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Global Drylands Imperative Challenge Paper: Pastoralism and Mobility In Drylands
Nomadic pastoralists and the dryland ecosystems they occupy form a critically important but little known livelihood system. Pastoralists have been ill-served by development policies and actions so far, since planners have almost without exception tried to convert the pastoralists into something else, judged more modern, more progressive and more productive. Happily this is now changing, as researchers and planners revise their ideas and identify a new development agenda. Many of these changes have resulted from successfully listening to herders themselves
Date:
March 2003
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Text
System:
The UNT Digital Library
OECD Global Forum on Sustainable Development: Emissions Trading: Concerted Action on Tradeable Emissions Permits Country Forum
The aim of the Forum was to bring representatives from OECD and non-OECD country governments together with representatives from the research community, to identify and discuss key policy issues relating to GHG emissions trading and other project based mechanisms for GHG emission reduction, such as Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism. These mechanisms are of significant interest to both Economies in Transition and developing countries. The scope of the Forum also covered experiences with the use of emission trading in other environmental policy applications, such as reducing conventional air pollutants.
Date:
March 2003
Creator:
Ogushi, Takuya & Kure, Seiki
Object Type:
Text
System:
The UNT Digital Library
OECD Global Forum on Sustainable Development: Emissions Trading: Concerted Action on Tradeable Emissions Permits Country Forum
The aim of the Forum was to bring representatives from OECD and non-OECD country governments together with representatives from the research community, to identify and discuss key policy issues relating to greenhouse gas emissions trading and other project based mechanisms for GHG emission reduction, such as Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism. The Forum also aimed to promote dialogue between the various stakeholder groups, and discuss policy needs in the design and implementation of tradeable emissions schemes. Forum participants included representatives from OECD and non-OECD governments, as well as from the research community. Those from industry and other institutions involved with emissions trading, joint implementation and clean development mechanism projects such as the European Commission and the World Bank were also represented.
Date:
March 2003
Creator:
Gupta, Shreekant
Object Type:
Text
System:
The UNT Digital Library
OECD Global Forum on Substainable Development: Emission Trading: Concerted Action On Tradeable Emissions Permits Country Forum
The aim of the Forum was to bring representatives from OECD and non-OECD country governments together with representatives from the research community, to identify and discuss key policy issues relating to greenhouse gas emissions trading and other project based mechanisms for GHG emission reduction, such as Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism. The Forum also aimed to promote dialogue between the various stakeholder groups, and discuss policy needs in the design and implementation of tradeable emissions schemes. Forum participants included representatives from OECD and non-OECD governments, as well as from the research community. Those from industry and other institutions involved with emissions trading, joint implementation and clean development mechanism projects such as the European Commission and the World Bank were also represented.
Date:
March 2003
Creator:
Yang, Jintian & Schreifels, Jeremy
Object Type:
Text
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fueling Transportation Finance: A Primer on the Gas Tax
This report is about a study of the collection, allocation, and use of federal and state taxes on motor fuels the “gas tax”.
Date:
March 2003
Creator:
Puentes, Robert & Prince, Ryan
Object Type:
Text
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Transmission electron microscopy of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) molybdenum: effects of irradiation on material microstructure
Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) molybdenum has been characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine the effects of irradiation on material microstructure. This work describes the results-to-date from TEM characterization of unirradiated and irradiated ODS molybdenum. The general microstructure of the unirradiated material consists of fine molybdenum grains (< 5 {micro}m average grain size) with numerous low angle boundaries and isolated dislocation networks. 'Ribbon'-like lanthanum oxides are aligned along the working direction of the product form and are frequently associated with grain boundaries, serving to inhibit grain boundary and dislocation movement. In addition to the 'ribbons', discrete lanthanum oxide particles have also been detected. After irradiation, the material is characterized by the presence of nonuniformly distributed large ({approx} 20 to 100 nm in diameter), multi-faceted voids, while the molybdenum grain size and oxide morphology appear to be unaffected by irradiation.
