed-cycle plant could include (1) bottoming Rankine cycle, (2) hot water or process steam production, (3) desalination, and (4) urban and industrial district heating. This paper discusses the HTGR-GT plant thermodynamic cycles, design features, and potential applications for the cogeneration operation modes. This paper concludes that the HTGR-GT plant, which can potentially approach a 50% overall efficiency in a combined cycle mode, can significantly aid national energy goals, particularly resource conservation.
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
McDonald, C. F.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Energy-related doctoral scientists and engineers in the United States, 1977
Information is compiled about the number and characteristics of doctoral-level engineers and scientists in primarily energy-related activities. These data are for the year 1977 and are part of the data base for a program of continuing studies on the employment and utilization of all scientists and engineers involved in energy-related activities. Data on mathematics, physics, chemistry, environmental engineering, engineering, life sciences, psychology, and social sciences doctoral degree specialties are included.
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Computer-aided visualization of database structural relationships
Interactive computer graphic displays can be extremely useful in augmenting understandability of data structures. In complexly interrelated domains such as bibliographic thesauri and energy information systems, node and link displays represent one such tool. This paper presents examples of data structure representations found useful in these domains and discusses some of their generalizable components. 2 figures.
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
Cahn, D.F.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Energy-consumption modelling
A highly sophisticated and accurate approach is described to compute on an hourly or daily basis the energy consumption for space heating by individual buildings, urban sectors, and whole cities. The need for models and specifically weather-sensitive models, composite models, and space-heating models are discussed. Development of the Colorado State University Model, based on heat-transfer equations and on a heuristic, adaptive, self-organizing computation learning approach, is described. Results of modeling energy consumption by the city of Minneapolis and Cheyenne are given. Some data on energy consumption in individual buildings are included.
Date:
April 1980
Creator:
Reiter, Elmar R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Industrial cogeneration case study No. 3: Mead Corporation Paper Mill, Kingsport, Tennessee
The design, operation, performance, economics and energy efficiency of the 25,000 kW co-generating power plant at the Mead Co. paper mill in Kingsport, TN are described, and compared with the efficiency of producing only process heat at the plant while importing electric power from a local utility. It was established that on-site co-generation consumed 2/3 of the energy that would have been required for on-site process heat generation plus purchased off-site-generated electric power and that co-generation resulted in more than $2.8 million saved during the period from 1975 through 1978. (LCL)
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Optimization of steam explosion pretreatment. Final report
Different operating conditions are required to optimize the yield from each of the various fractions in the substrate. Xylose recovery is maximized at short cooking times whereas maximum lignin recovery requires much longer cooking times. Peak glucose yield and rumen digestibility occur at intermediate times. If process conditions are set for maximum glucose yield we have achieved a yield of 68% of the theoretical, based on an average of a dozen substrates tested. Individual results ranged from 46 to 87%. If the process is optimized for maximum total sugars (i.e. glucose plus xylose) we have obtained an average yield of 60%, with a range of 31 to 75%. With rumen microflora, the average value of the in-vitro cellulose digestibility was 82%, with a range of 41 to 90%. The optimum operating conditions for total sugars are a pressure of 500 to 550 psig with a cooking time of 40 to 50 seconds and 35% starting moisture content. Particle size is not a significant factor, nor is pre-steaming or use of a constricting die in the gun nozzle. High quality lignin can be extracted with 80% yield. The Iotech lignin is very soluble, has a low molecular weight and is reactive. …
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
Foody, P.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Feasibility of a continuous surface mining machine using impact breakers. Phase I report, 1 October 1979-31 March 1980
This is the first phase report of the efforts to evaluate the feasibility of excavating coal and overburden from surface mines using impact breakers. Phase I is divided into four task groups. Those tasks are as follows: Selection of Field Sites for Parametric, Selection of Impact Hammers for Field, Design Test System, and Prepare Parametric Test Plan. A detailed description and accounting of each task is given in the body of this report. Included as appendices are the FMA internal reports on the individual mines visited. These reports are the basis of test site selection. The basic finding of this phase are that industry interest in the concept of impact mining tends toward the removal of multiple thin seams of coal and parting rather than deep coal or overburden and, while the intent of this contract is to explore the feasibility of impactors in a vertical array for use in a terraced mine plan, future design of a continuous mining machine should take industry acceptance into account.
