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Year
Month
Relative availability of selected trace elements from coal fly ash and Lake Michigan sediment
The concentration of greater than 1 ..mu..m coal fly ash particles in Lake Michigan surface waters was found to be 10/sup 5/ to 10/sup 6/ per liter. With an expected residence time of one year, this concentration implies a flux to the sediment of 10/sup 6/ to 10/sup 7/ particles/cm/sup 2//yr, or about 10/sup -6/ to 10/sup -5/ g/cm/sup 2//yr. The release of trace elements from fly ash and sediment has been studied using Chelex-100 resin to simulate leaching at high dilutions in natural media. Mn, Pb and Zn, but not Fe, are released more readily from Lake Michigan sediment than from fly ash.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Alberts, J.J.; Burger, J.; Kalhorn, S.; Seils, C. & Tisue, T.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Cabibbo current and CP violation in a six quark gauge model
The extended Cabibbo current in a six quark gauge model is obtained in terms of Eulerian angles theta/sub c/, phi and psi which are functions of quark mass ratios and phases in the quark mass matrices. Particular attention is paid to arbitrary phases that lead to CP violation. In the limit m/sub u//m/sub c/ ..-->.. 0 there is no CP violation for parallel ..delta..S parallel = 1 processes. Some phenomenological results of the model are discussed.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Hagiwara, T.; Kitazoe, T.; Mainland, G. B. & Tanaka, K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Methods for producing the plasma initiation pulse in ohmic heating circuits in tokamak power reactors: resistive dissipation, transient inductive storage, and transient capacitive storage
This paper compares the resistive dissipation method with transient storage methods: inductive and capacitive. While the capacitive method is relatively well known through its variant, the ''Inall circuit,'' the inductive transient storage method to produce the plasma initiation pulse is less well known. It consists of two closely coupled coils, one connected with a system of differentially compounded slow discharge homopolar machines. The magnetic energy is suddenly taken from the ohmic heating circuit and temporarily stored in the mutual inductance of the two coils--thus producing the pulse.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Driga, M. D.; Mayhall, D. J.; Weldon, W. F.; Rylander, H. G. & Woodson, H. H.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of factors influencing the impingement of threadfin shad (Dorosoma pretenense) at power plants in the southeastern United States
Data on intake design and location, plant operating procedures, water quality, numbers of fish impinged, and sampling procedures were analyzed for 27 fossil-fueled and 5 nuclear power plants located on inland waters in the southeastern United States. Small (less than 9 cm) clupeids, especially threadfin shad (Dorosoma pretenense), comprised the majority of the fish impinged at these facilities. The parameter that was most strongly associated with shad impingement was water temperature. Maximum impingement rates occurred during the winter when intake temperatures dropped below 10/sup 0/C. Analyses of differences in impingement rates between plants failed to adequately demonstrate that the magnitude of impingement at a particular plant was the result of any site-specific characteristics associated with intake design or location. High approach velocities at the traveling screens did not necessarily result in high levels of impingement. Results obtained from inter-unit comparisons at several plants indicate that unit and screen differences do exist, but it is unclear from existing data whether or not such inter-unit differences determine the magnitude of impingement losses or merely affect the distribution of impinged fish at a given intake structure. Recommendations for monitoring fish impingement include the identification of impinged fish by species, collection of data on …
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Loar, J. M.; Griffith, J. S. & Kumar, K. D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Studies of alloy structures and properties. Annual summary report, December 1, 1976--December 1, 1977
Brief summaries of research activities in the following areas are given: superconductivity to ferromagnetism in amorphous Gd--La--Au alloys; magnetic regimes in amorphous Ni--Fe--P--B alloys; electronic and magnetic properties of amorphous Fe--P--B alloys; critical phenomena and magnetic properties of amorphous gadolinium based ferromagnets; Kondo effect, spin correlations, and superconductivity in amorphous alloys doped with magnetic impurities; flux pinning by crystalline phase precipitates embedded in an amorphous superconducting matrix; kinetics of crystallization of amorphous alloys; properties of the flux lattice in amorphous superconductors; low temperature calorimeter; low temperature heat capacity of metastable superconductors; thermal relaxation effects and crystallization of amorphous alloys; fundamental studies of amorphous superconductors using superconductive tunneling; low temperature calorimetry of bulk amorphous metals; and mictomagnetism in amorphous alloys. (GHT)