Date:
March 3, 2003
Creator:
Baranwal, R. and Burke, M.G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Hydrologic Tests at Characterization Wells R-9i, R-13, R-19, R-22, and R-31
Hydrologic information is essential for environmental efforts at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Testing at new characterization wells being drilled to the regional aquifer (''R wells'') to improve the conceptual hydrogeologic model of the Pajarito Plateau is providing such information. Drilling has been by air-rotary casing-advance or open-hole methods. Most wells are completed with multiple screens. After their construction, wells were rigorously developed by wire-brushing, bailing, followed by surging, swabbing, or jetting, and finally by pumping. These methods are effective based on field-parameter measurements and comparison of results of hydrologic testing at well R-31 before and after complete well development. We conducted field tests on various zones of saturation penetrated by the R wells to collect data needed for determining hydraulic properties. This document provides details of the design and execution of testing as well as an analysis of data for five of the new wells: R-9i, R-13, R-19, R-22, and R-31. One well was evaluated by a pumping test (R-13), another was evaluated by both straddle-packer/injection and pumping tests (R-9i), and the rest were evaluated by injection tests alone (R-19, R-22, R-31). Testing was constrained by the regional setting (complex geology and multiple zones of saturation) and well construction (multiscreen …
Date:
March 1, 2003
Creator:
Stone, W.J. & McLin, S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Biomonitoring with Wireless Communications
This review is divided into three sections: technologies for monitoring physiological parameters; biosensors for chemical assays and wireless communications technologies including image transmissions. Applications range from monitoring high risk patients for heart, respiratory activity and falls to sensing levels of physical activity in military, rescue, and sports personnel. The range of measurements include, heart rate, pulse wave form, respiratory rate, blood oxygen, tissue pCO2, exhaled carbon dioxide and physical activity. Other feasible measurements will employ miniature chemical laboratories on silicon or plastic chips. The measurements can be extended to clinical chemical assays ranging from common blood assays to protein or specialized protein measurements (e.g., troponin, creatine, and cytokines such as TNF and IL6). Though the feasibility of using wireless technology to communicate vital signs has been demonstrated 32 years ago (1) it has been only recently that practical and portable devices and communications net works have become generally available for inexpensive deployment of comfortable and affordable devices and systems.
Date:
March 1, 2003
Creator:
Budinger, Thomas F.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Frequency Control Concerns in the North American Electric Power System
This paper examines the relationship between system frequency, reliability and markets. It was prompted by the frequency deviations recently experienced at 2200 hours daily but is more generally concerned with the question of what frequency control is necessary. The paper does not provide new information or document new research. Nor is it intended to educate readers concerning power system engineering. Instead, the purpose is to reexamine well known truths concerning the power system and to freshly explore the basic relationship between frequency, reliability and markets: stepping back, if you will, to see if we are collectively missing something. The concern of this paper is with frequency and reliability. Off-nominal frequency can impact reliability and markets efficiency (as we are using the term here) in four ways. It could damage equipment (generation, transmission, or load). It could degrade the quality of the product being delivered to end users (too low and lights would flicker unacceptably, for example). It could result in the collapse of the power system itself (by triggering protective system actions, for example). Or it could result in overloading transmission lines as various generators try to restore system frequency impacting markets efficiency. Often these causes operate in concert. Generator …
Date:
March 26, 2003
Creator:
Kirby, B.J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Results of Deposition Scoping Tests
The processes of crystallization and solid deposit formation that led to the shutdown of the 2H evaporator operation at the Savannah River Site (SRS) and that could possibly cause similar problems in the future or in other evaporators need to be better understood. Through experimentation, thermodynamic modeling, and correlation of scaling to historical tank farm operations, progress has been made in developing guidelines as to the concentrations of silicon and aluminum that can be processed by evaporators while avoiding unacceptable levels of scale formation. However, because of limitations of the thermodynamic model and an insufficient amount of operational data at slightly supersaturated concentration levels, uncertainty still exists regarding acceptable feed concentrations. The objective of this effort is to provide information that can be used in defining acceptable levels of silicon and aluminum in evaporator feed solutions. Data collected previously showed that particle formation reactions can be rapid at evaporator temperatures for elevated silicon and aluminum concentrations. However, insufficient data exists to estimate the silicon and aluminum concentrations above which solids will form in the time frame of evaporator processing. The work described in this report was designed to determine the induction period for solutions of decreasing aluminum and silicon concentration …
Date:
March 4, 2003
Creator:
Hu, M.Z.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
EOSN: A TOUGH2 module for noble gases
We developed a new fluid property module for TOUGH2, called EOSN, to simulate transport of noble gases in the subsurface. Currently, users may select any of five different noble gases as well as CO2, two at a time. For the three gas components (air and two user-specified noble gases) in EOSN, the Henry's coefficients and the diffusivities in the gas phase are no longer assumed constants, but are temperature dependent. We used the Crovetto et al. (1982) model to estimate Henry's coefficients, and the Reid et al. (1987) correlations to calculate gas phase diffusivities. The new module requires users to provide names of the selected noble gases, which properties are provided internally. There are options for users to specify any (non-zero) molecular weights and half-lives for the gas components. We provide two examples to show applications of TOUGH2IEOSN. While temperature effects are relatively insignificant for one example problem where advection is dominant, they cause almost an order of magnitude difference for the other case where diffusion becomes a dominant process and temperature variations are relatively large. It appears that thermodynamic effects on gas diffusivities and Henry's coefficients can be important for low-permeability porous media and zones with large temperature variations.