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
Fisk, A. T. & Simpson, R. J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Further testing of pocket-sized electronic dosimeters
The experiences of industrial radiographers have indicated that electronic radiation-warning devices become inoperative when they are used under some types of ambient conditions. This report, documents the nature of tests performed on several additional commercially available models. None of the three models tested passed the tests for ruggedness and severe environmental conditions. However all models passed most of the requirements of a Health Physics Society draft standard of performance specifications for these devices. The test procedures used in the project and the results obtained are discussed. Conclusions from the tests and recommendations concerning potentially useful modifications to existing devices are presented.
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
Fox, R.A.; Hooker, C.D. & Hogan, B.T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Low level waste management: a compilation of models and monitoring techniques. Volume 1
In support of the National Low-Level Waste (LLW) Management Research and Development Program being carried out at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Science Applications, Inc., conducted a survey of models and monitoring techniques associated with the transport of radionuclides and other chemical species from LLW burial sites. As a result of this survey, approximately 350 models were identified. For each model the purpose and a brief description are presented. To the extent possible, a point of contact and reference material are identified. The models are organized into six technical categories: atmospheric transport, dosimetry, food chain, groundwater transport, soil transport, and surface water transport. About 4% of the models identified covered other aspects of LLW management and are placed in a miscellaneous category. A preliminary assessment of all these models was performed to determine their ability to analyze the transport of other chemical species. The models that appeared to be applicable are identified. A brief survey of the state-of-the-art techniques employed to monitor LLW burial sites is also presented, along with a very brief discussion of up-to-date burial techniques.
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
Mosier, J. E.; Fowler, J. R. & Barton, C. J. (comps.)
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Heat transfer in underground heating experiments in granite, Stipa, Sweden
Electrical heater experiments have been conducted underground in granite at Stripa, Sweden, to investigate the effects of heating associated with nuclear waste storage. Temperature data from these experiments are compared with closed-form and finite-element solutions. Good agreement is found between measured temperatures and both types of models, but especially for a nonlinear finite-element heat conduction model incorporating convective boundary conditions, measured nonuniform initial rock temperature distribution, and temperature-dependent thermal conductivity. In situ thermal properties, determined by least-squares regression, are very close to laboratory values. A limited amount of sensitivity analysis is undertaken.
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
Chan, T.; Javandel, I. & Witherspoon, P.A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Flashing inception in flowing liquids
The inception of net vaporization in flashing flows is examined. It is suggested that the flashing inception can be expressed as two additive effects. One is due to the static decompression which is a function of the initial temperature and also of the expansion rate. The other effect which is a function of Reynolds number and flashing index, is due to the turbulent fluctuations of the flowing liquid. It is shown that by taking a three standard deviation band on the turbulent velocity fluctuations, an adequate representation of the inverse mass flux effect on flashing inception for existing data is obtained. The turbulence effects are combined with the correlation of Alamgir and Lienhard to provide predictive methods recommended for the case where both static and convective decompression effects exist.
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
Jones, O. C., Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Preliminary requirements for thermal storage subsystems in solar thermal applications
Methodologies for the analysis of value and comparing thermal storage concepts are presented. Value is a measure of worth and is determined by the cost of conventional fuel systems. Value data for thermal storage in large solar thermal electric power applications are presented. Thermal storage concepts must be compared when all are performing the same mission. A method for doing that analysis, called the ranking index, is derived. Necessary data to use the methodology are included.
