An analytical model was developed which predicts that the leak rate (or drip rate) of molten plutonium onto a substrate must be low in order for plutonium to solidify into a problematical hemispherical shape. The heat transfer to the substrate is the significant factor in how quickly the fuel solidifies. Analysis and experiment show that for a given substrate, the deposit center height is independent of the leakrate. A good conductor, such as copper on the bottom of a fuel casting furnace, will conduct heat away quickly and tend to cause the fuel to form into a hemisphere. A good insulator on the other hand, will keepthe metal molten to allow it to spreads out and solidify as a flat disk. Higher substrate temperatures inhibit the undesirable hemispherical shape. Experiments conducted were in good agreement with the an analytical model.

Beulah-Zap lignite and Wyodak-Anderson ([minus]100 and [minus]20 mesh from the Argonne Premium Coal Sample Program) were dried in nitrogen under various conditions of temperature (20--80[degree]C), gas flow rates (20--160 cc/min), and sample sizes (20--160 mg). An equation relating the initial drying rate in the unimolecular mechanism was developed to relate the drying rate and these three variables over the initial 80--85% of the moisture loss for the lignite. The behavior of the Wyodak-Anderson subbituminous coal is very similar to that of the lignite. The nitrogen BET surface area of the subbituminous sample is much larger than the lignite.

The basic concepts in the application of Bayesian methods to image analysis are introduced. The Bayesian approach has benefits in image analysis and interpretation because it permits the use of prior knowledge concerning the situation under study. The fundamental ideas are illustrated with a number of examples ranging from a problem in one and two dimensions to large problems in image reconstruction that make use of sophisticated prior information.

In a new hydrodynamic formulation of shock-induced chemical reaction, we can show formally that the presence of certain homogenous reaction characteristics is becoming more evident as shock pressure increase even in heterogeneous high explosives. The homogeneous reaction pathway includes nonequilibrium excitation and deactivation stages prior to chemical reaction. The excitation process leads to an intermediate state at higher energy level than the equilibrium state, and as a result, the effective activation energy appears to be lower than the value based on thermal experiments. As the pressure goes up higher, the homogeneous reaction can even surpass the heterogeneous process and becomes the dominant mechanism.

Two-dimensional cold-start'' resistive MHD computations of formation and evolution of deuterium-fiber-initiated Z-pinches have been extended to include separate ion and electron energy equations and finite-Larmor-radius ordered terms. In the Ohm's Law (magnetic field evolution) equation, Hall and diamagnetic pressure terms have been added, and corresponding terms have been added to the energy equations. Comparison is made of the results of these computations with previous computations and with experiments.

The purpose of this paper is to communicate how new and established management techniques are applied to environmental restoration projects at the Savannah River Site. Specifically, the paper discusses application of four (4) management approaches: Total Quality Principles; Task Team Structure; Cost Time Management; SAFER (Streamlined Approach for Environmental Restoration). The objective is to share Savannah River Site experience and document case studies where certain approaches have enhanced projects at hand. Each management approach is demonstrated by its project application and impact on performance. The visibility given the project is discussed to emphasize communications as avenues for public information, technical exchange, and employee motivation.

The observations of WZ Sge provide us with the best test for computational codes trying to calculate the accretion process onto a white dwarf. We find that the accreted material on WZ Sge cannot spread over the whole star at least on a time scale of ten years. Numerical models which include the angular momentum of the accreted material provide the best fit to the observations.

Signatures of collective effects are studied in the Quark Gluon String Model and in the Fluid Dynamical Model for Au [plus] Au collisions at 11.6 A GeV. In the fluid dynamical model the dependence of measurables on the QGP formation in the EOS is pointed out, although the max. total amount of pure QGP formed is only 4 fm[sup 3] in these reactions. In QGSM the lifetime and extent of latent energy in strings is studied.

