Clouds of low energy electrons in the vacuum beam pipes of accelerators of positively charged particle beams present a serious limitation for operation at high currents. Furthermore, it is difficult to probe their density over substantial lengths of the beam pipe. We have developed a novel technique to directly measure the electron cloud density via the phase shift induced in a TE wave transmitted over a section of the accelerator and used it to measure the average electron cloud density over a 50 m section in the positron ring of the PEP-II collider at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.

High brightness electron beam sources such as rf photo-injectors as proposed for SASE FELs must consistently produce the desired beam quality. We report the results of a study in which a combined neural network (NN) and first-principles (FP) model is used to model the transverse phase space of the beam as a function of quadrupole strength, while beam charge, solenoid field, accelerator gradient, and linac voltage and phase are kept constant. The parametric transport matrix between the exit of the linac section and the spectrometer screen constitutes the FP component of the combined model. The NN block provides the parameters of the transport matrix as functions of quad current. Using real data from SLAC Gun Test Facility, we will highlight the significance of the constrained training of the NN block and show that the phase space of the beam is accurately modeled by the combined NN and FP model, while variations of beam matrix parameters with the quad current are correctly captured. We plan to extend the combined model in the future to capture the effects of variations in beam charge, solenoid field, and accelerator voltage and phase.

By analyzing the pulse to pulse intensity fluctuations of the radiation emitted by a charge particle in the incoherent part of the spectrum, it is possible to extract information about the spatial distribution of the beam. At the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, we have developed and tested a simple scheme based on this principle that allows for the absolute measurement of the bunch length. A description of the method and the experimental results are presented.

We consider the properties of {Omega} graphs ({Omega} vs f(z)) obtained from Gouy interferometry on multicomponent systems with constant diffusion coefficients. We show that they must have (a) either a maximum or else a minimum between f(z)=0 and f(z)=1 and (b) an inflection point between the f(z) value at the extremum and f(z)=1. Consequently, an {Omega} graph cannot have both positive and negative {Omega} values.

The orientation relationship, habit plane, parent-product interface at the atomic level, twin relationship, and plastic deformation resulting from the {delta} {yields} {alpha}{prime} isothermal martensitic transformation in Pu-Ga alloys are examined using optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and finite element calculations. The {delta} {yields} {alpha}{prime} transformation exhibits a {approx}20% volume collapse when the face-centered cubic {delta} phase transforms to the monoclinic {alpha}{prime} phase, which results in unique and intriguing crystallography and morphology. Here, we show that the orientation relationship is very close to that previously reported by Zocco et al. (1990), but has small rotational misalignments between the two phases both parallel and perpendicular to the [110]{sub {delta}} {parallel}[100]{sub {alpha}{prime}} direction. The amount of plastic deformation is exceedingly large due to the {approx}20% volume collapse and transmission electron microscopy is used to quantify the difference in dislocation density between untransformed {delta}-matrix and regions of {delta} adjacent to the transformed {alpha}{prime}. The twins contained in {alpha}{prime} plates are shown to have a (205){sub {alpha}} orientation as the lattice invariant deformation and are found to be composed of two alternating variants that share a common <020>{sub {alpha}{prime}} direction, but differ by a 60 degree rotation about <020>{sub {alpha}{prime}}. A combination of electron diffraction …

Incoherent electron effects could seriously limit the beam lifetime in proton or ion storage rings, such as LHC, SPS, or RHIC, or blow up the vertical emittance of positron beams, e.g., at the B factories or in linear-collider damping rings. Different approaches to modeling these effects each have their own merits and drawbacks. We describe several simulation codes which simplify the descriptions of the beam-electron interaction and of the accelerator structure in various different ways, and present results for a toy model of the SPS. In addition, we present evidence that for positron beams the interplay of incoherent electron-cloud effects and synchrotron radiation can lead to a significant increase in vertical equilibrium emittance. The magnitude of a few incoherent e{sup +}e{sup -} scattering processes is also estimated. Options for future code development are reviewed.

Tomographic images of tissue phantoms and a sample of breast tissue have been produced from an acoustic synthetic array system for frequencies near 500 kHz. The images for sound speed and attenuation show millimeter resolution and demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining high-resolution tomographic images with frequencies that can deeply penetrate tissue. The image reconstruction method is based on the Born approximation to acoustic scattering and is a simplified version of a method previously used by Andre (Andre, et. al., Int. J. Imaging Systems and Technology, Vol 8, No. 1, 1997) for a circular acoustic array system. The images have comparable resolution to conventional ultrasound images at much higher frequencies (3-5 MHz) but with lower speckle noise. This shows the potential of low frequency, deeply penetrating, ultrasound for high-resolution quantitative imaging.

