An article published in Art Education, vol. 40, no. 1, in January 1987, covering the topic of aesthetic scanning in elementary art education.

Results of thermogravimetric analysis of basalt is discussed. Heat capacity, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion are specifically addressed. (CBS)

The Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) is envisaged to be the next experimental machine in the US Fusion Program. Its use of deuterium/tritium fuel requires the implementation of remote handling technology for maintenance and disassembly operations. The reactor is surrounded by a close-proximity nuclear shield which is designed to permit personnel access within the test cell, one day after shutdown. With the shield in place, certain maintenance activities in the cell may be done hands-on. Maintenance on the reactor is accomplished remotely using a boom-mounted manipulator after disassembling the shield. Maintenance within the plasma chamber is accomplished with two articulated boom manipulators that are capable of operating in a vacuum environment. They are stored in a vacuum enclosure behind movable shield plugs.

In an earlier publication, the possibility of producing high resolution zone plates for x-ray applications by spatial-frequency multiplication was analyzed theoretically. The theory predicted that for a daughter zone plate generated from the interference of mth and nth diffraction orders of a parent zone plate, its primary focal spot size and focal length are one (m + n)th of their counterparts of the parent zone plate, respectively. It was also shown that a zone plate with the outermost zone width of as small as 13.8 nm might be produced by this technique. In this paper, we report an experiment which we carried out with laser light (lambda = 4166A) for demonstrating this technique. In addition, an outlook for producing high resolution zone plates for x-ray application is briefly discussed.

An emergency response computer code has been implemented at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to assist decision makers during the accidental airborne release of an agent. This paper describes the necessary steps to run the FORTRAN 77 computer program that simulates the movement of a substance over time. This series of steps involves obtaining the appropriate meteorological and other input data for the program execution of the program, and analysis of the results. The computer program runs on the IBM PC and the HP 9000 supermicro computer. Both of these computers communicate with a PDP 11/23, which stores real-time meteorological data, to obtain data necessary to run the computer code.

Rf systems are described for the FNAL Main Ring and Tevatron Ring, CERN SPS and LEP, and HERA proton acceleration system, CERN PS e/sup +/e/sup minus/ acceleration system, and CERN EPA monochromatic cavity. Low impedance rf systems in CERN ISR, the Brookhaven CBA, and SSC are also discussed.

The Hot Dry Rock geothermal energy project began in the early 1970's with the objective of developing a technology to make economically available the large ubiquitous thermal energy of the upper earth crust. The program has been funded by the Department of Energy (and its predecessors) and for a few years with participation by West Germany and Japan. An energy reservoir was accessed by drilling and hydraulically fracturing in the precambrian basement rock outside the Valles Caldera of north-central New Mexico. Water was circulated through the reservoir (Phase I, 1978-1980) producing up to 5 MWt at 132/sup 0/C. A second (Phase II) reservoir has been established with a deeper pair of holes and an initial flow test completed producing about 10 MWt at 190/sup 0/C. These accomplishments have been supported and paralleled by developments in drilling, well completion and instrumentation hardware. Acoustic or microseismic fracture mapping and geochemistry studies in addition to hydraulic and thermal data contribute to reservoir analyses. Studies of some of the estimated 430,000 quads of HDR resources in the United States have been made with special attention focused on sites most advantageous for early development.

A survey was made (June 1985) of technologies that were currently being used, those that had been discontinued, and those that were under consideration for treatment of low-level radioactive waste from the commercial nuclear power plants in the United States. The survey results included information concerning problems areas, areas needing research and development, and the use of mobile treatment facilities.

Radioiodinated terminal iodophenyl-substituted long-chain fatty acids containing either racemic mono-methyl or geminal dimethyl-branching in the alkyl chain have been shown to exhibit delayed myocardial clearance properties which make these agents useful for the SPECT evaluation of myocardial fatty acid uptake patterns. Although the myocardial clearance rate of 15-(p-iodophenyl)-3-R,S- methylpentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) is considerably delayed, in comparison with the IPPA straight-chain analogue, analysis of the radioiodinated lipids present in the outflow tract of isolated rat hearts administered BMIPP have clearly demonstrated the presence of a polar metabolite. The synthesis of ..beta..-hydroxy fatty acids has been developed to allow investigation of the possible formation of ..beta..-hydroxy catabolites in vivo. The preparation of ..beta..-hydroxy BMIPP and ..beta..-hydroxy IPPA are described, and the possible significance of their formation in vivo discussed. 4 figs.