Radio-frequency generators, operating at 201 MHz, power the first four stages of the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) accelerator. Each generator consists of four stages of series-connected, vacuum-tube amplifiers. The first amplifier is a grid-modulated tetrode that produces 500 W peak-power. The second amplifier is a drivemodulated tetrode that produces 5 kW peak-power. The third stage is a grid- and plate-modulated tetrode that produces 130 kW peak-power. The last stage is a plate-modulated triode that produces 2.5 MW peak power. A modernization program has been initiated to improve the reliability of each of these stages. The first two stages of each generator are being replaced with a single, drive-modulated, solid-state amplifier. Specifications for the amplifier design, and requirements for integration into the system are presented. The third stage will be converted to a drive-modulated system using the current tetrode. This modification involves the development of a 17-kV, 15-A switching supply to replace the present plate-modulator. Design requirements for this switching supply are presented. The final stage will remain plate-modulated but will contain a new driver unit for the modulator tube.

An integrated desiccant/steam-injected gas-turbine system was evaluated as an industrial cogenerator for the production of electricity and dry, heated air for product drying applications. The desiccant can be regenerated using the heated, compressed air leaving the compressor. The wet stream leaves the regenerator at a lower temperature than when it entered the desiccant regenerator, but with little loss of energy. The wet stream returns to the combustion chamber of the gas-turbine system after preheating by exchanging heat with the turbine exhaust strewn. Therefore, the desiccant is regenerated virtually energy-free. In the proposed system, the moisture-laden air exiting the desiccant is introduced into the combustion chamber of the gas-turbine power system. This paper discusses various possible design configurations, the impact of increased moisture content on the combustion process, the pressure drop across the desiccant regenerator, and the impact of these factors on the overall performance of the integrated system. A preliminary economic analysis including estimated potential energy savings when the system is used in several drying applications, and equipment and operating costs are also presented.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sponsored a project at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) to investigate pilot errors that occur during interaction with automated systems in advanced technology ( glass cockpit'') aircraft. In particular, we investigated the causes and potential corrective measures for pilot errors that resulted in altitude deviation incidents (i.e. failure to capture or maintain the altitude assigned by air traffic control). To do this, we analyzed altitude deviation events that have been reported in the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS), NASA's data base of incidents self-reported by pilots and air traffic controllers. We developed models of the pilot tasks that are performed to capture and maintain altitude. Two types of models were developed to provide complementary perspectives of these tasks: sequential models and functional models. Both types of models show the errors that occur in actual altitude deviation events in advanced technology aircraft. Then, errors from the ASRS data base were categorized according to the models, to help understand the potential causes of the different error types. This paper summarizes the methodology used to analyze pilot errors, the lessons learned from the study of altitude deviation errors, and the application of these results for …

The hypothesis that the blue stragglers in the dwarf spheroidal galaxie have a collisional origin is considered. If all of the dark matter in these galaxies is in the form of low-mass stars and the binary frequency is [approx equal] 50%, then it is quite possible that [approx equal] 10% to 20% of their blue stragglers have been produced by physical stellar collisions.

In this paper, experimental results are presented which clearly demonstrate the effectiveness that an external field has in altering the dissociation dynamics. The experiment examines the strong-field dissociation dynamics of molecular hydrogen ions and its deuterated isotopes. These studies involve multiphoton excitation in the intensity regime of 10[sup 11-14] W/cm[sup 2] with the fundamental and second harmonic of a ND:YAG or ND:YLF laser system. Measurements include energy resolved electron and mass spectroscopy which provide useful probes in elucidating the interaction dynamics predicted by existing models. The example this in this paper, examines the strong-field dissociation of H[sub 2][sup +], HD[sup +], and D[sub 2][sup +] at green (0.5 [mu]m) and (1[mu]m) frequencies. The diatomic ions are formed via multiphonon ionization of the neutral precursor which is physically separable from the dissociation process. This study provides the first observation of the dynamics associated with the above threshold dissociation (ATD) process and analogies will be made with the more familiar above threshold ionization (ATI) phenomenon.