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Duwez, P.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
KIPS kilowatt isotope power system
This Control System topical report covers basic control requirements, selection of control system and a recent review of an electromechanical approach to the flow control valve. Section I covers the basic control requirements for Organic Rankine cycle systems, particular requirements for an isotope fueled space power system, and special requirements imposed by launch, Shuttle deployment and spacecraft requirements. Various control devices which can be used to meet system requirements are discussed. In Section II, various combinations of control functions and devices are presented with comments as to the suitability of each for the intended application. This is essentially a review of the selection process used to pick the present KIPS control system. The formal trade-off matrix, component description, and system selection, as prepared for Design Reviews 2 and 3, is included as Appendix A to the report. Section 3 covers the recently completed design of an electronic-electromechanical flow control valve and compares this approach to the thermal bulb-hydro-mechanical flow control valve baseline. The results of this comparative study indicate that the present configuration is preferable to an electrical valve.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Scylla IV-P computer based on control and data acquisition system
The main computer is a Prime 300 with 64 K words of main storage, two Tektronix 4010 terminals, a Versatec line printer, a card reader, and two 3 M word disks. The control software is also described along with the data acquisition system. (MOW)
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Conrad, R.; Lillberg, J.W. & Wilkins, R.W.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
NMR studies of hydrogen relaxation and diffusion in TiFeH/sub x/ and TiFe/sub 1-y/Mn/sub y/H/sub x/
TiFe and related intermetallic compounds react directly with hydrogen gas to form hydrides which are suitable for energy storage applications. Although some of the characteristics of these materials have been evaluated, many important physical properties such as crystal structures, electronic structures, and hydrogen diffusion behavior are unknown. Since nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provides detailed information on the physical states of the hydrogen atoms, various NMR parameters are being measured in the hydride phases produced from TiFe and related alloys. This paper is mainly concerned with hydrides formed from TiFe and TiFe/sub 0/./sub 79/Mn/sub 0/./sub 15/. At low temperatures interactions with conduction electrons dominate proton spin-lattice relaxation times for both the ..beta.. and ..gamma.. phases. Spin echo measurements on ..beta..-phase samples showed motional narrowing above 360K and yielded a diffusion activation energy, E/sub a/, of 0.26(2) eV. Hydrogen diffusion in the ..gamma..-phase is observed to be slower and an approximate activation energy of 0.80(5) eV is deduced from T/sub 1D/ measurements. The present observations for TiFeH/sub x/ will be briefly compared with the properties of TiH/sub x/ and other Ti-based ternary hydrides.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Bowman, R.C. Jr.; Carter, G.C.; Chabre, Y. & Attalla, A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Thermal responses of tokamak reactor first walls during cyclic plasma burns
The CINDA-3G computer code has been adapted to analyze the thermal responses and operating limitations of two fusion reactor first-wall concepts under normal cyclic operation. A component of an LMFBR computer has been modified and adapted to analyze the ablative behavior of first-walls after a plasma disruption. The first-wall design concepts considered are a forced-circulation water-cooled stainless steel panel with and without a monolithic graphite liner. The thermal gradients in the metal wall and liner have been determined for several burn-cycle scenarios and the extent of surface ablation that results from a plasma disruption has been determined for stainless steel and graphite first surfaces.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Smith, D. L. & Charak, I.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Improved reactivity monitor using a shuttling /sup 252/Cf source
A technique for measuring reactivities of moderated arrays of nuclear fuels with a shuttling /sup 252/Cf source has been significantly extended and refined. In the old method, the shuttle time was so short that details of the delayed neutron time behavior could be neglected. Specifically, the average delayed neutron population during the ''On'' part of the cycles was assumed to be equal to that during the ''Off'' part. In the new method, the detailed behavior of the delayed neutrons is explicitly exploited.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Baumann, N.P. & Jarriel, J.L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Potential energy savings in commercial/residential communities based on integrated systems design