We have shown that a distinct element numerical model is of significant value in understanding macroscopic behavior. Specific constitutive relations are under development and utilize many of the parameters described here, including average bond damage and the formation and evolution of particle clusters. Numerical experiments such as these, along with physical tests, will provide great insight into the behavior of geologic materials.

Yb-based Kondo lattice systems (YbAgCu/sub 4/, YbCu/sub 2/Si/sub 2/, YbRh/sub 2/Si/sub 2/) represent an interesting class of materials in which it is possible to study systematically the development of heavy electron behavior through the application of pressure. Certainly, additional experiments are required to determine to what extent Yb compounds are mirror images of their Ce counterparts. Finally, pressure reveals the presence of competing interactions for which a simple model exists that qualitatively accounts for the pressure response observed in a large number of Ce, U and Yb-based Kondo lattice systems.

The /sup 252/Cf source method to measure reactivities is under intensive study, both theoretical and experimentally, at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The method was already applied to a large variety of multiplicative systems ranging from thermal to fast, homogeneous to heterogeneous and continuous to discrete. Potential applications to the measurement of very large subcriticalities require a careful analysis of the source of correlated noise. Still, /sup 252/Cf experiments are analyzed by applying the Schottky prescription of the source of noise without corrections due to the neutrons removed by the detector; this is equivalent to assuming that detectors' fluctuations are exactly proportional to the fluctuation of the neutron field. Sheff and Albrecht emphasized later that the Schottky source of noise has to be divided into two components related respectively to multiple neutrons per event (fission) and to a single neutron per event (absorption plus leakage), and that only the first component is the source of correlated noise for the detector. The differences between the two formalisms have very practical implications when the /sup 252/Cf method is applied to measure large subcriticalities. This paper analyzes systems without multiplication in order to emphasize the differences; also additional sources of correlations due to …

Fuel cells have been considered for use in transportation applications for a number of years. They are attractive because they offer a mode of reducing US dependency on petroleum. Fuel cell performance at present has been assessed for applicability to vehicle power plants. Types of fuels that might be used and their effect on selection of a fuel cell technology have been considered. Simulation of a city bus using a hybrid fuel cell/battery power plant indicates that adequate performance can be obtained with current technology.

In order to design geothermal direct contact binary cycle power plants it is necessary to develop design tools to size the direct contactor. Of particular importance is the design of the working fluid preheater. For sieve tray columns a method is presented which has been successfully used when the working fluid is a pure fluid. It is shown here to be equally successful when applied to fluid mixtures. Further, it is shown that when changing the working fluid mixture that column internals must be changed to meet the demands of the new conditions.

Los Alamos National Laboratory has been and continues developing techniques for modeling buried explosions using a large geotechnical centrifuge. When fully developed, the techniques should permit the accurate modeling of large explosions in complex geometries. Our intentional application is to study the phenomena of explosive cavity formation and collapse. However, the same methods should also be applicable to simulation of bursts shallow enough to produce craters, and perhaps even of airbursts in situations where soil overburden is important. We have placed primary emphasis on test bed construction methods and on accurate measurement of the ground shock produced by the explosions. 8 refs., 7 figs.

The Integrated Data Base (IDB) is the official US Department of Energy (DOE) data base for spent fuel and radioactive waste inventories and projections. As such, it should be as convenient to utilize as is practical. Examples of summary-level tables and figures are presented, as well as more-detailed graphics describing waste-form distribution by site and line charts illustrating historical and projected volume (or mass) changes. This information is readily accessible through the annual IDB publication. Other presentation formats are also available to the DOE community through a simple request to the IDB Program.

A facility to demonstrate the above-grade disposal of solid low-level radioactive wastes (LLW) is being constructed in the Solid Waste Storage Area 6 (SWSA 6) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The demonstration facility will utilize the ''Tumulus'' technology, which basically involves sealing the waste in concrete vaults, placing the vaults on a grade level concrete pad, and covering the pad with a soil cover after vault placement is complete. Loading of the demonstration unit is scheduled to begin in June, and will continue one to one and a half years until the 28,000 ft/sup 3/ capacity is exhausted.