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
Copeland, R.J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Regenerative Process for Desulfurization of High Temperature Combustion and Fuel Gases. Progress Report No. 15, January 1-March 31, 1980
A new regenerative sorbent process for desulfurizing fluidized-bed combustion gases is presented. The sorbent was developed by Brookhaven National Laboratory and is prepared from commercial silicate bearing portland cement. The chemical reactions and mechanical procedures involved in preparing the sorbent, in desulfurizing the flue gas, in regenerating the spent sorbent, and in producing elemental sulfur from the regenerator product gas are discussed. The performance of natural limestone sorbents is compared with that of portland cement pellets in each of the above operations. Conceptual engineering designs and cost data for atmospheric fluidized-bed (AFB) power generation plants using limestone and portland cement sorbents are also presented. Cost and limestone process data were obtained from US Government publication PRS-23 EPA-600/7-77-126 which was prepared by General Electric, Bechtel and Foster Wheeler Energy Corporations and the Tennessee Valley Authority. The results of our analyses indicate that the cost of generating electricity by a regenerative portland cement sorbent plant would be about 12% lower than for once-through limestone AFB plants, about 17% lower than conventional power plants using wet limestone scrubbers and about 12% lower than regenerative magnesium oxide (MgO) scrubber plants.
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
Albanese, A. S. & Sethi, D. S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Catalyst and process development for hydrogen preparation from future fuel cell feedstocks. Quarterly progress report, January 1, 1980-March 31, 1980. [Pt/Rh, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ni/Rh, Rh/Re, Ni]
Catalysts are being screened to steam reform hydrocarbons in an autothermal reformer (STR). Twenty-one samples have been screened in a 1-in.-diam (ATR) reactor using No. 2 oil as the hydrocarbon feed. A series of platinum-rhodium catalysts were evaluated to study the effect of varying compositions. A sample containing 1.7% Pt/0.3% Rh was most active but the difference among the samples was within the range of test variability. Development of a more realistic test has been started. The effect of O/sub 2//C level on the gas composition leaving the catalytic partial oxidation section has been determined. The amount of unreacted oil increases as O/sub 2//C level decreases. The unreacted oil is more aromatic than the feedstock. The gas composition contains considerably more olefins as the O/sub 2//C level decreases. Post-run catalyst characterization indicates that the catalyst carrier does not deteriorate in the ATR test. A drastic decrease in CO chemisorption is noted on the Pt/Rh samples. This decline in CO chemisorption could either be due to metal sintering or to carbon deposition on the metal. Other analysis are required to determine which is causing the decline in CO chemisorption. Very low coke levels were found on Pt, Rh, and Pt/Rh samples. …
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
Yarrington, R M; Feins, I R & Hwang, H S
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Lead acid battery pulse discharge investigation. Final report
The effects of high current pulses caused by electric vehicle silicon-controlled rectifier and transistor chopper controllers on battery energy, lifetime, and microstructure were studied. Test equipment and results are described. It was found that the energy of improved golf cart-type batteries deteriorated under pulsed conditions by about 10% with respect to dc conditions for pulses between 16 and 333 Hz - no difference was noted above 333 Hz. Frequencies and duty cycles characteristic of electric vehicle controllers produce ampere-hour capacities similar in magnitude to dc discharges of the same average currents. The amount of positive plate corrosion under pulsed conditions was about twice that ot the unpulsed. Unusually large lead sulfate crystals were found in isolated colonies in pulsed plates, whereas a battery that had been discharged each cycle at an equivalent steady state did not show these large crystals. 5 figures, 3 tables. (RWR)
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
Dowgiallo, E
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Time series analysis of reactor thermocouple data. [LMFBR]
Time-series analysis techniques are applied to nuclear reactor thermocouple data to investigate coolant temperatures measured within the fueled test assembly. The coolant temperature distribution within a fuel assembly affects the length of time a fuel assembly may be operated in a power reactor and, therefore, is an important economic consideration in the design of reactor fuel systems. Frequency-domain signal conditioning techniques were used to reveal the smoothly varying thermocouple signals from the noisy digital data. Examination of the cross-correlation function for thermocouple pairs suggested an alternate surging and ebbing of coolant flow within certain zones of the fuel assembly. These zones corresponded to thermocouples which experienced higher or lower than predicted coolant temperatures. This time series analysis contributed greatly toward the understanding of fuel assembly thermal hydraulics.
