Spin formed Cu shaped charge liners are known to produce a rotating jet and are used for the spin compensation effect. The causes of spin compensation can be mechanical in nature or can be grounded in microstructural issues such as texture, residual stress, grain size, and morphology variations. This investigation focuses on determining specific microstructural parameters that influence jet rotation and modeling the jet formation process using anisotropic plasticity in a 3-D finite element framework. The experimental texture has been mapped onto a finite element grid for 3-D modeling to obtain the normal-shear deformation coupling information needed to construct a plastic flow potential. Simulations of a collapsing ring and extending rod demonstrate rotation.

Gas chromatography is a prominent technique for separating complex gases and then analyzing the relative quantities of the separate components. This analytical technique is popular with scientists in a wide range of applications, including environmental restoration for air and water pollution, and chemical and biological analysis. Today the analytical instrumentation community is to working towards moving the analysis away from the laboratory to the point of origin of the sample (''the field'') to achieve real-time data collection and lower analysis costs. The Microtechnology Center of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, has developed a hand-held, real-time detection gas chromatograph (GC) through Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System (MEMS) technology. The total weight of this GC is approximately 8 pounds, and it measures 8 inches by 5 inches by 3 inches. It consumes approximately 12 watts of electrical power and has a response time on the order of 2 minutes. The current detector is a glow discharge detector with a sensitivity of parts per billion. The average retention time is about 30 to 45 seconds. Under optimum conditions, the calculated effective plate number is 40,000. The separation column in the portable GC is fabricated completely on silicon wafers. Silicon is a good thermal conductor and provides rapid heating …

Damage growth in optical materials used in large aperture laser systems is an issue of great importance when determining component lifetime and therefore cost of operation. Understanding the mechanisms and photophysical processes associated with damage growth are important in order to devise mitigation techniques. In this work we examined plasma-modified material and cracks for their correlation to damage growth on fused silica and DKDP samples. We employ an in-situ damage testing optical microscope that allows the acquisition of light scattering and fluorescence images of the area of interest prior to, and following exposure to a high fluence, 355-nm, 3-ns laser pulse. In addition, high-resolution images of the damage event are recorded using the associated plasma emission. Experimental results indicate that both aforementioned features can initiate plasma formation at fluences as low as 2 J/cm{sup 2}. The intensity of the recorded plasma emission remains low for fluences up to approximately 5 J/cm{sup 2} but rapidly increases thereafter. Based on the experimental results, we propose as possible mechanisms leading to damage growth the initiation of avalanche ionization by defects at the damage modified material and presence of field intensification due to cracks.

We introduce a new simple advection scheme for capturing multi-material interfaces. A material interface is tracked by solving a scalar transport equation of the volume of fluid. The method is developed by modifying the Hyper-C flux limiter and it does not require material interface reconstruction. A new single step unsplit advection scheme is developed by including corner flux monotonically. The algorithm is designed to minimize the necessary mixed zones as well as to preserve sharp and stable interfaces. Numerical tests show improvements compared to other existing methods such as Tipton's method.

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Decommissioning activities at Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site (RFETS) are expected to generate approximately 251,000 cubic meters of low-level radioactive waste. Almost half of this will be characterized and shipped as the Department of Transportation ''Surface Contaminated Object'' (SCO) shipping class. In the 2 years since an SCO characterization method was implemented, almost 11,000 of the 18,000 cubic meters of low-level waste were SCO. RFETS experience to-date using an SCO waste characterization method has shown significant time and cost savings, reduced errors, and enhanced employee safety. SCO waste is characterized prior to packaging, near the point of generation, by any of the site's 300 Radiological Control Technicians using inexpensive radiological control survey instruments. This reduces on-site waste container moves and eliminates radiometric analysis at centrally located drum or crate counters. Containers too large for crate counters can also be characterized. Current instrumentation is not adequate to take full advantage of the SCO regulations. Future improvements in the SCO characterization and shipping process are focused on use of larger and/or reusable containers, extended-range instruments, and additional statistical methods, so that the full extent of the SCO regulations can be used.

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Ion implantation has become a versatile and powerful technique for synthesizing nanometer-scale clusters and crystals embedded in the near-surface region of a variety of hosts. The resulting nanocomposite materials often show unique optical, magnetic, and electronic properties. Here they review some of the principal features of this nanophase materials synthesis technique and discuss the outstanding experimental difficulties that currently hamper the development of devices based on the many unique properties of these nanocomposite materials. Possible solutions to these problems and future research directions are discussed. The following is a summary paper that is partially based on a recent invited article by the above authors to appear Advanced Materials.

