The aim of this series of experiments was to evaluate the existence of abscopal effects of irradiation. No attempt was made towards the elucidation of mechanisms. Very early in the history of radiological research it was noticed radiation produces both local and general effects involving the entire body. Gauss and Lembcke introduced the term "Roentgenkater" (radiation sickness). They ascribed these "General Effects" to the circulation of toxic substances released from cells that disintegrated following irradiation.

Technical report. From Abstract : "The reaction of Lewis acid and base, Cr2O7= and BrO3_, in fused KNO3 - NaNO3 mixtures has been shown to involve an equilibrium followed by a slow decomposition to gaseous products."

Report regarding an airborne radioactivity survey that took place in the 7,000 square mile area around the GNOME test site near Carlsbad, New Mexico. Topics include the types of bedrock noted in the area as well as their levels of radioactivity.

Two methods are proposed for calculating zero-point energies of molecules. The first makes use of the fact that one can easily write down the quantum mechanical Hamiltonian for a vibration system. The zero-point energy can then be obtained by a perturbation scheme without solving the secular equation. The second method requires a knowledge of the normal modes and frequencies of a reference molecule, but then enables one to calculate isotope effects by a perturbation scheme. The methods are applied to some examples and the convergence of the perturbation series is investigated. The approximate validity of the law of the mean for the isotope effect on zero-point energies is explored within the framework of the methods.

Since 1940 it has been known that extra salt (i.e. sodium chloride) facilitated the development of experimental hypertension induced by various sterols; subsequently hypertension was induced by desoxycorticosterone acetate plus sodium chloride; then hypertension was produced by using hypertonic saline as the sole source of liquid; and finally, in 1953, Menesly and his associates reported that chronic ingestion of excess dietary salt alone would produce hypertension in rats. Furthermore, in conformity with general pharmacologic experience relating dose response to successive increments of a drug, as the average daily salt intake increased, the average systolic, blood pressure increased.

Report containing a computerized means to calculate the neutron interaction between fissionable material contained in cylinders up to an array size of 20 x 20 units.

Report containing a method for the determination of beryllium in urine samples. Contains the necessary materials, apparatus, and reagents, as well as the procedure and its results.

Radiation and annealing mechanisms for dimensional and c-axis changes in which the di-interstitial can be mobile at any or all temperatures above absolute zero are shown to be concordant with earlier work used to determine the migration energy energy of single interstitials and the absolute rate of displacing atoms in graphite. The mechanisms account for the stability of c-axis and dimensional changes with time in the absence of irradiation and with observed c-axis annealing at room temperature following irradiation at low temperatures.

The heavy gas model using a synthetic kernel leads to coupled equations for the determination of the neutron flux in a bare reactor. The very special problem of solving analytically the defining equation for the energy dependent neutron flux in a region for which there are no source terms is considered. (auth)

Previous investigations that the pancreas is a radioresistant organ. Ivy in 1924 noted the presence of a fibrotic atrophic pancreas in a dog which had received one erythema dose to the epigastrium. Fisher in 1923 reported that four to five erythema doses delivered in a single application caused complete disappearance of the irradiated pancreatic remnant in about two months. These dogs died because of uncontrolled diabetes. One dog that received four erythema doses (possibly 200 r) was sacrificed after five months. At autopsy the irradiated pancreas had disappeared, but 275 mgm of regenerated pancreas were found at the base of the main duct and 100 mgm at the base of the accessory duct. Leven in 1933 implanted radon seeds into the pancreas. Dosages varied from 528 to 1584 millicurie hours. At postmorten the pancreas surrounding the seeds demonstrated fibrous atropy and foci of necrosis. The islets appeared normal but were relatively larger in size. Rauch in 1952 reported that dogs given 200 r in air over the pancreas on alternate days until a total of 1600 r was received failed to show any histological changes after two months. Lushbaugh and Spalding and Lushbaugh reported that over 1500 r of whole-body …

Kalanchoe seedlings were exposed to 330 r/20 hrs/day from a Co60 source. Samples were harvested weekly. No new leaves were produced after initial exposure to irradiation. Mitosis in the apical meristem appears to have been suppressed. However, the axillary meristem and the cambium continue their activity. This results in a much broadened stem tip with enlarged cells, supported by a stout internode in which cell size has remained relatively normal but cell number has increased. After about 26 days of exposure, meristematic activity in the shoot apex region appears to resume. This results in the formation of growth centers which can give rise to leaves or malformed structures. The original phyllotaxy is not recovered. It is suggested that this resumption of growth may be an instance of adaptation to irradiation.

This paper will first note briefly the place and status of radiobiotopical investigations with fast neutrons. The monoenergetic (fast) neutron technique employed at this laboratory will be then described and results of studies with various criteria-of-effect in the mouse will be reviewed. Finally, certain general patterns of response for these systems will be pointed out as functions of neutron energy.

Encysted Trichinella spiralis larvae incorporated carbon-14 from mice fed diets containing C14 -labeled glycerine and DL-alanine. In general, a higher level of C14 activity (C14 per gram of dry tissue) was found in muscle larvae than in muscle tissue. The presence of encysted Trichinella larvae in the muscles of 56-day and 180-day infected mice did not alter incorporation of C14 from these amino acids into infected muscle protein when compared with noninfected muscle. These experiments were extended to include the aromatic amino acids, DL-tyrosine and DL-tryptophan.

