Three potential methods for measuring the surface tritium content of the TFTR vacuum vessel are described, each based on a different technique for measuring the in situ beta emission from tritium. These methods should be able to provide both a local and a global assessment of the tritium content within the top [approx] 1[mu]m of the inner wall surface.

Photograph used for a story in the Daily Oklahoman newspaper. Caption: "Oklahoma City's Carl Boudreau (20) slides between Wichita's Darren Srochenski (24) and another Thunder defender during Saturday afternoon's's game in State Fair Arena."

Photograph used for a story in the Daily Oklahoman newspaper. Caption: "Wichita's Jim Latos, left, battles Oklahoma city's Craig Johnson for the puck Saturday."

Photograph of the Scottish Rite Temple in San Antonio, Texas.

Photograph of the Scottish Rite Temple in San Antonio, Texas.

Photograph of the Scottish Rite Temple in San Antonio, Texas.

Photograph of the Scottish Rite Temple in San Antonio, Texas.

Photograph of the Scottish Rite Temple in San Antonio, Texas.

High in the northcentral mountains of Los Alamos, New Mexico, is the Manuel Lujan Jr. Neutron Scattering Center (LANSCE), a pulsed-spallation neutron source located at Los Alamos National Laboratory. At LANSCE, neutrons are produced by spallation when a pulsed 800-MeV proton beam impinges on a tungsten target. The proton pulses are provided by a linear accelerator and an associated Proton Storage Ring (PSR), which alters the intensity, time structure, and repetition rate of the pulses. In October 1986, LANSCE was designated a national user facility, with a formal user program initiated in 1988. In July 1989, the LANSCE facility was dedicated as the Manuel Lujan Jr. Neutron Scattering Center in honor of the long-term Congressman from New Mexico. At present, the PSR operates with a proton pulse width of 0.27 [mu]s at 20 Hz and 80 [mu]A, attaining the highest peak neutron flux in the world and close to its goal of 100 [mu]A, which would yield a peak thermal neutron flux of 10[sup 16] n/cm[sup [minus]2]s[sup [minus]1]. This paper discusses the target/moderator/reflector shield system, the LANSCE instruments, the facility improvement projects, and user programs.

Los Alamos and Grumman are cooperatively investigating a debris free source for EUV lithography. This source utilizes the predicted anomalous energy loss of a short pulse electron beam in a preformed plasma to heat and ionize the ions to a charge state where efficient radiation at 130[angstrom] occurs. Accelerators developed for the free electron laser program at Los Alamos are used as the electron bunch source. These accelerators use a laser driven photocathode to produce 15 psec electron bunches containing 4 nC of charge with an energy of 15.5 MeV. These micropulses are produced at a repetition rate of 108 MHz and continue for the length of the rf macropulse energizing the accelerator cavities, typically 1--10 [mu]sec. The weakly ionized preformed plasma is created by purely classical collisional ionization caused by the initial few electron micropulses within the macropulse. When a critical electron density is reached, n[sub e] [approx equal] 1.6 [times] 10[sup 15]/[tau][sup 2] cm[sup [minus]3], where [tau] is the FWHM, in psec, of the electron bunch, the plasma responds collectively to the electron micropulse generating a large amplitude plasma wave. The plasma wave efficiently slows the high energy electron beam while heating the background plasma electrons. The initial …

The increased core electron temperature produced by ICRF heating of TFTR, D-T neutral-beam-heated supershot plasmas is expected to extend the alpha particle slowing down time and hence enhance the central alpha particle pressure. In preparation for the TFTR D-T operational phase, which is due to start in late 1993, a series of experiments were conducted on TFTR to explore the effect of ICRF heating on the performance and stability of low recycling, deuterium supershot plasmas in the {sup 3}He minority heating regime. The coupling of up to 7.4 MW of 47 MHz ICRF power to full size {sup 3}He minority, deuterium supershots heated with up to 30 MW of deuterium neutral beam injection has resulted in a significant increase in core electron temperature. Simulations of equivalent D-T supershots predict that such ICRF heating should result in approximately a 60% increase in the alpha particle slowing down time and an enhancement of about 30% in the central alpha pressure. Future experiments to be conducted at ICRF powers up to 12.5MW during the upcoming TFTR D-T campaign may result in even greater enhancements in core alpha parameters. This paper presents results from experiments performed at an axial toroidal magnetic field of {approximately}4.8T, …

Historically, pollution prevention activities within the Department of Energy (DOE) have focused on existing process waste streams. However, the DOE estimates that 70 percent of the opportunity to reduce or eliminate pollutants is gained or lost during design. Design is considered a critical component of the DOE`s operations, products and services, as evidenced by the numerous new facilities planned to support the cleanup mission of the complex. Pollution prevention during design: (a) significantly reduces the potential generation of waste and environmental releases, (b) promotes the use of energy efficient materials, (c) minimizes resource consumption, and (d) lowers life-cycle costs. Life-cycle cost considerations during design can include construction, operation, and eventual decommissioning of the facility. This paper highlights: (1) the development of the guideline, including specific examples of the guideline`s content and intended use, (2) a discussion on the philosophy and content of the training module, (3) a strategy for integrating the guideline`s use into the existing DOE design process, and (4) future plans for enhancing the guideline and training class while continuing to integrate pollution prevention into the DOE design process.

