This report addresses astronaut information about the Americans and Soviets

This report provides a brief history and recent developments regarding the comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty (CTBT). The U.N. General Assembly adopted the CTBT in 1996. The report discusses the national positions on testing and the CTBT, The North Korean nuclear test, stockpile stewardship, and CTBT pros and cons.

This report focuses on potential approaches that Europe might employ to diversify its sources of natural gas supply, Russia's role in Europe's natural gas policies, and key factors that could hinder efforts to develop alternative suppliers of natural gas. The report assesses the potential suppliers of natural gas to Europe and the short- to medium-term hurdles needed to be overcome for those suppliers to be credible, long-term providers of natural gas to Europe. The report looks at North Africa, potentially the most realistic supply alternative in the near-term, but notes that the region will have to resolve its current political, economic, and security instability as well as the internal structural changes to the natural gas industry. Central Asia, which may have the greatest amounts of natural gas, would need to construct lengthy pipelines through multiple countries to move its natural gas to Europe.

This report focuses on potential approaches that Europe might employ to diversify its sources of natural gas supply, and Russia's role, as well as identifying some of the issues hindering efforts to develop alternative suppliers of natural gas. The report assesses the potential suppliers of natural gas to Europe and the short- to medium-term hurdles needed to be overcome for those suppliers to be credible, long-term providers of natural gas to Europe. The report looks at North Africa and Central Asia as possible sources of future energy supply.

This report discusses the background of the G-20 (an international forum for discussing and coordinating economic policies) and some of the issues that it has addressed. It includes historic background on the work of the G-20, information about how the group operates, overviews of G-20 summits, major issues that the group is likely to address and the likely effectiveness of the G-20 in the near future. The members of the G-20 include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union.

This report delves into the complex and tumultuous relationship between Georgia and Russia. It provides background of the two countries interactions, analysis of recent developments, speculation regarding U.S. interest in the perceived conflict.

This report discusses the control of surplus nuclear weapons material that became an urgent U.S. foreign policy goal with the end of the Cold War and breakup of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s.

Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Western Europe, USSR, Finland, Italy, Southwest Pacific, Central Pacific, Burma. Maps show Current battle lines along Russian border and Rumania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland ; Central Italy. Includes photographs: Dauga Airfield after 5th Air Force B-25 medium bombers leave Japanese planes destroyed. Japanese captured by U.S. Coast Guardsmen off Kwajalein. Lt. Eugune R. Hanks of Gibbs, Idaho in his Grumman Hellcat fighter. U.S. tank officer explains the target to Gen. Eishenhower while Air Marshall Tedder watches. Gliders built in England for the Allied Forces. U.S. combat cars await dispatch on a field in the English countryside. Field Marshall Rommel inspects Nazi fortifications. British soldiers near the Garigliano River. Three "Yanks" at the Anzio beachhead. Mortar crew of the 36th division below Cassino. American paratroopers capture Nazi snipers. Pvt. Robert Steinmetz of Pittsburgh with a mule he rescued from an Italian farm. Composite aerial view of Italian coast including Anzio and Nettuno. Back: Luftwaffe (German Air Force) uniforms. Text and illustrations of Flying Suits, Miscellaneous Uniforms, Parachutist Uniforms, Continental Uniforms.

Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: USSR, Italy, Western Europe, Central Pacific, Bougainville, New Britain, Admiralty Is., New Guinea, Southeast Asia. Map: U.S.S.R. Southern Front Includes 10 photographs. Back: Europe. Map.

Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Southeast Asia, Italy, USSR, Southwest Pacific, Central Pacific, Kuriles. Maps: Central Pacific; Cassino area; Burma. Insets: Cassino. Includes 6 photographs. Back: USS Ranger. 10 photographs and text illustrate recent operations.

Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Americans Cross Rhine; New Philippine Landings; Allies in Mandalay. Maps: Red Army menaces Oder line, Road to Mandalay, Mindanao P.I. Includes distance scale from Linz east to Berlin and from Zehden west to Berlin. Back: Map of the Pacific and the Far East. Inset maps: Ryukyu Retto, Okinawa, Saipan, Iwo-Jima, Paramushiru, Chisima Retto (Kurile Is.).

Front: Text: Rhine bridgehead, Saar breakthrough, Berlin threat, Slow squeeze, Rich target, Principal port, "Jap Pittsburgh," Empire's heart. Maps: Bonn-Koblenz; Saarbrucken-Frankfurt; Stettin-Berlin; Danzig-Konigsberg; Kyushu; Kobe-Osaka; Nagoya; Tokyo. Back: Text, photographs, and illustrations highlight some facts about the U.S.S.R.

Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: North Africa, Russia, Burma-China, New Guinea, Solomons, Aleutians, Sinkings (sea losses). Large world map is keyed to text. Includes table: Great Circle Distances in Statute Miles. Inset map shows Tunisia. Includes photos: Nazi Panzers in Bizerte, Air base at Dakar, Hold on Kharkov, Hunting enemy submarines. Back: Poster provides recognition cues and front and profile drawings of Allied and Axis heavy, medium, and light armored cars. Includes range scale.

Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: New Guinea -- Solomons -- Submarines -- Tunisia -- Russia -- Western Europe. Large world map is keyed to text and illustrates time zones around the world. Inset maps show Tunisia -- Moscow/Leningrad region. Includes photographs: Attack: A-20 Boston bombers in central Tunisia -- Jeep rider: South Sea islander hitches a ride on an Army jeep -- Loudspeaker on Guadalcanal -- Jap 75 on New Guinea. Back: German Navy uniforms and insignia. Includes color illustrations of uniforms and components, and insignia with informational text. Chart of German pronunciation of military ranks with equivalent ratings in U.S. and German navies.

Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Russia, Air offensive, Unrest (France, Belgium, Norway), Southwest Pacific, Tunisia. Large world map is keyed to text and illustrates time zones around the world. Inset maps show Russia, Tunisia. Includes photographs: Convoy to Russia; American tank in Russia; Joint Assignment; Airborne engineers; Shower bath - desert style. Back: Learn to recognize these vehicles (half-track vehicles). Labelled illustrations of American, Canadian and German vehicles with a quick guide to features for comparison.

Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Tunisia, Aleutians, New Guinea, Solomons, Pacific and Far East, Burma-China, Russia. Large world map is keyed to text and illustrates time zones around the world. Inset maps show northern Tunisia, and along the Russian front. Includes photographs: Pulling together for victory [Chinese laborers flatten a runway with a heavy roller]; Sgt. Robert Wilson of Wichita, Kansas rides a wheelbarrow taxicab; Yanks in the Far East care for Burmese orphans; Amphibian jeeps; Wet feet are no worry [jungle fighting in New Guinea]; Allied troops wade from stream to shore [New Guinea]; American gun crew lowers their sights to fire into the jungle in New Guinea. Back: Military Courtesy. Color illustrations of Army and Navy uniforms and insignia of the United States, U.S.S.R., France, Poland, China and the British Empire. Accompanying text describes how to address each rank.

Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Tunisia, Air offensive, Submarines, Southwest Pacific, Russia, China. Large world map is keyed to text and illustrates time zones around the world. Inset maps show Gulf of Gabes region, Moscow region. Includes photographs: Counter attack at Kasserine, New Navy planes, Enemy hospital ship. Back: Gas. 5 gases are illustrated and described; Lewisite, mustard, tear gas, phosgene and clorpicrin.

Congress passed the Nunn-Lugar amendment, authorizing U.S. threat reduction assistance to the former Soviet Union, in November 1991, after a failed coup in Moscow and the disintegration of the Soviet Union raised concerns about the safety and security of Soviet nuclear weapons. It has evolved from an emergency response to impending chaos in the Soviet Union, to a more comprehensive threat reduction and nonproliferation effort, to a broader program seeking to keep nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons from leaking out of the former Soviet Union and into the hands of rogue nations or terrorist groups, to a global program to address the threat of weapons of mass destruction. Analysts have debated numerous issues related to U.S. nonproliferation and threat reduction assistance. These include questions about the coordination of and priority given to these programs in the U.S. government, questions about Russia's willingness to provide the United States with access to its weapons facilities, questions about the President's ability to waive certification requirements so that the programs can go forward, and questions about the need to expand the efforts into a global program that receives funding from numerous nations and possibly extends assistance to others outside the former Soviet Union.

This report provides basic information about U.S. and Russian nonstrategic nuclear weapons. The report reviews the issues that have been raised with regard to U.S. and Russian nonstrategic nuclear weapons, and summarizes a number of policy options that might be explored by Congress, the United States, Russia, and other nations to address these issues.

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As an aid to Congress in understanding nuclear weapons, nuclear proliferation, and arms control matters, this report describes which agency is responsible for research and development (R&D) of nuclear weapons (i.e., nuclear explosive devices, as distinct from the bombers and missiles that deliver them) in the nine nations with nuclear weapons and whether these agencies are civilian or military. It also traces the history of such agencies in the United States from 1942 to the present.

Granting Russia permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) status requires a change in law because Russia is prohibited from receiving unconditional and permanent NTR under Title IV of the Trade Act of 1974. This provision includes the so-called Jackson-Vanik amendment. Extension of PNTR has implications for Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). This report examines this legislative issue in the context of Russian accession to the WTO and U.S.-Russian economic ties.

This report discusses the issues surrounding whether or not the U.S. should grant Russia permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) following its accession into the World Trade Organization (WTO).