Date:
March 7, 2003
Creator:
Shan, Chao & Pruess, Karsten
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Plutonium/High-Level Vitrified Waste Bdbe Dose Calculation
In accordance with the Nuclear Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1987, Yucca Mountain was designated as the site to be investigated as a potential repository for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste. The Yucca Mountain site is an undeveloped area located on the southwestern edge of the Nevada Test Site (NTS), about 100 miles northwest of Las Vegas. The site currently lacks rail service or an existing right-of-way. If the Yucca Mountain site is found suitable for the repository, rail service is desirable to the Office of Civilian Waste Management (OCRWM) Program because of the potential of rail transportation to reduce costs and to reduce the number of shipments relative to highway transportation. A Preliminary Rail Access Study evaluated 13 potential rail spur options. Alternative routes within the major options were also developed. Each of these options was then evaluated for potential land use conflicts and access to regional rail carriers. Three potential routes having few land use conflicts and having access to regional carriers were recommended for further investigation. Figure 1-1 shows these three routes. The Jean route is estimated to be about 120 miles long, the Carlin route to be about 365 miles long, and Caliente route to …
Date:
March 19, 2003
Creator:
Richardson, D. C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Improving the Efficiency of Solid State Light Sources
This proposal addresses the national need to develop a high efficiency light source for general illumination applications. The goal is to perform research that would lead to the fabrication of a unique solid state, white-emitting light source. This source is based on an InGaN/GaN UV-emitting chip that activates a luminescent material (phosphor) to produce white light. White-light LEDs are commercially available which use UV from a GaN chip to excite a phosphor suspended in epoxy around the chip. Currently, these devices are relatively inefficient. This research will target one technical barrier that presently limits the efficiency of GaN based devices. Improvements in efficiencies will be achieved by improving the internal conversion efficiency of the LED die, by improving the coupling between the die and phosphor(s) to reduce losses at the surfaces, and by selecting phosphors to maximize the emissions from the LEDs in conversion to white light. The UCSD research team proposes for this project to develop new phosphors that have high quantum efficiencies that can be activated by the UV-blue (360-410 nm) light emitted by the GaN device. The main goal for the UCSD team was to develop new phosphor materials with a very specific property: phosphors that could …
Date:
March 31, 2003
Creator:
McKittrick, Joanna
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Forcing of Mercury Oxidation as a Means of Promoting Low-Cost Capture
Trace amounts of mercury are found in all coals. During combustion this mercury is vaporized and can be released to the atmosphere. This has been a cause for concern for a number of years, and has resulted in a determination by the EPA to regulate and control these emissions. Present technology does not, however, provide inexpensive ways to capture or remove mercury from flue gases. The mercury that exits the furnace in the oxidized form (HgCl{sub 2}) is known to much more easily captured in existing wet pollution control equipment (e.g., wet FGD for SO{sub 2}), principally due to its high solubility in water. Until recently, however, nobody knew what caused this oxidation, or how to promote it. Recent DOE-funded research in our group, along with work by others, has identified the gas phase mechanism responsible for this oxidation. The scenario is as follows. In the flame the mercury is quantitatively vaporized as elemental mercury. Also, the chlorine in the fuel is released as HCl. The direct reaction Hg+HCl is, however, far too slow to be of practical consequence in oxidation. The high temperature region does supports a small concentration of atomic chlorine due to disassociation of HCl. As the …
Date:
March 30, 2003
Creator:
Kramlich, John C. & Castiglone, Linda
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Assessment of CO2 Sequestration and ECBM Potential of U.S. Coalbeds
In October, 2000, the U.S. Department of Energy, through contractor Advanced Resources International, launched a multi-year government-industry R&D collaboration called the Coal-Seq project. The Coal-Seq project is investigating the feasibility of CO{sub 2} sequestration in deep, unmineable coalseams, by performing detailed reservoir studies of two enhanced coalbed methane recovery (ECBM) field projects in the San Juan basin. The two sites are the Allison Unit, operated by Burlington Resources, and into which CO{sub 2} is being injected, and the Tiffany Unit, operating by BP America, into which N{sub 2} is being injected (the interest in understanding the N{sub 2}-ECBM process has important implications for CO{sub 2} sequestration via flue-gas injection). The purposes of the field studies are to understand the reservoir mechanisms of CO{sub 2} and N{sub 2} injection into coalseams, demonstrate the practical effectiveness of the ECBM and sequestration processes, an engineering capability to simulate them, and to evaluate sequestration economics. In support of these efforts, laboratory and theoretical studies are also being performed to understand and model multi-component isotherm behavior, and coal permeability changes due to swelling with CO{sub 2} injection. This report describes the results of an important component of the overall project, applying the findings from the …
Date:
March 31, 2003
Creator:
Reeves, Scott R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A Fiduciary Review of Key Governance and Investment Functions of the Texas Permanent School Fund
Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to insufficient revenues of the Permanent School Fund (PSF); the PSF's governance structure, guiding parameters, spending policy, and asset allocation policy, which do not adequately reflect the interests of the Legislature; and the State Board of Education's management of the PSF.
