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Nuclear power in the Soviet Bloc
The growth of Soviet Bloc nuclear power generation to the end of the century is evaluated on the basis of policy statements of objectives, past and current nuclear power plant construction, and trends in the potential for future construction. Central to this study is a detailed examination of individual reactor construction and site development that provides specific performance data not given elsewhere. A major commitment to nuclear power is abundantly clear and an expansion of ten times in nuclear electric generation is estimated between 1980 and 2000. This rate of growth is likely to have significant impact upon the total energy economy of the Soviet Bloc including lessening demands for use of coal, oil, and gas for electricity generation.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Davey, W.G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
SPXCPL: two-dimensional modeling program of self-potential effects from cross-coupled fluid and heat flow (User's Guide and documentation for Version 1. 0)
The program is applicable to the calculation of self-potential effects due to fluid flow (electrokinetic effects) and heat flow (thermoelectric effects). The geological structure is two dimensional but the sources can be either finite line sources or point sources. The accuracy of the calculated potentials depends on the model discretization and the distance from the source(s). For the default mesh, the accuracy is usually a few percent at a distance of about one unit from the source. Surface boundary conditions for the primary problem require careful consideration as the form of the flow near the air-earth interface can have a profound effect on the resultant electric potentials. For temperature problems the appropriate boundary condition is a constant temperature, which is taken as zero. With this boundary condition there is a normal flux of heat at the surface and there will be induced electrical sources here, if the surface medium has a nonzero coupling coefficient. In the models, zero temperature at the surface is produced by giving the air a very large thermal conductivity.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Sill, W. R. & Killpack, T. J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Irradiation experiment for lithium ceramics
Solid breeder materials are required in D-T fusion reactor blankets to convert fusion neutrons to tritium and thermal energy while providing some neutron shielding for the magnets. Lithium compounds such as Li/sub 2/O, LiAlO/sub 2/, Li/sub 4/SiO/sub 4/ and Li/sub 2/ZrO/sub 3/ have been proposed as solid breeder materials. Tritium is necessary to maintain the fuel supply for the D-T fusion reaction. No high burnup irradiation performance data is available for these materials in a neutron environment prototypic of the fusion blanket. The FUBR Experiment in EBR-II has been designed and built to evaluate the irradiation performance of these materials.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Hollenberg, G.W.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Institutional and Financial Guide to Geothermal District Heating. Serial No. 2
General planning considerations which affect nearly every community are reviewed, and alternative operating structures which are available to communities are reviewed, including local governments, nonprofit cooperatives, private enterprises, and joint ventures. The financing options available to publicly-owned and privately-owned district heating systems are then summarized. The geothermal production and distribution activities most appropriate to each type of operating structure are reviewed, along with typical equity and debt funding sources. The tax advantages for private developers are described, as are the issures of customer contracts and service prices, and customer retrofit financing. The treatment is limited to an introductory overview. (LEW)
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Simulating the operation of a port contender with SIM 4: applying Monte Carlo techniques to the Gandalf PACX IV
A simulation program, SIM 4, has been written which utilizes usage statistics to project PACK IV performance. Using this program, system managers can allocate scarce resources in an efficient manner.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Totendino, L.F.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High-temperature turbine technology program hot-gas path development test. Part II. Testing
This topical report of the US Department of Energy High-Temperature Turbine Technology (DOE-HTTT) Phase II program presents the results of testing full-scale water-cooled first-stage and second-stage turbine nozzles at design temperature and pressure to verify that the designs are adequate for operation in a full-scale turbine environment. Low-cycle fatigue life of the nozzles was demonstrated by subjecting cascade assemblies to several hundred simulated startup/shutdown turbine cycles. This testing was accomplished in the Hot-Gas Path Development Test Stand (HGPDTS), which is capable of evaluating full-scale combustion and turbine nozzle components. A three-throat cascade of the first-stage turbine nozzle was successfully tested at a nozzle inlet gas temperature of 2630/sup 0/F and a nozzle inlet pressure of 11.3 atmospheres. In addition to steady-state operation at the design firing temperature, the nozzle cascade was exposed to a simulated startup/shutdown turbine cycle by varying the firing temperature. A total of 42 h at the design point and 617 thermal cycles were accumulated during the test periods. First-stage nozzle test results show that measured metal and coolant temperatures correspond well to the predicted design values. This nozzle design has been shown to be fully satisfactory for the application (2600/sup 0/F), with growth capability to 3000/sup …
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Horner, M. W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Shear alfven resonances in Tokapole II