Our earlier in vitro studies have suggested that malignant tumors may not produce new cells more rapidly than normal cells are produced in the "steady state" equilibrium. Obviously tumors of all typed represent a diversion from "steady state" production with a net gain in mass of tissue. However, the increase in mass is not necessarily constant and may fluctuate in the natural history of the disorder. DNA labeling with tritiated thymidine had made it possible to characterize normal "steady state" hemopoietic growth parameters. We therefore thought it mandatory to extend these techniques to the study of growth rates of human leukemic cells. Also, since current therapy is more or less closely tied to a concept of unrestrained rapid growth, which we in part have begun to question, it appeared wise to look back at the historical development of knowledge about tumor growth. The existence of tumors in man has been known for millenia.

Report covering a Victoreen Cavity Chamber which utilizes filtered beams from a 250 KVP, Ox 250 General Electric pulsating industrial X-ray machine. The facility, equipment, and procedure is described.

Report concerning the protection offered against radioactive fallout offered by two types of structures at the Nevada Test Site. Differences between above ground and underground structures are measured and compared to data taken from actual fallout conditions.

It has been established by chromosome marker studies, histochemical, immunological, and cytological methods that the hemopoietic tissues of animals exposed to lethal doses of whole-body irradiation can be repopulated by transfused autologous, homologous or heterologous bone marrow cells. However, the morphology of the cell responsible for the regeneration of hematopoietic activity in the various hemopoietic organs has not been identified. It has been shown that the bone marrow contains the cell or cells capable of regenerating all types of hemopoietic tissues. In order to identify transfused cells, one must have a label which persists through successive divisions. Odell and Smith labeled the donors with S35 methionin and were thus able to follow the accumulation of the donor marrow cells in the recipients lungs and subsequently their releases to the bone marrow and spleen. However, this compound has a relatively rapid turnover in the labeled cells and thus a relatively limited capability of serial studies to observe mitosis and differentiation. Tritiated thymidine is ideal for this purpose since it is incorporated solely into DNA and is diluted only by mitosis. In addition the high resolution with tritium makes it certain that one is observing nuclear labeling. Bond et al. have studied …

Electron-transfer reactions involving bridged transition states are examined from the point of view of adiabatic electron transfer theory. One important function of the bridging group is to decrease the effective dipole moment of the charge system of the reaction ions. The effect on the activation energy is different for outer-sphere and inner-sphere reactions. Trends in the halide and hydroxide catalysis of isotopic exchange reactions of transition metal ions are discussed.

Since the end of the last century (Tarknow, 1896) radiation effect o the nervous tissue has been studied in experimental animals and humans by numerous investigators, using mostly pathomorphological changes as a parameter of radiosensitivity . With increasing time intervals following radiation, pathomorphological changes are more evident, which has been known for quite some time.

It has been known for many years that bone growth may be retarded by relatively large doses of therapeutic radiation. Similar doses of radiation have also shown retarded growth in animals. More recently, reports of studies of Japanese children exposed to the Atomic Bomb Detentions at Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Marshallese children exposed to radiation in the fallout accident of 1954 have indicated some impairment in their growth and development, possibly related to radiation exposure. Since the doses of radiation received by these children were lower than would be expected to produce retardation of bone growth by direct irradiation, it was considered that indirect mechanisms might play a part. This preliminary report summarizes investigations of possible indirect effects of X-irradiation in bone growth in rats.

Production cross sections and angular distributions of Λ and K° particles produced by 11.4 Bev/c π" mesons in hydrogen have been measured. A systematic investigation was made of all two-body decays of unstable neutral particles. No events inconsistent with γ, Λ, or K° were found. Production cross sections, angular distributions and effective mass distributions of π mesons produced in 4-prong events were also measured. No evidence for dominance of any high mass multi-pion resonance was found. Both the pion production and strange particle production reactions demonstrated peripheral characteristics in that the baryon was strongly peaked backward in the center of mass. The average transverse momentum was observed to be a monotonically increasing function of mass. The experimental total interaction cross section was 25.3 ± 1.5 mb. The effect of the pion-nucleon T ' 3/2 isobar was clearly observed.

From Introduction: "In this report, a detailed description will be given of each of the ionization chambers used, including in each case a discussion of the methods of calibration and of techniques utilized in inferring dose readings."

Seven lysogenic strains - three of Rhizobium Leguminosarum and four of R-trifolii - were identified among a total of 54 strains from these two species and R. phascoli. The R. leguminosarum strain may be multiply lysogenic; two of them also produce lethal agents resembling bacteriocins in their effects. Lysogeny was confirmed by standard criteria of UV-inducibility, self-immunity, and reproductive ability. Lysogenic conversion involving symbiotic characteristics was not observed. A minimum of six different temperate phage were identified. The host range includes strains of the above three rhizobial species, but not of R. mclilotii. Variation in host specificity of some phage following host passage is under investigation.

In the analysis of the effect of ionizing radiation on living systems, the problem is complicated by the interaction of one part of the system with other parts. If an entire mouse is subjected to radiation, only a few of the most radiosensitive organs, the "weak links," react to the insult and essentially limit the size of the dose delivered since there is little to be learned from irradiating a dead mouse. Thus an insensitive organ like muscle will not respond at all to a total body dose. Likewise, every organ is composed of several different kinds of cells, and the most radiosensitive cells in the organ will determine the reaction observed.