ACHRO is a very simple 2000-line. FORTRAN code that provides help for the designer of the achromatic bend. Given a beam momentum, the program calculates the required drift lengths and dipole parameters which it will apply to any one of several different types of achromats. The types of achromats that the code helps to design include the Enge dual-270,'' the Brown 2-dipole, the Leboutet 3-dipole, and the Enge 4-dipole, as well as the periodic systems which can be designed to any order in symmetric, nonsymmetric and stair-step varieties. Given the dimensions into which a bend must fit, ACHRO will calculate the geometrical parameters in an X-Y plane for a single or multiple achromat, and for achromatic S-bend'' configurations where possible. ACHRO makes it very easy to optimize a bend with respect to drift lengths and magnet parameters by allowing the user to change parameter values and see the resulting calculation. Used in conjunction with a beam-transport code, ACHRO makes it possible for a designer to consider various types of achromatic bends in the same beamline layout in order to compare important bend characteristics such as dispersion, Isochronicity, sensitivity, geometric and chromatic aberrations, aperture requirements, space for diagnostics, etc., all of …

This report discusses a project to develop, test, and evaluate in situ methods for immobilizing inorganic contaminants (metals, inorganic ions, and radionuclides) and destroying nitrates organic contaminants, (primarily chlorinated hydrocarbons). This research work is being performed for the US Department of Energy through the In situ Remediation Integrated Program.

The renewed interest in safety issues for large scale industrial devices and in high speed combustion has driven recent intense efforts to gain a deeper theoretical understanding of detonation wave dynamics. Linear stability analyses, weakly nonlinear bifurcation calculations as well as full scale multi-dimensional direct numerical simulations have been pursued for a standard model problem based on the reactive Euler equations for an ideal gas with constant specific heat capacities and simplified chemical reaction models. Most of these studies are concerned with overdriven detonations. This is true despite the fact that the majority of all detonations observed in nature are running at speeds close to the Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) limit value. By focusing on overdriven waves one removes an array of difficulties from the analysis that is associated with the sonic flow conditions in the wake of a CJ-detonation. In particular, the proper formulation of downstream boundary conditions in the CJ-case is a yet unsolved analytical problem. A proper treatment of perturbations in the back of a Chapman-Jouguet detonation has to account for two distinct weakly nonlinear effects in the forward acoustic wave component. The first is a nonlinear interactionof highly temperature sensitive chemistry with the forward acoustic wave component in …

This report contains viewgraphs on accelerator design and physics.

The requirements for transporting high-current, negative-ion beams are presented with particular emphasis on applications involving negative-hydrogen-ion beams. In addition to the usual matching and steering problems, particular attention must be paid to beam emittance growth in the transport system. Depending on the application, a number of approaches have been developed using both magnetic and electric lenses. I discuss the design considerations for transporting and matching these beams to radiofrequency quadrupole accelerators, and present a survey of the various types of beamlines now used for negative-ion beams.

The BEDLAM simulation code (BEam Dynamics in Linear Accelerators by Moments) represents the beam by its phase-space moments. Here, we present a status report on our work in developing this approach, which is an efficient way to compute 3-D beam motion to high order. The space-charge algorithm, which extends Sacherer's results to higher order, now works well for some test cases but is inaccurate for others. We found that for high-brightness beams, higher-order motion is qualitatively different from that predicted by the linear model. While this means BEDLAM is modeling real-beam behavior not seen in the linear model, it makes it difficult to compare BEDLAM to linear codes. We have also verified the feasibility of using BEDLAM to do nonlinear matching.