Integrated Community Energy Systems (ICES) offer the potential of meeting the total energy requirements of communities in an energy-conserving cost-effective manner. This is accomplished mainly by (1) utilizing waste heat from electrical power generation, (2) using solid waste to help meet thermal and fuel energy demands, (3) using solar and other advanced technologies either in a central plant or dispersed in the community, and (4) developing control and operating strategies along with energy-storage technologies to meet community energy needs. In order to explore the potential for such systems, a study was made of a large commercial/residential community currently under developmeent in the Midwest. Results are presented showing the energy savings possible using current, emerging, and advanced energy technologies. Along with the energy savings are estimates of the economic savings that are possible.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Holtz, R.E. & Marciniak, T.J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Protection of neutral-beam accelerator electrodes from spark discharges
The high-voltage (HV) electrodes of neutral beam sources (NBS's) must be protected from occasional sparks to ground. Spark currents can be limited with special transformers and reactors which introduce time delays that are long enough to quench the spark or to disconnect the energy source. A saturated time delay transformer (STDT) connected in series with the HV power supply detects spark faults and limits the current supplied by the power supply and its capacitance to ground; it also initiates spark quenching. Nonsaturated, longitudinal reactors limit the discharge current supplied by the energy stored in the circuit capacitance of the NBS filament and arc power supplies long enough to discharge this capacitance into a resistor. The design principles of these protective circuits are presented.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Praeg, W. F.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Kilowatt Isotope Power System: Test Procedure for the EHSA Multifoil Insulation. 77-KIPS-109
The procedure is described for conducting the multifoil insulation meltdown test on the electrical heat source assembly (EHSA). The results of the tests will be used to verify the predicted sequence of events during multifoil insulation meltdown and to determine the ultimate steady-state temperatures of the various EHSA components.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Temporally stratified sampling programs for estimation of fish impingement
Impingement monitoring programs often expend valuable and limited resources and fail to provide a dependable estimate of either total annual impingement or those biological and physicochemical factors affecting impingement. In situations where initial monitoring has identified ''problem'' fish species and the periodicity of their impingement, intensive sampling during periods of high impingement will maximize information obtained. We use data gathered at two nuclear generating facilities in the southeastern United States to discuss techniques of designing such temporally stratified monitoring programs and their benefits and drawbacks. Of the possible temporal patterns in environmental factors within a calendar year, differences among seasons are most influential in the impingement of freshwater fishes in the Southeast. Data on the threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) and the role of seasonal temperature changes are utilized as an example to demonstrate ways of most efficiently and accurately estimating impingement of the species.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Kumar, K. D. & Griffith, J. S.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Alternative scenarios for Federal transportation policy. Volume I. Summary. First year final report
A summary is given of research evaluating the economic effects of existing and prospective federal policies governing intercity and international freight and passenger transportation enterprises in the economy of the United States. The analysis encompasses all modes of transportation, including rail, motor, water, air and intermodal coordinative institutions, and focuses upon the impact of alternative regulatory policies. However, other federal policies including subsidy, taxation, procurement, government ownership and investment, special programs for particular transportation industry problems and impacts of general national policies on transportation will be included when relevant. Economic evaluation includes the study of efficient resource allocation and distributional effects of alternative policies together with consideration of both partial and general equilibrium effects. The research is interdisciplinary in scope, drawing upon engineering, economics, statistics, law and administration.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Friedlaender, A. & Simpson, R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Studies in Hot Atom and Radiation Chemistry Progress Report: September 1977