The authors are conducting laboratory studies to determine: (i) the thermophysical properties and phase relations of CO{sub 2}CH{sub 4}-H{sub 2}O fluids; (ii) the magnitude of stable isotope partitioning during calcite precipitation; and (iii) the utility of natural isotopic tracers in quantifying CO{sub 2} residence times, storage capacity and reaction mechanisms in the subsurface. The ultimate aim of the research on CO{sub 2}-CH{sub 4}H{sub 2}O fluids is to develop a comprehensive equation of state for binary and ternary mixtures of CO{sub 2}, CH{sub 4} and H{sub 2}O at pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions representative of those in deep gas fields and saline aquifers. To acquire the data needed to create the model, two unique, custom-designed devices at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory--a high pressure vibrating-tube densimeter, and a hydrogen-service internally heated pressure vessel--are being used to measure the densities, excess molar volumes, miscibility limits and activity-composition relations of CO{sub 2}H{sub 2}O, CH{sub 4}-H{sub 2}O and ternary CO{sub 2}-CH{sub 4}-H{sub 2}O mixtures at P-T conditions near the vapor-saturation phase boundary in the H{sub 2}O system. In another project, experiments are being conducted to determine the kinetics of carbonate precipitation from CO{sub 2}-rich saline waters, and associated isotope partitioning. Both inorganic and microbially mediated processes …

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A recent presidential Executive Order to triple current levels of bioenergy and biobased production by 2010 has increased interest in determining whether sufficient biomass resources will be economically available to support the goal. The US has a well-structured program of research and development which is focusing on increasing potential energy crop and crop residue availability under economically and environmentally sustainable conditions. Genetic improvement programs are ongoing in three U. S. locations for hybrid poplar and cottonwood, in one location for willow, and in four locations for switchgrass. Variety testing and cropping systems development is being conducted at wider variety of sites for all three crops. Molecular genetics is providing important information and tools for identifying and controlling desired traits. The program is also expanding to address supply logistics issues for both energy crop and residues. Equilibrium model analysis performed jointly with the US Department of Agriculture suggests that at farmgate prices of about $33 dt and $44 dt, between 7 and 17 million ha of land could convert to energy crop production without negatively affecting food supplies. Large amounts of crop residue also become profitable for farmers to collect at similar prices. This potential for supporting significant bioenergy and biobased …

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The Plutonium Immobilization Project (PIP) is a program funded by the U.S. Department of Energy to develop technology for dispositioning excess weapons grade plutonium. This program introduces the ''Can-in-Canister'' (CIC) technology that immobilizes the plutonium by encapsulating it in ceramic forms (or pucks) and ultimately surrounding it with high-level waste glass to provide a deterrent to recovery. A cold (non-radioactive) test program was conducted to develop and verify the baseline design for the canister and internal hardware. Tests were conducted in two phases. Phase 1 Cold Pour Tests, conducted in 1999, were scoping tests. This paper describes the Phase 2 tests conducted in 2000 which verified the adequacy of the baseline CIC design and assured that the system would meet repository quality assurance requirements.

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For many years there has existed a discrepancy between the measured and calculated responses from the Little Boy weapon in Hiroshima. A myriad of solutions have been proposed, but to no avail. If one can rationalize to himself that it does not really matter exactly what happened with the weapon when it exploded, and if sufficient information exist about the measurements, one should be able to unfold the source. Moreover, if a source can be unfolded in a controlled environment, then it should be possible to unfold a more complicated source, for example, the Little Boy source. This report records the findings of a proof-of-principle test to unfold a source in the controlled environment.

Wakefield effects due to internal vacuum chamber roughness may increase the electron beam energy spread and so have become an immediate concern for future x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) project developments such as the SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and the DESY TESLA x-ray FEL. We describe a possible experiment to characterize the effects of surface roughness on an FEL driven by self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) operation. Although the specific system described is not completely identical to the above-proposed projects, much useful scaling information could be obtained and applied to shorter wavelength systems.

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The Plutonium Immobilization Project (PIP) is a program funded by the U.S. Department of Energy to develop technology to disposition excess weapons grade plutonium. This program introduces the ''Can-in-Canister'' (CIC) technology that immobilizes the plutonium by encapsulating it in ceramic forms (or pucks) and ultimately surrounding it with high-level waste glass to provide a deterrent to recovery. Since there are significant radiation, contamination and security concerns, the project team is developing unique technologies to remotely perform plutonium immobilization tasks. This paper covers the design, development and testing of the magazines (cylinders containing cans of ceramic pucks) and the rack that holds them in place inside the waste glass canister. Several magazine and rack concepts were evaluated to produce a design that gives the optimal balance between resistance to thermal degradation and facilitation of remote handling. This paper also reviews the effort to develop a jointed arm robot that can remotely load seven magazines into defined locations inside a stationary canister working only through the 4 inch (102 mm) diameter canister throat.

This paper discusses the results of a cross-flow filter in a pilot-scale experimental facility that was designed, built, and run by the Experimental Thermal Fluids Laboratory of Savannah River Technology Center.

Several spallation experiments have been performed on the 6 wt pct alloy of uranium using gas gun driven normal plate impacts with VISAR instrumentation and soft recovery. The nominal shock pressures achieved were 28, 34, 42, 50, 55, and 82 kbar. This paper will focus on spallation modeling, e.g. using the 1 D characteristics code CHARADE to simulate the free surface particle velocity. The spallation model involves the ductile growth and coalescence of voids. Metallographical examination of recovered samples and details of the experimental apparatus are discussed in a separate paper.

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