Date:
April 10, 1980
Creator:
Devary, J.L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Opportunities for coal to methanol conversion
The accumulations of mining residues in the anthracite coal regions of Pennsylvania offer a unique opportunity to convert the coal content into methanol that could be utilized in that area as an alternative to gasoline or to extend the supplies through blending. Additional demand may develop through the requirements of public utility gas turbines located in that region. The cost to run this refuse through coal preparation plants may result in a clean coal at about $17.00 per ton. After gasification and synthesis in a 5000 ton per day facility, a cost of methanol of approximately $3.84 per million Btu is obtained using utility financing. If the coal is to be brought in by truck or rail from a distance of approximately 60 miles, the cost of methanol would range between $4.64 and $5.50 per million Btu depending upon the mode of transportation. The distribution costs to move the methanol from the synthesis plant to the pump could add, at a minimum, $2.36 per million Btu to the cost. In total, the delivered cost at the pump for methanol produced from coal mining wastes could range between $6.20 and $7.86 per million Btu.
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Geotomography applied at the Stripa Mine in Sweden
LLNL made ultrahigh-frequency (450-MHz) electromagnetic borehole-to-borehole transmissions in the Stripa Mine near Guldsmedshyttan, Sweden, in April 1979. Transmission loss measurements were made between four sets of 76-mm boreholes 30 m long, located at the end of a drift. Distances between the boreholes varied from 2 to 22 m. More than 25,000 data points were taken. A geotomograph was constructed to show the variation of attenuation between boreholes. The observed spatial variation of electromagnetic attenuation may be related to the expected stress relief created by the mine. Transmission loss measurements were also made between two converging boreholes drilled from the surface to points near the mine. Data taken at 21 MHz show a nearly uniform attenuation within this sampled region. These experiments demonstrate that geotomographic data collection/interpretation provides high-resolution images of the underground environment and can provide useful input to those charged with providing the detailed site characterizations needed for both short- and long-term monitoring of underground nuclear waste repositories.
Date:
April 7, 1980
Creator:
Okada, J.T.; Laine, E.F.; Lytle, R.J. & Daily,W.D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Physical Model of Lean Suppression Pressure Oscillation Phenomena: Steam Condensation in the Light Water Reactor Pressure Suppression System (PSS)
Using the results of large scale multivent tests conducted by GKSS, a physical model of chugging is developed. The unique combination of accurate digital data and cinematic data has provided the derivation of a detailed, quantified correlation between the dynamic physical variables and the associated two-phase thermo-hydraulic phenomena occurring during lean suppression (chugging) phases of the loss-of-coolant accident in a boiling water reactor pressure suppression system.
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
McCauley, E. W.; Holman, G. S.; Aust, E.; Schwan, H. & Vollbrandt, J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Tokamak startup with electron cyclotron heating
Experiments are described in which the startup voltage in a tokamak is reduced by approx. 60% by the use of a modest amount of electron cyclotron resonance heating power for preionization. A 50% reduction in volt-second requirement and impurity reflux are also observed.
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
Holly, D. J.; Prager, S. C.; Shepard, D. A. & Sprott, J. C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Gene-enzyme telationships in somatic cells and their organismal derivatives in higher plants. Progress report
Progress is reported in the following subject areas: (1) chemistry of the arogenate molecule; (2) plant enzymology at the organismal level; (3) isolation of regulatory mutants in tobacco; and (4) stability of the haploid state in Nicotiana sylvestris.
Date:
April 21, 1980
Creator:
Jensen, R. A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Role of gas pressure and lateral stress on blistering
Both gas pressure in bubbles and lateral stress have been suggested as primary causes of blistering. An analysis of both mechanisms is presented, and the conditions for blistering are examined. To realistically predict the gas pressure in bubbles, a recently derived high-density equation of state for helium is utilized.
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
Wolfer, W. G.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Postirradiation cladding strength under biaxial loading with an increasing temperature ramp. [LMFBR]
The flow behavior of unirradiated 20% cold worked AISI 316 tubing during constant pressure, increasing temperature tests was modeled with a constitutive relation approach; strain below approximately 0.2% came predominantly from an anelastic portion of the model while higher strains were predominantly plastic. The flow of cladding sections from irradiated fuel pins was largely restricted to the strain region attributed to anelastic deformation due to reduced ductility compared to unirradiated tubing. Another major effect of irradiation exposure on cladding flow was softening, or increased strain, found with increasing irradiation temperature. This was noted only when test pressures were high enough to cause flow below 950/sup 0/K.
Date:
April 1, 1980
Creator:
Duncan, D. R. & Hunter, C. W.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library