The reactive scattering of the reaction of the first excited state of C/sup +/ (/sup 4/P) with molecular hydrogen was studied over an energy range of 0.5 to 9.0 eV. The measurements indicate that the reaction proceeded by a direct mechanism and the final product was in the a/sup 3/pi state. The reaction of ground-state C/sup +/(/sup 2/P) with D/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/ was examined over the energy range of 2.5 eV to 28 eV. Over this energy range unambiguous identification of CD/sup +/ in the X/sup 1/sigma, a/sup 3/..pi.. and A/sup 1/..pi.. states was demonstrated. In addition the vibrational structure in the energy spectrum of CH/sup +/ and CD/sup +/ was resolved for the first time; the v = 0, 1, 2, and 3 product vibrational states were populated in the relative ratios 1.0:0.52:0.21:0.04. The vibrational band shapes permitted a determination of the rotational level distribution in the product. Careful measurements of the limiting value of the translational exoergicity (Q/sub MIN/) showed that the product state in the reaction F/sup +/(H/sub 2/,H)FH/sup +/ is /sup 2/..pi.. and that no FH/sup +/ in the /sup 2/sigma/sup +/ is formed although energetically feasible. Furthermore, it was shown that Q/sub MIN/ …
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Koski, W. S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Temperature dependence of nitrate stress corrosion cracking of mild steel
The temperature dependence of nitrate stress corrosion in mild steel is given by activation energies of 27 kJ/mol for continuous and 56 kJ/mol for discontinuous crack growth. The mechanism of nitrate stress corrosion in mild steel has been interpreted as anodic dissolution, and these results support this interpretation, except that an intergranular oxide is formed and the metal is not dissolved directly. If the stress intensity, K, increases, then the mode of crack growth is fracture of the intergranular oxide or the oxide-metal interface. Nevertheless, anodic dissolution is an inherent part of the process, but by the solid state reaction in the grain boundaries. An initiation time is required even in precracked specimens, and this observation is attributed to the time required to form intergranular oxide. The suggested controlling mechanisms are dissolution of the intergranular oxide in specimens in which k decreases with crack length and grain-boundary diffusion of oxygen in specimens in which K increases.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Donovan, J.A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Large scale sodium test facility. [LMFBR]
The large scale sodium test facility in use at Sandia Laboratories was designed to be used for a wide range of sodium interaction experiments. Of initial concern is the interaction of hot sodium with concrete under conditions similar to accident conditions in any sodium cooled reactor. The tests to be run cover the cases of sodium spills and sprays on bare concrete and on cells with defective steel liners. The initial series of tests in progress at the facility involves rapidly dropping from 20 kg to 225 kg of sodium at temperatures from 550/sup 0/C to 850/sup 0/C into concrete crucibles that are representative of the concrete to be used at the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant (CRBRP). Specific objectives are to obtain sufficient information to completely describe the sodium/concrete interaction including: reaction rate, heat of reaction, gas evolution and flow, movement of the reaction front, reaction product formation, and the effects of variation of drop temperature and reaction area geometries.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
King, D.L.; Smaardyk, J.E.; Sutherland, H.J. & Sallach, R.A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Finite-difference methods in multi-dimensional two-phase flow. [BWR; PWR; LMFBR]
In the summer of 1974, the Theoretical Division of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory began several research programs in the area of reactor safety for the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Research efforts were started in the Liquid Metal Fast Breeder (LMFBR) and the Light Water Reactor (LWR) safety programs. The character of the Theoretical Division was to develop computer codes for the safety analysis of these reactor systems. The question of whether or not, during the course of a hypothetical accident sequence in an LMFBR, the core will subside to a coolable configuration without secondary critical bursts has never been resolved. To aid the study of this question, a computer program called SIMMER (S/sub N/, Implicit, Multified, Multicomponent, Eulerian Recriticality) was to be developed to predict the dynamics of extreme hypothetical accident sequences during which extended core motion is expected. This time-dependent computer code called for combining an advanced multidimensional, multiphase fluid dynamic methodology with multidimensional neutron transport theory and improved equation-of-state technology. In the LWR program, the research emphasis was to push forward in two areas: (1) the development of advanced multiphase fluid dynamic methods and computer programs for performing basic research and analyzing areas in thermal hydraulics …
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Travis, J. R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