This paper presents the results of follow-on studies conducted by Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) on certain kinds of low-level waste (LLW) which could also be classified as hazardous waste subject to regulation by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Such LLW is termed ''mixed waste.'' Additional data have been collected and evaluated on two categories of potential mixed waste, namely LLW containing metallic lead and LLW containing chromium. Additionally, LLW with organic liquids, especially liquid scintillation wastes, are reviewed. In light of a proposed EPA rule to list used oil as hazardous waste, the potential mixed waste hazard of used oil contaminated with radionuclides is discussed. It is concluded that the EPA test for determining whether a solid waste exhibits the hazardous characteristic of extraction procedure toxicity does not adequately simulate the burial environment at LLW disposal sites, and in particular, does not adequately assess the potential for dissolution and transport of buried metallic lead. Also, although chromates are, in general, not a normal or routine constitutent in commercial LLW (with the possible exception of chemical decontamination wastes), light water reactors which do use chromates might find it beneficial to consider alternative corrosion inhibitors. In …

Calculations have been carried out to determine the level of radiation damage that can be expected from albedo neutrons when 1- and 5-GeV negative pions are incident on iron and uranium beam dumps. The calculated damage data are presented in several ways including neutron fluence above 0.111 MeV, 1 MeV equivalent neutron fluence, damage energy deposition, and DPA or displacements per atom. Details are presented as to the method of calculation. 14 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.

To more accurately treat severe accidents in fast reactors, a program has been set up to investigate new computational models and approaches. The product of this effort is a computer code, the Advanced Fluid Dynamics Model (AFDM). This paper describes some of the basic features of the numerical algorithm used in AFDM. Aspects receiving particular emphasis are the fractional-step method of time integration, the semi-implicit pressure iteration, the virtual mass inertial terms, the use of three velocity fields, higher order differencing, convection of interfacial area with source and sink terms, multicomponent diffusion processes in heat and mass transfer, the SESAME equation of state, and vectorized programming. A calculated comparison with an isothermal tetralin/ammonia experiment is performed. We conclude that significant improvements are possible in reliably calculating the progression of severe accidents with further development.

Metallurgical investigation were performed on a cracked main steam isolation valve (MSIV) shaft from the Joseph M. Farley Unit No. 1 station and two MSIV shafts from the R.E. Ginna Station (only one shaft cracked). This investigation consisted of optical microscopy, chemical analysis, hardness testing, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The shafts were manufactured from ASTM A276, Type 410 stainless steel in the quenched and tempered condition. The crack on the Farley shaft ran longitudinally and was approximately 16.7 cm (6.6 inches) in length. The crack on the Ginna shaft was approximately 7.6 cm (3 inches) in length and ran almost perpendicularly to the shaft's long axis. The second Ginna shaft had no visible cracks. Hardness measurements of the shafts revealed that the Farley shaft hardness values ranged between R/sub c/ 41 to 44.5, the cracked Ginna shaft values ranged between R/sub c/ 42.9 to 45, while the uncracked shaft's hardness was R/sub c/ 36 to 44.6. The cracks were intergranular and occurred on prior austenite grain boundaries. No evidence of corrosive species or fatigue contribution was seen. This cracking is considered to be an intergranular stress corrosion cracking phenomenon resulting from a high hardness/susceptible material in a …

Validity of selected data from the fine-group neutron library was satisfactorily tested in performance parameter calculations for the BAPL-1, TRX-1, and ZEEP-1 thermal lattice benchmarks. BAPL-2 is an H/sub 2/O moderated, uranium oxide lattice; TRX-1 is an H/sub 2/O moderated, 1.31 weight percent enriched uranium metal lattice; ZEEP-1 is a D/sub 2/O-moderated, natural uranium lattice. 26 refs., 1 tab.

By comparing acoustic velocities in fluid metals over a very wide range of densities we have established Birch's Law as an approximate representation over the entire liquid range. For a given liquid metal the acoustic velocity is close to linear in density, with a slope determined by the atomic weight. The measurements include isobaric expansion to less than half normal density, ultrasonics on molten metals at 1 atmosphere, and shock melted metals to greater than twice normal density.

The general features of pion charge-exchange reactions leading to nuclear-isobaric-analog states (IAS) and double-isobaric-analog states (DIAS), as they have emerged from studies over the past ten years, are reviewed. The energy range investigated is 20 to 550 MeV for IAS transitions and 20 to 300 MeV for DIAS transitions. These data are seen to play an important role in characterizing the pion optical potential, in determining the ..delta..-N interaction in nuclei, and in the study of nucleon correlations in nuclei. Recent progress achieved in understanding the role of such correlations in double-charge-exchange reactions is reviewed. 55 refs., 43 figs., 3 tabs.