Hydrodenitrogenation, hydrodesulfurization and resid conversion data for the Whiterocks bitumen and bitumen-derived liquid were analyzed using a modified power rate law model. The model incorporated the space velocity and pressure since the plug flow equation may not be applicable to laboratory-scale reactors in which complete wetting of the catalyst may not be attained. The data were obtained with the reactor operating as a fixed bed reactor in the upflow mode. The space velocity (WHSV[sup [alpha]]) term was included to account for deviations from plug flow behavior. The exponents (a,p) and the kinetic parameters were obtained by combined non-linear regression and ODE solver techniques for the analysis of laboratory data. A simple nth order power rate law expression for hydrodenitrogenation and hydrodesulfurization was examined. The higher than first order kinetics for hydrodenitrogenation and hydrodesulfurization of the bitumen and bitumen-derived liquids were explained by invoking two parallel first-order reactions; one slow and the other fast. Parallel and consecutive reaction schemes were used to examine the extent of conversion of the resid fraction to middle distillate, gas oil and gasoline and the apparent kinetic parameters were determined. It was determined that the upflow operating mode was preferred to the trickle-bed mode in the …

The masses coupling constants and cosmological parameters obtained using our discrete and combinatorial physics based on discrimination between bit-strings indicate that we can achieve the unification of quantum mechanics with relativity which had become the goal of twentieth century physics. To broaden our case we show that limitations on measurement of the position and velocity of an individual massive particle observed in a colliding beam scattering experiment imply real, rational commutation relations between position and velocity. Prior to this limit being pushed down to quantum effects, the lower bound is set by the available technology, but is otherwise scale invariant. Replacing force by force per unit mass and force per unit charge allows us to take over the Feynman-Dyson proof of the Maxwell Equations and extend it to weak gravity. The crossing symmetry of the individual scattering processes when one or more particles are replaced by anti-particles predicts both Coulomb attraction (for charged particles) and a Newtonian repulsion between any particle and its anti-particle. Previous quantum results remain intact, and predict the expected relativistic fine structure and spin dependencies. Experimental confirmation of this anti-gravity prediction would inaugurate the physics of the twenty-first century.

Over the past several years, systematic experiments have revealed that irradiations which generate energetically dense cascades are much less effective than light-ion, MeV electron, or thermal neutron irradiations at producing freely-migrating defects. In this paper, the systematic results on freely-migrating defect production from ion irradiation studies are briefly summarized. Difficulties with applying a simple extrapolation of the ion-irradiation results to neutron environments are discussed. This discussion, coupled with our existing knowledge of neutron-induced property changes, indicates that Compton scattering, and the (n,[gamma]), (n,He) and (n,p) nuclear reactions, are considerably more important for producing freely-migrating defects than was previously realized.

I both review and make the case for the current theoretical prejudice: a flat Universe whose dominant constituent is nonbaryonic dark matter, emphasizing that this is still a prejudice and not yet fact. The theoretical motivation for nonbaryonic dark matter is discussed in the context of current elementary-particle theory, stressing that: (1) there are no dark matter candidates within the standard model of particle physics; (2) there are several compelling candidates within attractive extensions of the standard model of particle physics; and (3) the motivation for these compelling candidates comes first and foremost from particle physics. The dark-matter problem is now a pressing issue in both cosmology and particle physics, and the detection of particle dark matter would provide evidence for new physics.'' The compelling candidates are: a very light axion ( 10[sup [minus]6] eV--10[sup [minus]4] eV); a light neutrino (20 eV--90 eV); and a heavy neutralino (10 GeV--2 TeV). The production of these particles in the early Universe and the prospects for their detection are also discussed. I briefly mention more exotic possibilities for the dark matter, including a nonzero cosmological constant, superheavy magnetic monopoles, and decaying neutrinos.

This paper presents the results and insights gained from MELCOR analyses of two severe accident scenarios, a Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) and a Station Blackout (TMLB) in Oconee, a Babcock Wilcox (B W) designed PWR with a large dry containment, and comparisons with Source Term Code Package (STCP) calculations of the same sequences. Results include predicted timing of key events, thermal-hydraulic response in the reactor coolant system and containment, and environmental releases of fission products. The paper also explores the impact of varying concrete type, vessel failure temperature, and break location on the accident progression, containment pressurization, and environmental releases of radionuclides.