It has been suggested that efficient heating can occur by coupling energy through the shear Alfven resonance that is predicted to occur at particular locations within inhomogeneous plasmas. This heating mechanism should be applicable to tokamaks; however, the existence of the resonances in tokamaks has not yet been established experimentally. We present here direct observations of localized enhancement in the driven wave magnetic field which are compatible with theoretical predictions for the shear Alfven resonance in tokamak geometry. These resonance studies at low absorbed power will be followed by higher power heating (approx. 1 MW) presently being developed.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Witherspoon, F.D.; Prager, S.C. & Sprott, J.C.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl and bis(trimethylsilyl)amido complexes of the di- and trivalent lanthanides
The reaction of the divalent iodides YbI/sub 2/ and EuI/sub 2/ with NaN(SiMe/sub 3/)/sub 2/ has provided pentane-soluble, monomeric derivatives of the divalent lanthanides. These compounds are isolated as the solvated species Eu(N(SiMe/sub 3/)/sub 2/)/sub 2/L/sub 2/ (L = thf or 1,2-dme), Yb(N(SiMe/sub 3/)/sub 2/)/sub 2/(thf)/sub 1/ /sub 5/ and Yb(N(SiMe/sub 3/)/sub 2/)/sub 2/L/sub 2/ (L = 1,2-dme or OEt/sub 2/), or as the sodium salts NaM(N(SiMe/sub 3/)/sub 2/)/sub 3/ (M = Eu or Yb). The pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand has been used to obtain trivalent derivatives of the type (C/sub 5/Me/sub 5/)/sub 2/MCl/sub 2/M'L/sub x/ (M = Nd, Sm or Yb; M' = Li or Na; L = OEt/sub 2/ or tmed) or (C/sub 5/Me/sub 5/)/sub 2/MCl(thf) (M = Nd or Yb). These compounds undergo metathesis reactions. The interaction of NaC/sub 5/Me/sub 5/ with EuCl/sub 3/ yields only the divalent (C/sub 5/Me/sub 5/)/sub 2/EuL (L = thf or OEt/sub 2/). Analogous compounds of ytterbium are obtained by reaction of YbI/sub 2/ with NaC/sub 5/Me/sub 5/ in thf or OEt/sub 2/. The ytterbium amine complexes are weakly paramagnetic, apparently due to charge transfer from ytterbium to the aromatic rings. The divalent phosphine complexes (C/sub 5/Me/sub 5/)/sub 2/ML (M = Eu or Yb; …
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Tilley, T. D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Floristic composition and plant succession on near-surface radioactive-waste-disposal facilities in the Los Alamos National Laboratory
Since 1946, low-level radioactive waste has been buried in shallow landfills within the confines of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Five of these sites were studied for plant composition and successional patterns by reconnaissance and vegetation mapping. The data show a slow rate of recovery for all sites, regardless of age, in both the pinon-juniper and ponderosa pine communities. The sites are not comparable in succession or composition because of location and previous land use. The two oldest sites have the highest species diversity and the only mature trees. All sites allowed to revegetate naturally tend to be colonized by the same species that originally surrounded the sites. Sites on historic fields are colonized by the old field flora, whereas those in areas disturbed only by grazing are revegetated by the local native flora.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Tierney, G.D. & Foxx, T.S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Publications: 1977-1981
This is a compilation of documents that communicate the results of scientific and technical work done at Savannah River. The compilation includes those documents that have been published (research and development reports, journal articles, book chapters, etc.), and documents that have been announced in Energy Research Abstracts. Where applicable the meeting at which the paper was presented is given. The information was compiled by machine methods to produce bibliographic, subject, and author listings.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Hilborn, H. S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Dynamic shear behavior of alumina-filled epoxy
Thin-walled tubular specimens of alumina-filled epoxy were loaded in torsion at a strain rate of approximately 10/sup 3/ s/sup -1/ using a stored-torque Kolsky bar. In addition to measuring the time resolved shear stress and shear strain in the specimen, the axial stress generated by the dilation of the material during shear deformation was also obtained as a function of time. Tests were conducted at room temperature and at -60/sup 0/C. At room temperature, a moderate amount of plastic deformation occurred before failure. Material dilation was associated with the plastic flow. At -60/sup 0/C, there was a marked increase in failure stress over the failure stress at room temperature. However, little or no plastic deformation or dilation occurred before failure.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Costin, L.S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Piqua Nuclear Power Facility Radiological Surveillance Program
Results of the annual radiological survey of the retired Piqua Nuclear Facility in Piqua, Ohio are presented in this report. The overall survey did not reveal the existence of any significant changes within the facility. This survey marked the inception of a surface soil sampling program. Analysis of the soil revealed that concentrations of radioactivity are comparable to those found at other locations in Ohio. (DMC)
Date:
March 2, 1982
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Community heat-pump system, Klamath County, Oregon
The possibility of heating 47 proposed homes on a new development site using ground water source heat pumps is discussed. The Shield Crest tract is located approximately five miles southeast of downtown Klamath Falls, Oregon. Two moderate capacity (greater than 450 gpm) warm water wells are located on the property. The pumping temperatures are 78/sup 0/F for No. 2 Well, neither temperature is hot enough for direct space heating. Temperature profiles of the wells indicate that a temperature hot enough for direct heating (about 110/sup 0/F or above) cannot be found at reasonable depth. Since direct geothermal heating is not a practical alternative, the tract will be all-electric since this is the only energy source in the area. This study addresses the economic feasibility of a community heat pump system that would reduce the amount of electrical energy required to service the homes.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Bibliography: injection technology applicable to geothermal utilization