The purpose of this directory is to provide a listing of available U.S. coal and coal related resources to potential purchasers of those resources abroad. The directory lists business entities within the US which offer coal related resources, products and services for sale on the international market. Each listing is intended to describe the particular business niche or range of product and/or services offered by a particular company. The listing provides addresses, telephones, and telex/fax for key staff in each company committed to the facilitation of international trade. The content of each listing has been formulated especially for this directory and reflects data current as of the date of this edition. The directory listings are divided into four primary classifications: coal resources; technology resources; support services; and financing and resource packaging. The first three of which are subdivided as follows: Coal Resources -- coal derivatives, coal exporters, and coal mining; Technology Resources -- advanced utilization, architects and engineers, boiler equipment, emissions control and waste disposal systems, facility construction, mining equipment, power generation systems, technical publications, and transport equipment; Support Services -- coal transport, facility operations, freight forwarders, sampling services and equipment, and technical consultants. Listings for the directory were solicited …

A mission to recharge batteries of satellites in geostationary orbits (geosats) may be a commercially viable application which could be achieved with laser systems somewhat larger than present state-of-the-art. The lifetime of batteries on geosats is limited by repetitive discharge cycles which occur when the satellites are eclipsed by the earth during the spring and fall equinoxes. By coupling high power lasers with modern, large aperture telescopes and laser guide star adaptive optics systems, present day communications satellites could be targeted. It is important that a near term demonstration of laser power beaming be accomplished using lasers in the kilowatt range so that issues associated with high average power be addressed. The Laser Guide Star Facility at LLNL has all the necessary subsystems needed for such a near term demonstration, including high power lasers for both the power beam and guide star, beam directors and satellite tracking system.

The US Department of Energy established the Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) to safely manage and dispose of radioactive waste stored in underground tanks on the Hanford Site. A major program in TWRS is pretreatment which was established to process the waste prior to disposal. Pretreatment is needed to resolve tank safety issues and to separate wastes into high-level and low-level fractions for subsequent immobilization and disposal. There is a fixed inventory of actinides and fission products in the tank which must be prepared for disposal. By segregating the actinides and fission products from the bulk of the waste, the tank`s contents can be effectively managed. Due to the high public visibility and environmental sensitivity of this problem, real progress and demonstrated efforts toward addressing it must begin as soon as possible. As a part of this program, personnel at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) have developed and demonstrated a flowsheet to remediate tank SY-102 which is located in the 200 West Area and contains high-level radioactive waste. This report documents the results of the flowsheet demonstrations performed with simulated, but radioactive, wastes using an existing glovebox line at the Los Alamos Plutonium Facility. The tank waste was characterized …

Elevated chromium level in the ground water at the SNL/CA site is a major concern. The author has developed an analytical methodology that allows one to identify the possible sources of the contamination. This methodology is focused on the integration of various analytical techniques to characterize physical and chemical properties of the soil samples from the contaminated area. The techniques include inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and electron microscopy with image analysis (EM/IA). This report describes the overall experimental approaches and findings for the soil samples from the area where the Cr-level was found to be elevated. Current findings suggest that the potential source of the Cr is the Cr-containing minerals that are present in natural abundance rather than externally introduced. In addition to chromium, other heavy metals, such as manganese, iron, and arsenic were also characterized and reported.

The data for the Natural Gas Annual 1991 Supplement : Company Profiles are taken from Form EIA-176, (open quotes) Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas Supply and Disposition (close quotes). Other sources include industry literature and corporate annual reports to shareholders. The companies appearing in this report are major interstate natural gas pipeline companies, large distribution companies, or combination companies with both pipeline and distribution operations. The report contains profiles of 45 corporate families. The profiles describe briefly each company, where it operates, and any important issues that the company faces. The purpose of this report is to show the movement of natural gas through the various States served by the 45 large companies profiled.

The removal of gaseous substances from the atmosphere by dry deposition represents an important sink in the atmospheric budget for many trace gases. The surface removal rate, therefore, needs be described quantitatively in modeling atmospheric transport and chemistry with regional- and global-scale models. Because the uptake capability of a terrestrial surface is strongly influenced by the type and condition of its vegetation, the seasonal and spatial changes in vegetation should be described in considerable detail in large-scale models. The objective of the present study is to develop a model that links remote sensing data from satellites with the RADM dry deposition module to provide a parameterization of dry deposition over large scales with improved temporal and spatial coverage. This paper briefly discusses the modeling methods and initial results obtained by applying the improved dry deposition module to a tallgrass prairie, for which measurements of O{sub 3} dry deposition and simultaneously obtained satellite remote sensing data are available.