HELPER: a superintelligent terminal based on RT-11
The HELPER minicomputer hardware and software capabilities are thoroughly explained and critically reviewed. HELPER is a cost-effective assistant to an interactive host system. The recommendations are to assign specific types of tasks to HELPER and to study the resulting effects on users. Improvements to the present HELPER hardware are also suggested. 2 figures.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Schultz, D.E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Computer simulation of LMFBR piping systems. [Accident conditions]
Integrity of piping systems is one of the main concerns of the safety issues of Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBR). Hypothetical core disruptive accidents (HCDA) and water-sodium interaction are two examples of sources of high pressure pulses that endanger the integrity of the heat transport piping systems of LMFBRs. Although plastic wall deformation attenuates pressure peaks so that only pressures slightly higher than the pipe yield pressure propagate along the system, the interaction of these pulses with the different components of the system, such as elbows, valves, heat exchangers, etc.; and with one another produce a complex system of pressure pulses that cause more plastic deformation and perhaps damage to components. A generalized piping component and a tee branching model are described. An optional tube bundle and interior rigid wall simulation model makes such a generalized component model suited for modelling of valves, reducers, expansions, and heat exchangers. The generalized component and the tee branching junction models are combined with the pipe-elbow loop model so that a more general piping system can be analyzed both hydrodynamically and structurally under the effect of simultaneous pressure pulses.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
A-Moneim, M.T.; Chang, Y.W. & Fistedis, S.H.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High temperature blankets for the production of synthetic fuels
The application of very high temperature blankets to improved efficiency of electric power generation and production of H/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/ based synthetic fuels is described. The blanket modules have a low temperature (300 to 400/sup 0/C) structure (SS, V, Al, etc.) which serves as the vacuum/coolant pressure boundary, and a hot (>1000/sup 0/C) thermally insulated interior. Approximately 50 to 70% of the fusion energy is deposited in the hot interior because of deep penetration by high energy neutrons. Separate coolant circuits are used for the two temperature zones: water for the low temperature structure, and steam or He for the hot interior. Electric generation efficiencies of approximately 60% and H/sub 2/ production efficiencies of approximately 50 to 70%, depending on design, are projected for fusion reactors using these high temperature blankets.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Powell, J.R.; Steinberg, M.; Fillo, J. & Makowitz, H.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Engineering design problems of TFTR
Design of the TFTR poses special engineering problems as a result of constraints posed by the physics requirements of the fusion experiments. The ratio of plasma major and minor radii and the associated magnetic field strength required to achieve desired plasma conditions, the required confinement time, the two-component plasma concept, the complications of providing shielding from the 14 MeV neutrons and the necessity to control the inventory of tritium fuel, all constitute problems which, often, in actuality, must be approached as materials problems. The complex, precision structures must satisfy various criteria, for example, low magnetic permeability, high electrical resistivity, resistance to neutron activation and high damage tolerance. Another constraint in the engineering design of TFTR is the requirement to optimize access to machine components for maintenance and repair. Many of the problems associated with accessibility have been resolved: the vacuum vessel has been designed as a ten-segment vessel; the igloo shielding of the machine is composed of interlocking blocks of boron-loaded concrete; the center column is designed in three segments. Current engineering emphasis is on finalizing design of the toroidal field coils, lower poloidal field coils, vacuum vessel liners and limiters and peripheral systems such as the vacuum pumping system …
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Lee, D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Economics of tokamak power systems
The impact of plasma operating characteristics, engineering options, and technology on the capital-cost trends of Tokamak power plants is determined. Tokamak power systems are compared to other advanced energy systems and found to be economically competitive. A three-phase strategy for demonstrating commercial feasibility of fusion power, based on a common-site multiple-unit concept, is presented.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Reid, R.L. & Steiner, D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library