This bibliography cites 500 documents that may be helpful in planning, analysis, research, and development of the various aspects of injection technology in geothermal applications. These documents include results from government research; development, demonstration, and commercialization programs; selected references from the literature; symposia; references from various technical societies and installations; reference books; reviews; and other selected material. The cited references are from (1) subject searching, using indexing, storage, and retrieval information data base of the Department of Energy's Technical Information Center's on-line retrieval system, RECON; (2) searches of references from the RECON data base, of work by authors known to be active in the field of geothermal energy research and development; (3) subject and author searches by the computerized data storage and retrieval system of Chemical Abstracts, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC; and (4) selected references from texts and reviews on this subject. Each citation includes title, author, author affiliation, date of publication, and source. The citations are listed in chronological order (most recent first) in each of the subject categories for which this search was made. The RECON accession number is also given.
Date:
March 19, 1982
Creator:
Darnell, A. J. & Eichelberger, R. L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Costs to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions
Central to the resolution of the acid rain issue are debates about the costs and benefits of controlling man-made emissions of chemicals that may cause acid rain. In this briefing, the position of those who are calling for immediate action and implicating coal-fired powerplants as the cause of the problem is examined. The costs of controlling sulfur dioxide emissions using alternative control methods available today are presented. No attempt is made to calculate the benefits of reducing these emissions since insufficient information is available to provide even a rough estimate. Information is presented in two steps. First, costs are presented as obtained through straightforward calculations based upon simplifying but realistic assumptions. Next, the costs of sulfur dioxide control obtained through several large-scale analyses are presented, and these results are compared with those obtained through the first method.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Natural repository analogue program. Progress report, July 1-September 30, 1981
A report on the immobilization of uranium in the earth's crust has been completed. Techniques have been developed to do a comprehensive mass inventory of the Oklo reactor zones. These techniques were applied to a compilation of data from Oklo zones 2 and 3-4. The study shows large deficiencies of neodymium, ruthenium, and mass 99 elements (/sup 99/Tc or /sup 99/Ru) in the reactor zones. The extent of these deficiencies are correlated with the intensity of the nuclear reactions. Analyses of ores from the Key Lake uranium mineralization show that 60 to 70% of the radiogenic lead is missing from the ores.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Curtis, D.B. (comp.)
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Measurement and effect of the critical gas saturation and relative permeability on the production of methane from geopressured aquifers of saturated brine
The attempt to measure critical gas saturation at pressures in the range of 5000 to 10,000 psi failed. It proved impossible, with the funds and time available, to conclude a successful suite of experiments. The problem was centered on the inability to maintain adequate seals on the end plates of the apparatus. Numerical simulation confirmed that the level of critical gas saturation required for methane to be produced profitably from geopressured aquifers was unrealistically high. Most of the water driven geopressured gas reservoirs located through a study of the USGS files revealed that there is in general an inadequate level of available data on them. Furthermore, the size of these reservoirs were in general so small that their total gas content would not merit any significant expenditure to win the residual, trapped gas.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Doscher, T.M.; Azari, M. & Marinello, S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Simmer analysis of prompt burst energetics experiments
The Prompt Burst Energetics experiments are designed to measure the pressure behavior of fuel and coolant as working fluids during a hypothetical prompt burst disassembly in an LMFBR. The work presented in this report consists of a parametric study of PBE-5S, a fresh oxide fuel experiment, using SIMMER-II. The various pressure sources in the experiment are examined, and the dominant source identified as incondensable contaminant gasses in the fuel. The important modeling uncertainties and limitations of SIMMER-II as applied to these experiments are discussed.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Hitchcock, J.T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Comprehensive Safeguards Evaluation Methods and Societal Risk Analysis
Essential capabilities of an integrated evaluation methodology for analyzing safeguards systems are discussed. Such a methodology must be conceptually meaningful, technically defensible, discriminating and consistent. A decompostion of safeguards systems by function is mentioned as a possible starting point for methodology development. The application of a societal risk equation to safeguards systems analysis is addressed. Conceptual problems with this approach are discussed. Technical difficulties in applying this equation to safeguards systems are illustrated through the use of confidence intervals, information content, hypothesis testing and ranking and selection procedures.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Richardson, J. M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Diagnostics for multiple regression problems
