A computer model was developed to predict eddy currents and fluid flows in molten steel. The model was verified by comparing predictions with experimental results of liquid-metal containment and fluid flow in electromagnetic (EM) edge dams (EMDs) designed at Inland Steel for twin-roll casting. The model can optimize the EMD design so it is suitable for application, and minimize expensive, time-consuming full-scale testing. Numerical simulation was performed by coupling a three-dimensional (3-D) finite-element EM code (ELEKTRA) and a 3-D finite-difference fluids code (CaPS-EM) to solve heat transfer, fluid flow, and turbulence transport in a casting process that involves EM fields. ELEKTRA is able to predict the eddy-current distribution and the electromagnetic forces in complex geometries. CaPS-EM is capable of modeling fluid flows with free surfaces. Results of the numerical simulation compared measurements obtained from a static test.

The metabolic properties of the carrier free long lived fission products in the adult rat have been investigated at different intervals ranging from one to sixty-eight days following administration of the radioactive material. The radio elements studied include the most important long lived fission products, namely, Sr, Y, Zr, Cb, Ra, I, Xe, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Np, and the unseparated uranium free fission mixture. The routes of administration included intraperitoneal, intramuscular, oral and intrapulmonary. The tissues assayed for the distribution of the administered radio elements included heart, liver, kidney, testes, spleen, muscle, skin, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, bone, blood, lungs, brain, fat, adrenals, lymph nodes. Urine and feces were collected separately at daily intervals for assay. Data acquired is provided in tabular form. For the fission products which were poorly absorbed from the site of both intramuscular arid intraperitoneal injection (namely, Y, Zr, Cb, Ru, La, Ce, Pr, Np, and the uranium free fission mixture) only the intramuscular data are given here and it is expressed in terms of the distribution of the fraction absorbed from the site of injection. For the radio elements which are completely absorbed following intraperitoneal and intramuscular injection or are absorbed in …

During metal forming process, lubricants are crucial to prevent direct contact, adhesion, transfer and scuffing of workpiece materials and tools. Boric acid films can be firmly adhered to the clean aluminum surfaces by spraying their methanol solutions and provide extremely low friction coefficient (about 0.04). The cohesion strengths of the bonded films vary with the types of aluminum alloys (6061, 6111 and 5754). The sheet metal forming tests indicate that boric acid films and the combined films of boric acid and mineral oil can create larger strains than the commercial liquid and solid lubricants, showing that they possess excellent lubricities for aluminum forming. SEM analyses indicate that boric acid dry films separate the workpiece and die materials, and prevent their direct contact and preserve their surface qualities. Since boric acid is non-toxic and easily removed by water, it can be expected that boric acid films are environmentally friendly, cost effective and very efficient lubricants for sheet aluminum cold forming.

Strangeness production in Au+Au collisions has been measured via the yields of K{sup +} , K{sup {minus}} at 6, 8 AGeV and of {bar {Lambda}} at 10.8 AGeV beam kinetic energy in experiment E917. By varying the collision centrally and beam energy, a systematic search for indications of new phenomena and in-medium effects under high baryon density is undertaken.

Development of a passive millimeter-wave (mm-wave) system is described for remotely mapping thermal and chemical signatures of process effluents with application to arms control and nonproliferation. Because a large amount of heat is usually dissipated in the air or waterway as a by-product of most weapons of mass destruction facilities, remote thermal mapping may be used to detect concealed or open facilities of weapons of mass destruction. We have developed a focal-plane mm-wave imaging system to investigate the potential of thermal mapping. Results of mm-wave images obtained with a 160-GHz radiometer system are presented for different target scenes simulated in the laboratory. Chemical and nuclear facilities may be identified by remotely measuring molecular signatures of airborne molecules emitted from these facilities. We have developed a filterbank radiometer to investigate the potential of passive spectral measurements. Proof of principle is presented by measuring the HDO spectral line at 80.6 GHz with a 4-channel 77-83 GHz radiometer.

This document defines the baseline plan for the management of unconverted light in the NIF target chamber. It includes a detailed description of the characteristics of the diffractive optics (color separation grating) and their orientation for each beam. The resulting unconverted light distribution is then described in a form that will ease experiment planning.