Date:
March 2003
Creator:
Texas. Office of the State Auditor.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The Portal to Texas History
An Audit Report on the Children's Health Insurance Program at the Health and Human Services Commission
Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to determining whether projected savings from the Health and Human Services Commission's in-house management of the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) drug benefit were realistic and attainable; whether the Commission used accurate data and reasonable assumptions when developing initial HMO premiums for CHIP; and whether the Commission established health maintenance organization (HMO) premiums for the second year of CHIP based on reliable, accurate data and a comprehensive analysis.
Date:
March 2003
Creator:
Texas. Office of the State Auditor.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The Portal to Texas History
An Audit Report on the Financial Statements of the Permanent School Fund for the Fiscal Year Ended August 31, 2002
Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to financial statements of the Permanent School Fund, which were materially correct and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Date:
March 2003
Creator:
Texas. Office of the State Auditor.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The Portal to Texas History
An Audit Report on Compliance with Benefits Proportional by Fund Requirements at 20 State Entities
Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to selected state entities' compliance or noncompliance with Salaries to be Proportional by Fund Requirements in the General Appropriations Act.
Date:
March 2003
Creator:
Texas. Office of the State Auditor.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The Portal to Texas History
A Financial Review of Texas Southern University
Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to determining whether Texas Southern University (University) provides legislative budget committees and University management with accurate and consistent financial information; determining whether the University is using state appropriations and local funds in accordance with applicable state laws and regulations; reviewing the results of outcome performance measures; and following up on prior journal voucher issues.
Date:
March 2003
Creator:
Texas. Office of the State Auditor.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The Portal to Texas History
An Audit Report on the Department of Transportation's Management of State Highway Fund 6
Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to determining whether the Department of Transportation is managing the daily balance in the State Highway Fund (Fund 6) to minimize excess balances while ensuring that funds are available for prompt payments to contractors, providing accurate and useful financial information on Fund 6 activities to the Legislature and other external customers, and complying with the capital budget provisions of the General Appropriations Act.
Date:
March 2003
Creator:
Texas. Office of the State Auditor.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The Portal to Texas History
An Audit of the Basic Financial Statements of the Office of the Fire Fighters' Pension Commissioner for the Fiscal Year Ended August 31, 2002
Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to an opinion on the Office of the Fire Fighters' Pension Commissioner's (Commission) basic financial statements in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the US.
Date:
March 2003
Creator:
Texas. Office of the State Auditor.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The Portal to Texas History
An Audit Report on the Commission on State Emergency Communications' Disbursement of State Funds
Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to determining whether the Commission on State Emergency Communications disburses state funds to the regional planning commissions (RPCs) only after RPCs spend all local funds.
Date:
March 2003
Creator:
Texas. Office of the State Auditor.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The Portal to Texas History
An Audit Report on the Department of Health's Implementation of a Business Improvement Plan
Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to the failure of the Department of Health to make significant progress in implementing important initiatives related to its core administrative support functions in its Business Improvement Plan, which has contributed to serious ongoing weaknesses in the Department's financial operations.
Date:
March 2003
Creator:
Texas. Office of the State Auditor.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The Portal to Texas History