Metal-containing tetrahedral amorphous carbon films wereproduced by dual filtered cathodic vacuum arc plasma sources operatedinsequentially pulsed mode. Negatively pulsed bias was applied to thesubstrate when carbon plasma was generated, whereas it was absentwhen themolybdenum plasma was presented. Film thickness was measured afterdeposition by profilometry. Glass slides with silver padswere used assubstrates for the measurement of the sheet resistance. Themicrostructure and composition of the films were characterizedbyRamanspectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering, respectively. It was foundthat the electrical resistivity decreases with an increaseof the Mocontent, which can be ascribed to an increase of the sp2 content and anincrease of the sp2 cluster size.

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We present a novel Morse Theory approach for the analysis of the complex topology of the Rayleigh-Taylor mixing layer. We automatically extract bubble structures at multiple scales and identify the resolution of interest. Quantitative analysis of bubble counts over time highlights distinct mixing trends for a high-resolution Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) [1].

A method is presented based on the theory of quantum damping, for deriving a self consistent but approximate form of the quantum transport for photons interacting with fully ionized electron plasma. Specifically, we propose in this paper a technique of approximately including the effects of background plasma on a photon distribution function without directly solving any kinetic equations for the plasma itself. The result is a quantum Langevin equation for the photon number operator; the quantum radiative transfer equation. A dissipation term appears which is the imaginary part of the dielectric function for an electron gas with photon mediated electron-electron interactions due to absorption and re-emission. It depends only on the initial state of the plasma. A quantum noise operator also appears as a result of spontaneous emission of photons from the electron plasma. The thermal expectation value of this noise operator yields the emissivity which is exactly of the form of the Kirchoff-Planck relation. This non-zero thermal expectation value is a direct consequence of a fluctuation-dissipation relation (FDR).

Cleanup at the Savannah River Site brings with it the need to clean out and close down the radioactive waste tanks constructed in support of the fuel rod dissolution process. An innovative technique for assaying waste tanks has been developed at the Savannah River Site. The technique uses a gamma detector in the annular space between the inner and outer tank walls of double walled tanks. Unique shielding, counting electronics, and deployment techniques were developed. The system provides information to facilitate mapping interstitial liquid levels, sludge layers and other structures in the waste tank located near the tank walls. The techniques used, results, and lessons learned will be discussed.

In this work, using atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy, we study the surface morphologies of epitaxial InN films grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy with intervening GaN buffer layers on sapphire substrates. On smooth GaN buffer layers, nucleation and evolution of three-dimensional InN islands at various coverages and growth temperatures are investigated. The shapes of the InN islands are observed to be predominantly mesa-like with large flat (000-1) tops, which suggests a possible role of indium as a surfactant. Rough GaN buffer layers composed of dense small GaN islands are found to significantly improve uniform InN wetting of the substrates, on which atomically smooth InN films are obtained that show the characteristics of step-flow growth. Scanning tunneling microscopy imaging reveals the defect-mediated surface morphology of smooth InN films, including surface terminations of screw dislocations and a high density of shallow surface pits with depths less than 0.3 nm. The mechanisms of the three-dimensional island size and shape evolution and formation of defects on smooth surfaces are considered.

Twelve-cm{sup 2} pouch type lithium-ion cells were assembled with graphite anodes, LiNi{sub 0.8}Co{sub 0.15}Al{sub 0.05}O{sub 2} cathodes and 1M LiPF{sub 6}/EC/DEC electrolyte. These pouch cells were cycled at different depths of discharge (100 percent and 70 percent DOD) at room temperature to investigate cycle performance and pulse power capability. The capacity loss and power fade of the cells cycled over 100 percent DOD was significantly faster than the cell cycled over 70 percent DOD. The overall cell impedance increased with cycling, although the ohmic resistance from the electrolyte was almost constant. From electrochemical analysis of each electrode after cycling, structural and/or impedance changes in the cathode are responsible for most of the capacity and power fade, not the consumption of cycleable Li from side-reactions.

From Dalitz-plot analyses of D{sup +} {yields} {pi}{sup -}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup +} and D{sup +} {yields} K{sup -}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup +} decays, we find evidence for light and broad scalar resonances {sigma}(500) and {kappa}(800). From a Dalitz-plot analysis of D{sub s}{sup +} {yields} {pi}{sup -}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup +} decays, they measure the masses and decay widths of the scalar resonances f{sub 0}(980) and f{sub 0}(1370).

The CP-violating parameter sin 2{beta} is directly measured using 110 pb{sup {minus}1} of data accumulated with the CDF detector at the Fermilab {anti p}p Tevatron collider operating at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV. The signal consists of 395 {+-} 31 B{sub d}{sup 0} {r{underscore}arrow} J/{psi} K{sub s} events. Three tagging methods are used to identify the type of B meson at production (B{sub d}{sup 0} or {anti B}{sub d}{sup 0}). From the CP asymmetry, sin 2{beta} is measured to be 0.79 {sub {minus}0.44}{sup +0.41}, consistent with Standard Model predictions. Sin 2{beta} is in the interval 0 {lt} sin2{beta} {lt} 1 at the 93% confidence level.