This booklet describes authorized lending programs and loan guarantees provided by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and several Federal agencies, including DOE, that consumers and businesses can use to finance solar heat or electric systems and energy efficient mortgages.

Titanate-based ceramic waste forms are currently under development for the immobilization of excess weapons plutonium. Both Hf and Gd are added to the ceramic formulation as neutron absorbers in order to satisfy a defense-in-depth concept for the waste form. The introduction of significant amounts of hafnium may be responsible for the presence of zirconolite-2M crystals in pyrochlore-based ceramics and the formation of zirconolite lamellae within pyrochlore. The zirconolite grows epitaxially on {l_brace}111{r_brace}planes of pyrochlore. Although the zirconolite lamellae within pyrochlore are non-cubic, any volume expansion due to radiation damage in the pyrochlore should still be isotropic; in addition, the presence of these intergrowths may allow some stress relief in the ceramic.

Soudan 2 has measured the atmospheric neutrino flavor ratio with 4.2 fiducial kiloton-years of exposure. It measures a flavor ratio of 0.66 {+-} 0.11(stat), inconsistent with the expected ratio but consistent with the hypothesis of neutrino oscillations and the Super-Kamiokande data. In a sample of events with good angular resolution, fits to the L/E distribution suggest that {Delta}m{sup 2} > 10{sup {minus}3} eV{sup 2}.

The two main functions of the NLC extraction line include: (1) transmission of the outgoing disrupted beam and secondary particles to the dump with minimal losses; and (2) beam diagnostics and control. In this report, we describe the extraction line optics, present the results of tracking studies, and discuss the extraction line instrumentation.

Research in the energy region between 3-5 GeV has been extraordinarily productive and among other discoveries has revealed the existence of the tau lepton and of the bound and bare states of the charmed quarks. The region encompasses a rich spectroscopy of charm-anticharm states and the states of the charmed quark combined with lighter components. Exploration of this interesting and important physics has not even been remotely exhausted in the past and the only machine in the world operating in a dedicated mode in this energy region is the BEPC collider at the Institute of High Energy Physics in China. Results relevant to this energy range have been, and continue to be, accumulated by many high energy physics colliders in the world as a by-product of their activities which emphasize other energy regions. This workshop was designed to address the status of the physics results which have accumulated in the 3-5 GeV range of energy and to explore the question whether it warrants a new collider to be constructed, specifically dedicated to this energy region but with highly superior performance as to luminosity (specifically 10{sup 33} cm{sup {minus}2} sec{sup {minus}1}) and incorporating additional parameters, such as the possibility of polarized …

We have attempted to determine the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of negative pions in the Bragg-peak region as compared to the plateau region and to gamma rays. We irradiated LAF{sub 1} mice, bearing 5-day-old lymphoma ascites tumors, in the peak and plateau regions of a 90-MeV pion beam for 40 hours in temperature-controlled holders. The animals were then sacrificed; lymphoma cells were withdrawn and titrated into adult female LAF{sub 1} mice. The proliferative capacity of the irradiated tumor cells was evaluated after 8 weeks by observing the percentage of animals developing ascites tumors. Surviving fractions were then calculated from LD{sub 50}`s of control and irradiated animals. Radiation doses in the 50 plateau region were measured with LiF dosimeters calibrated against cobalt-60 gamma rays. We calculated peak doses from those at the plateau, using a measured average peak-to-plateau ionization ratio of 1.5. Doses in the plateau region ranged from 145 to 250 rads; doses in the peak region ranged from 220 to 380 rads. The survival curve for cells irradiated in the peak region gave a D{sub 0} of 65 {plus_minus} 15 rads. The plateau points were not reliable. A replicate experiment was performed using Co{sup 60} {gamma}-rays, yielding a survival-curve …

New high-K isomers are populated in {sup 180,181,182}Hf nuclei via inelastic excitation and transfer reactions, using pulsed {sup 238}U beams on Hf targets. The new data explore K-hindrances for different multipolarities and the role of residual spin-spin interactions for multi-quasiparticle (qp) configurations at the neutron-rich edge of the {beta}-stability line. The mapping of 4-qp K-isomers in the A {approx} 180 region is extended into neutron-rich territory.