In the last 10 to 15 years there has been much work done in trying to improve linear regression results. Individuals have analyzed the susceptibility of least-squares results to values far removed from the center of the independent variable observations. They have studied the problem of heavy-tailed residuals, and they have studied the problem of collinearity. From these studies have come ridge regression techniques, robust regression techniques, regression on principal components, etc. However, many practitioners view these methods with suspicion (and ignorance), and prefer to continue using the usual least-squares procedures to fit their models, even though their results might not be answering the question they think. In reaction to this, statisticians are spending more time analyzing how the individual observations affect the least squares results. In the last few years approximately 10 papers and one text have appeared that address the problem of how to study the influence of the individual observations. This report is a study of the recent work done in linear regression diagnostics. It is concerned with analyzing the effect of one case at a time, since the methods to analyze this situation are relatively straight-forward and are not prohibitive computationally.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Daly, J.C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fifteenth LAMPF users group meeting
The Fifteenth LAMPF Users Group Meeting was held November 2-3, 1981 at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physical Facility. The program of papers scheduled to be presented was amended to include a Report from Washington by Clarence R. Richardson, US Department of Energy. The general meeting ended with a round-table working group discussion concerning the Planning for a Kaon Factory. Individual items from the meeting were prepared separately for the data base.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Cochran, D.R.F. (comp.)
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Geostatistics project of the national uranium resource evaluation program. Progress report, April 1981-September 1981
During the period covered by this report, we proposed a method of comparing aerial and ground data as a means of assessing the quality of aerial data. We also compared two methods of partitioning count rates among several isotopes. Time-series analysis and analysis of variance were considered as tools for using aerial radiometric data to aid in designing ground-based sampling experiments. Several methods of computing covariance matrices were compared for use with very large data sets. A study showed a potential for using aerial radiometric data to rank quadrangles according to the Department of Energy's estimated uranium inventories. A discriminant analysis code was transferred to Grand Junction, and several statistics short courses were presented there. Recommended cluster analysis procedures were developed and applied to aerial radiometric data. Reports and papers were prepared on topics such as outlier detection, percentile estimation, discriminant analysis, and statistical package comparison.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
McKay, M. D.; Howell, J. A.; Whiteman, D. E.; Duran, B. A.; Jackson, C. K.; Wecksung, G. W. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Monitoring well systems in geothermal areas
The ability to monitor the injection of spent geothermal fluids at reasonable cost might be greatly improved by use of multiple-completion techniques. Several such techniques, identified through contact with a broad range of experts from the groundwater and petroleum industries, are evaluated relative to application in the typical geologic and hydrologic conditions of the Basin and Range Province of the Western United States. Three basic monitor well designs are suggested for collection of pressure and temperature data: Single standpipe, multiple standpipe, and closed-system piezometers. A fourth design, monitor well/injection well dual completions, is determined to be inadvisable. Also, while it is recognized that water quality data is equally important, designs to allow water sampling greatly increase costs of construction, and so such designs are not included in this review. The single standpipe piezometer is recommended for use at depths less than 152 m (500 ft); several can be clustered in one area to provide information on vertical flow conditions. At depths greater than 152 m (500 ft), the multiple-completion standpipe and closed-system piezometers are likely to be more cost effective. Unique conditions at each monitor well site may necessitate consideration of the single standpipe piezometer even for deeper completions.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Lofgren, B.E.; O'Rourke, J.; Sterrett, R.; Thackston, J. & Fain, D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Prototype spent-fuel canister design, analysis, and test
Sandia National Laboratories was asked by the US Energy Research and Development Administration (now US Department of Energy) to design the spent fuel shipping cask system for the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant (CRBRP). As a part of this task, a canister which holds liquid sodium and the spent fuel assembly was designed, analyzed, and tested. The canister body survived the regulatory Type-B 9.1-m (30-ft) drop test with no apparent leakage. However, the commercially available metal seal used in this design leaked after the tests. This report describes the design approach, analysis, and prototype canister testing. Recommended work for completing the design, when funding is available, is included.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Leisher, W. B.; Eakes, R. G. & Duffey, T. A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library