The goal of the Laser Safety Officer and any laser safety program is to prevent a laser accident from occurring, in particular an injury to a person's eyes. Most laser safety courses talk about laser accidents, causes, and types of injury. The purpose of this presentation is to present a plan for safety offices and users to follow in case of accident or injury from laser radiation.

Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is a highly uniform clone that diverged recently from the enteric pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Despite their close genetic relationship, they differ radically in their pathogenicity and transmission. Here we report the complete genomic sequence of Y. pseudotuberculosis IP32953 and its use for detailed genome comparisons to available Y. pestis sequences. Analyses of identified differences across a panel of Yersinia isolates from around the world reveals 32 Y. pestis chromosomal genes that, together with the two Y. pestis-specific plasmids, represent the only new genetic material in Y. pestis acquired since the divergence from Y. pseudotuberculosis. In contrast, 149 new pseudogenes (doubling the previous estimate) and 317 genes absent from Y. pestis were detected, indicating that as many as 13% of Y. pseudotuberculosis genes no longer function in Y. pestis. Extensive IS-mediated genome rearrangements and reductive evolution through massive gene loss, resulting in elimination and modification of pre-existing gene expression pathways appear to be more important than acquisition of new genes in the evolution of Y. pestis. These results provide a sobering example of how a highly virulent epidemic clone can suddenly emerge from a less virulent, closely related progenitor.

We collected data on the masses, radii, etc. of three classes of close binary stars: low-temperature contact binaries (LTCBs), near-contact binaries (NCBs), and detached close binaries (DCBs). They restrict themselves to systems where (1) both components are, at least arguably, near the Main Sequence, (2) the periods are less than a day, and (3) there is both spectroscopic and photometric analysis leading to reasonably reliable data. They discuss the possible evolutionary connections between these three classes, emphasizing the roles played by mass loss and angular momentum loss in rapidly-rotating cool stars.

Extremely high quality data was acquired using an experimental ultrasound scanner developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory using a 2D ring geometry with up to 720 transmitter/receiver transducer positions. This unique geometry allows reflection and transmission modes and transmission imaging and quantification of a 3D volume using 2D slice data. Standard image reconstruction methods were applied to the data including straight-ray filtered back projection, reflection tomography, and diffraction tomography. Newer approaches were also tested such as full wave, full wave adjoint method, bent-ray filtered back projection, and full-aperture tomography. A variety of data sets were collected including a formalin-fixed human breast tissue sample, a commercial ultrasound complex breast phantom, and cylindrical objects with and without inclusions. The resulting reconstruction quality of the images ranges from poor to excellent. The method and results of this study are described including like-data reconstructions produced by different algorithms with side-by-side image comparisons. Comparisons to medical B-scan and x-ray CT scan images are also shown. Reconstruction methods with respect to image quality using resolution, noise, and quantitative accuracy, and computational efficiency metrics will also be discussed.

A damage test procedure was established for optical components that have large incident beam footprints. The procedure was applied on coated samples for a high powered 1053 nm, 3-ns pulse length laser system.

Using the Livermore X-ray Spectral Synthesizer, which calculates spectral models of highly charged ions based on HULLAC atomic data, they investigate the temperature, density, and photoexcitation dependence of the I(11.92 {angstrom})/I(11.77 {angstrom}) line ratios of Fe XXII. Applied to the Chandra HETG spectrum of the intermediate polar EX Hya, they find that the electron density of its T{sub e} {approx} 12 MK plasma is log n{sub e} cm{sup -3} - 14.3{sub -0.5}{sup +0.7}, orders of magnitude greater than that observed in the Sun or other late-type stars.

The authors use hard X-ray light curves measured by the Chandra HETG and RXTE PCA during the late rise and plateau phases of the 2002 March-April outburst of the intermediate polar GK Per to determine that its X-ray pulse period P = 351.332 {+-} 0.002 s. Combined with previous x-ray and optical measurements of the spin period of the white dwarf, they find that its spin-up rate P = 0.00027 {+-} 0.00005 s yr{sup -1}.

This paper introduces simple model-building evolutionary algorithms (EAs) that operate on continuous domains. The algorithms are based on supervised and unsupervised discretization methods that have been used as preprocessing steps in machine learning. The basic idea is to discretize the continuous variables and use the discretization as a simple model of the solutions under consideration. The model is then used to generate new solutions directly, instead of using the usual operators based on sexual recombination and mutation. The algorithms presented here have fewer parameters than traditional and other model-building EAs. They expect that the proposed algorithms that use multivariate models scale up better to the dimensionality of the problem than existing EAs.