Detection of smuggled nuclear materials at transit points requires monitoring unknown samples in large closed packages. This review contends that high-confidence nuclear-material detection requires induced fission as the primary mechanism, with passive radiation screening in a complementary role. With the right equipment, even small quantities of nuclear materials are detectable with a high probability at transit points. The equipment could also be linked synergistically with detectors of other contrabond. For screening postal mail and packages, passive monitors are probably more cost-effective. When a suspicious item is detected, a single active probe could then be used. Until active systems become mass produced, this two-stage screening/interrogation role for active/passive equipment is more economic for cargo at border crossings. For widespread monitoring of nuclear smuggling, it will probably be necessary to develop a system for simultaneously detecting most categories of contraband, including explosives and illicit drugs. With control of nuclear materials at known storage sites being the first line of defense, detection capabilities at international borders could establish a viable second line of defense against smuggling.

The effect of phosphorus on Mo₂C supported on {gamma}-Al₂O₃ and activated carbon was studied. The catalysts were characterized by CO chemisorption, BET surface area measurements, x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and tested for their reactivity for hydroprocessing reactions, particularly hydrogenation (HYD), hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), using model liquid compounds. The P-containing catalysts had higher reactivity for HDN than those without P. HDS was higher when the Mo₂ C was synthesized on {gamma}-Al₂ O₃ previously treated with P than when the Mo component and P were added together on {gamma}-Al₂O₃. Post reaction characterization indicates that the catalysts were tolerant of sulfur.

Uranium cores have a grain size specification of A8 to A3. Large grain size is denoted by a small ``A`` number and small grain by larger ``A`` numbers. Grain sizes smaller than A9 denote an untransformed core which presumably has a high rupture potential. Grain sizes larger than A3 cause swelling, or bumping, of the fuel thus increasing the probability of rupture failure. Presently, tests are made on all cores received to determine compliance to the above specifications. As a result of a recent study and analysis of all pertinent factors applicable to this situation, it is concluded that 100% inspection of all lots received at HAPO for compliance to grain size specifications is neither warranted nor economically justifiable. In lieu of the present screening, a system is proposed to insure that screening is effected only when there is an economic incentive. Such a system requires that the Feedsite (NLO) maintain its present process control sampling plan of 5 cores per ingot. A sampling receiving inspection at HAPO will be used to detect major shifts in the quality of cores to insure that screening is used only when there is an economic incentive. This sampling inspection, in place of the …

This is the final status report for the approved Advanced Manufacturing Projects for FY 1989. Five of the projects were begun in FY 1987, one in FY 1988, and one in FY 1989. The approved projects cover technology areas in welding, explosive material processing and evaluation, ion implantation, and automated manufacturing. It is expected that the successful completion of these projects well result in improved quality and/or reduced cost for components produced by Mound. Those projects not brought to completion will be continued under Process development in FY 1990.

The Montreal Protocol of 1987 effectively banned a long list of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) traditionally used in air conditioning and refrigeration applications. The refrigeration and air conditioning industries have responded by developing and testing new, alternative refrigerants that are less damaging to the atmosphere upon release. Despite a reputation for quality and reliability, air conditioning systems do occasionally fail. One of the more common failure modes in a hermetic system is a motor burnout. Motor burnouts can occur by various mechanisms. One of the most common scenarios is a locked motor rotor, which may result from a damaged bearing. The resulting electrical motor burnout is caused by overheating of the locked rotor and subsequent failure of the insulation. This is primarily a thermal breakdown process.

The International Petroleum Statistics Report presents data for March 1995 on international oil production, demand, imports, exports, and stocks. The report has four sections. Section 1 contains time series data on world oil production, and on oil demand and stocks in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This section contains annual data beginning in 1985, and monthly data for the most recent two years. Section 2 presents an oil supply/demand balance for the world. This balance is presented in quarterly intervals for the most recent two years. Section 3 presents data on oil imports by OECD countries. This section contains annual data for the most recent year, quarterly data for the most recent two quarters, and monthly data for the most recent twelve months. Section 4 presents annual time series data on world oil production and oil stocks, demand, and trade in OECD countries. World oil production and OECD demand data are for the years 1970 through 1993; OECD stocks from 1973 through 1993; and OECD trade from 1983 through 1993.