The 1992 edition of the Financial Statistics of Major US Publicly Owned Electric Utilities publication presents 4 years (1989 through 1992) of summary financial data and current year detailed financial data on the major publicly owned electric utilities. The objective of the publication is to provide Federal and State governments, industry, and the general public with current and historical data that can be used for policymaking and decisionmaking purposes related to publicly owned electric utility issues. Generator and nongenerator summaries are presented in this publication. Four years of summary financial data are provided. Summaries of generators for fiscal years ending June 30 and December 31, nongenerators for fiscal years ending June 30 and December 31, and summaries of all respondents are provided. The composite tables present aggregates of income statement and balance sheet data, as well as financial indicators. Composite tables also display electric operation and maintenance expenses, electric utility plant, number of consumers, sales of electricity, and operating revenue, and electric energy account data. The primary source of publicly owned financial data is the Form EIA-412, {open_quotes}Annual Report of Public Electric Utilities.{close_quotes} Public electric utilities file this survey on a fiscal year, rather than a calendar year basis, in …

Technology transfer through the Pollution Prevention & Control Conferences, which have been cosponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency and by the professional societies of industry, greatly improved the environmental projects of the Department of Energy at Savannah River Site (SRS) in the mid-1980`s. Those technologies, used in the liquid effluent treatment of the metal finishing liquid effluents from aluminum cleaning and nickel plating of fuel and targets for the nuclear production reactors, have been enhanced by the research and development of SRS engineers and scientists. The technology transfer has now become a two-way street to the benefit of our Nation`s environment as these enhancements are being adopted in the metal finishing industry. These success stories are examples of the achievements anticipated in the 1990`s as technology development in the federal facilities is shared with commercial industry.

The US Department of Energy (DOE) is conducting cleanup activities at the Weldon Spring site, which is located in St. Charles County, Missouri, about 48 km (30 mi) west of St. Louis. The Weldon Spring site consists of two noncontiguous areas -- the chemical plant area, which includes four raffinate pits, and the quarry. Cleanup activities at the Weldon Spring site are conducted in accordance with the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), as amended, incorporating the values of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The contents of the documents prepared for the project are not intended to represent a statement regarding the legal applicability of NEPA to remedial actions conducted under CERCLA. In accordance with the integrated CERCLA/NEPA approach, a remedial investigation/feasibility study-environmental assessment (RI/FS-EA) is being conducted to evaluate conditions and potential responses for the quarry residuals operable unit (QROU). This operable unit consists of the following areas and/or media: the residual material remaining at the Weldon Spring quarry after removal of the pond water and bulk waste; underlying groundwater; and other media located in the surrounding vicinity of the quarry, including adjacent soil, surface water, and sediment in Femme Osage Slough. This work plan identifies …

We are developing dual-band infrared (DBIR) imaging and detection techniques to inspect air frames and concrete bridge decks for hidden corrosion damage. Using selective DBIR image ratios,, we enhanced surface temperature contrast and removed surface emissivity noise associated with clutter. Our surface temperature maps depicted defect sites, which heat and cool at different rates than their surroundings. Our emissivity-ratio maps tagged and removed the masking effects of surface clutter. For airframe inspections, we used time-resolved DBIR temperature, emissivity-ratio and composite thermal inertia maps to locate corrosion-thinning effects within a flash-heated Boeing 737 airframe. Emissivity-ratio maps tagged and removed clutter sites from uneven paint, dirt and surface markers. Temperature and thermal inertia maps characterized defect sites, types, sizes, thicknesses, thermal properties and material-loss effects from air frame corrosion. For concrete inspections, we mapped DBIR temperature and emissivity-ratio patterns to better interpret surrogate delamination sites within naturally-heated, concrete slabs and remove the clutter mask from sand pile-up, grease stains, rocks and other surface objects.

On July 6, 1993, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission`s (NRC`s) Executive Director for Operations established a review team to reassess the NRC`s program for protecting allegers against retaliation. The team evaluated the current system, and solicited comments from various NRC offices, other Federal agencies, licensees, former allegers, and the public. This report is subject to agency review. The report summarizes current processes and gives an overview of current problems. It discusses: (1) ways in which licensees can promote a quality-conscious work environment, in which all employees feel free to raise concerns without fear of retaliation; (2) ways to improve the NRC`s overall handling of allegations; (3) the NRC`s involvement in the Department of Labor process; (4) related NRC enforcement practices; and (5) methods other than investigation and enforcement that may be useful in treating allegations of potential or actual discrimination. Recommendations are given in each area.

As part of an overall testing program to identify more effective bench testers for screening oils for compressors, a comparison is made in this report between data obtained from a Falex specimen tester and those obtained from a high pressure tribometer (HPT). The Falex data were supplied by three compressor manufacturers. These data were mainly obtained by bubbling refrigerants through the oil, whereas, the data from the HPT are based on environmental (temperature and pressure) found in specific contacts in compressors. The same contact geometries and materials are used for both the Falex and the HPT tests. The main purpose of this comparison is to see if the controlled environment and the lower loads used with the HPT produces different rankings than that obtained from the Falex tests. In general, the results obtained from the HPT did not always correlate with each other and those obtained from the Falex tester. These findings are discussed in detail in this report.