General Atomics (GA) leads a team of industrial, academic, and government organizations in the development of the Environmental Systems Management, Analysis and Reporting neTwork (E-SMART) for the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA), by way of this Technology Reinvestment Project (TRP). E-SMART defines a standard by which networks of smart sensing, sampling, and control devices can interoperate. E-SMART{reg_sign} is intended to be an open standard, available to any equipment manufacturer. The user will be provided a standard platform on which a site-specific monitoring plan can be implemented using sensors and actuators from various manufacturers and upgraded as new monitoring devices become commercially available. This project will further develop and advance the E-SMART standardized network protocol to include new sensors, sampling systems, and graphical user interfaces.

The primary objective of this project was to explore and develop the area of technetium metal-metal multiple bond chemistry. At the outset of the project, examples of metal-metal multiply bonded complexes of technetium were primarily limited to those supported by halide and carboxylate ligands. As a result, we intended to significantly expand the number of complexes containing Tc-Tc multiple bonds using ligands other than carboxylates or halides. In order to achieve this goal, the results obtained from years of dirhenium research was used as a guide for the development of new technetium compounds. Our emphasis, however, was on pursuing unanticipated results and exploiting the inherent differences between technetium and rhenium in order to develop chemistry beyond that which exists for rhenium. We have focused our attention on the preparation of dinuclear complexes with ligand sets that are known to support dinuclear metal-metal bonded cores in a variety of different metal oxidation states. Investigation of the consequences of electron addition and removal from metal-metal bonding manifold on the structural and physical properties of such dinuclear species will provide vital information regarding the electronic structure of Tc-Tc multiply bonded compounds.

The purpose of this project is to integrate a variety of geographic information systems capabilities and telecommunication technologies for potential use in geographic network and visualization applications. The specific technical goals of the project were to design, develop, and simulate the components of an audio/visual geographic communications system to aid future real-time monitoring, mapping and managing of transport vehicles. The system components of this feasibility study are collectively referred to as a Geographic Visualization and Communications System (GVCS). State-of-the-art techniques will be used and developed to allow both the vehicle operator and network manager to monitor the location and surrounding environment of a transport vehicle during shipment.

We have investigated field-emission devices for applications in sensors, diagnostics, and micro-electronics. Field-emission devices micromachined from silicon and molybdenum have been fabricated and tested. Experimental results have shown that the presence of nitrogen gas molecules for pressures up to 1 mtorr has only a moderate impact on device emission performance, and has no long term effect on device operation. These results demonstrate that field-emission cathodes can potentially be used in sensors applications where gas ionization by election impact is desirable, or other applications in which the field-emission device is exposed to less than ideal vacuum conditions.

In March, 1988, the first PUREX cycle suffered uranium contamination of the solvent, 30% TBP in n-paraffin. Initial indication of maloperation was uranium contamination of the plutonium product stream, 1BP. Uranium in relatively large quantities, 10{sup {minus}3} to 10{sup {minus}4} g/L, was found in the solvent in Tank 14.7. This tank contains first cycle solvent that has been through the solvent washing system and is destined for return back to the cycle. Solvent, contained in Tank 14.7 under normal operating conditions, has <1 {times} 10{sup {minus}4} g U/L following the carbonate-acid-carbonate washing sequence. Work at SRL showed that the interfacial tension of the contaminated solvent, as sampled, was 2.5, indicating that substances, possibly long chain acids, were present that could affect disengaging times for the solvent. Virgin 30% TBP in n-paraffin has a interfacial tension of around 10 or better, for example. Tests conducted by Reif also showed that the contaminated solvent picked up significantly more fission products, Ru{sup 106} and Zr{sup 95}, than did virgin solvent. The contaminated solvent, following contact with alumina, had a greatly improved interfacial tension of 9.5 and exhibited much less pickup of both Ru{sup 106} and Zr{sup 95}. In a H-Area process testing, contact …