A summary is presented of theoretical expectations for the total cross sections for bottom quark production, for longitudinal and transverse momentum distributions, and for b, /bar b/ momentum correlations at Fermilab fixed target and collider energies.

We have demonstrated near-wavelength resolution microscopy in the extreme ultraviolet. Images of 50 nm diameter nanotubes were obtained with a single {approx}1 ns duration pulse from a desk-top size 46.9 nm laser. We measured the modulation transfer function of the microscope for three different numerical aperture zone plate objectives, demonstrating that 54 nm half-period structures can be resolved. The combination of near-wavelength spatial resolution and high temporal resolution opens myriad opportunities in imaging, such as the ability to directly investigate dynamics of nanoscale structures.

Multilayer coatings for normal incidence optics designed for the long wavelength region (25 nm < {lambda} < 50 nm) are particularly challenging due to the few number of layers that can be utilized in the reflection. Recently, Mg/SiC multilayers have been fabricated with normal incidence reflectivity in the vicinity of 40% for wavelengths near the He-II line at 30.4 nm. Motivated by this success we have investigated the use of a tri-band multilayer to increase the bandwidth while maintaining the reflectivity. The multilayers were deposited by conventional magnetron sputtering. Using Mg/SiC bilayers a reflectivity of 45% was achieved at 27 to 32 nm at an angle of 5 deg from normal. The Mg/Sc/SiC multilayer systems have also been investigated. It obtained a near normal incidence reflectivity of 35% while increasing the bandwidth by a factor of 2. These results are very encouraging for the possibility of more widespread applications of normal incidence optics in high harmonic applications.

Above 54.4 eV, two-photon double ionization of helium isdominated by a sequential absorption process, producing characteristicbehavior in the single and triple differential cross sections. We showthat the signature of this process is visible in the nuclear recoil crosssection, integrated over all energy sharings of the ejected electrons,even below the threshold for the sequential process. Since nuclear recoilmomentum imaging does not require coincident photoelectron measurement,the predicted images present a viable target for future experiments withnew short-pulse VUV and soft X-ray sources.

It is well known that at present exact averaging of theequations of flow and transport in random porous media have been realizedfor only a small number of special fields. Moreover, the approximateaveraging methods are not yet fully understood. For example, theconvergence behavior and the accuracy of truncated perturbation seriesare not well known; and in addition, the calculation of the high-orderperturbations is very complicated. These problems for a long time havestimulated attempts to find the answer for the question: Are there inexistence some exact general and sufficiently universal forms of averagedequations? If the answer is positive, there arises the problem of theconstruction of these equations and analyzing them. There are manypublications on different applications of this problem to various fields,including: Hydrodynamics, flow and transport in porous media, theory ofelasticity, acoustic and electromagnetic waves in random fields, etc.Here, we present a method of finding some general form of exactlyaveraged equations for flow and transport in random fields by using (1)some general properties of the Green s functions for appropriatestochastic problems, and (2) some basic information about the randomfields of the conductivity, porosity and flow velocity. We presentgeneral forms of exactly averaged non-local equations for the followingcases: (1) steady-state flow with sources in …

Recent measurements of hadronic branching fractions of D and D{sub s} mesons, performed by the BABAR and Belle experiments at the asymmetric e{sup +}e{sup -} B factories colliders PEP II and KEKB, are reviewed.

The candidate division Korarchaeota comprises a group of uncultivated microorganisms that, by their small subunit rRNA phylogeny, may have diverged early from the major archaeal phyla Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Here, we report the initial characterization of a member of the Korarchaeota with the proposed name, ?Candidatus Korarchaeum cryptofilum,? which exhibits an ultrathin filamentous morphology. To investigate possible ancestral relationships between deep-branching Korarchaeota and other phyla, we used whole-genome shotgun sequencing to construct a complete composite korarchaeal genome from enriched cells. The genome was assembled into a single contig 1.59 Mb in length with a G + C content of 49percent. Of the 1,617 predicted protein-coding genes, 1,382 (85percent) could be assigned to a revised set of archaeal Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs). The predicted gene functions suggest that the organism relies on a simple mode of peptide fermentation for carbon and energy and lacks the ability to synthesize de novo purines, CoA, and several other cofactors. Phylogenetic analyses based on conserved single genes and concatenated protein sequences positioned the korarchaeote as a deep archaeal lineage with an apparent affinity to the Crenarchaeota. However, the predicted gene content revealed that several conserved cellular systems, such as cell division, DNA replication, and …

In May 2007, the Department of Energy and the Fluor Hanford K Basin Closure Project completed transferring sludge from the K East Basin to new containers in the K West Basin using a Hose-in-Hose system. This project presented a number of complex and unique technical, operational, and management challenges that had to be resolved to complete the required transfers and satisfy project milestones. The project team (including DOE; regulators; and Fluor management, operations, maintenance, engineering and all other support organizations) found innovative solutions to each challenge. This paper records lessons learned during the operational phase of the sludge transfer via the Hose-In-Hose system. The subject is limited to the operational phase and does not cover design, development, testing or turnover. A discussion of the situation or problem encountered is provided, along with the lesson learned as applicable to a future program or project.

The Savannah River Site (SRS) is a 310-square-mile United States Department of Energy nuclear facility located along the Savannah River near Aiken, South Carolina. During operations, which started in 1951, hazardous substances (chemicals and radionuclides) were released to the environment. The releases occurred as a result of inadvertent spills and waste disposal in unlined pits and basins which was common practice before environmental regulations existed. The hazardous substances have migrated to the vadose zone and groundwater in many areas of the SRS, resulting in 515 waste units and facilities that are required by environmental regulations, to undergo characterization and, if needed, remediation. In the initial years of the SRS environmental cleanup program (early 1990s), the focus was to use common technologies (such as pump and treat, air stripping, excavation and removal) that actively and tangibly removed contamination. Exclusive use of these technologies required continued and significant funding while often failing to meet acceptable clean-up goals and objectives. Recognizing that a more cost-effective approach was needed, SRS implemented new and complementary remediation methods focused on active and passive technologies targeted to solve specific remediation problems. Today, SRS uses technologies such as chemical/pH-adjusting injection, phytoremediation, underground cutoff walls, dynamic underground stripping, soil …

The {sup 11}C(p,{gamma}){sup 12}N reaction is expected to be an important branch point in supermassive low-metallicity stars because it could produce CNO seed nuclei before the traditional triple-alpha process turns on. In the present work, the d({sup 11}C, {sup 12}N)n transfer reaction was employed to evaluate this reaction using a radioactive ion beam of 150 MeV {sup 11}C with 6 x 10{sup 5} ions/s on target from the BEARS project at the 88-inch cyclotron at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Excellent agreement was obtained between the experimental cross sections ({theta}{sub c.m.} = 10.9{sup o} to 71.5{sup o}) and DWBA calculations. The asymptotic normalization coefficient was deduced to be (C{sub eff}{sup 12N}){sup 2} = (C{sub p1/2}{sup 12N}){sup 2} + (C{sub p3/2}{sup 12N}){sup 2} = 1.83 {+-} 0.27 fm{sup -1}.

The shock termination of a relativistic magnetohydrodynamic wind from a pulsar is the most interesting and viable model for the excitation of the synchrotron sources observed in plerionic supernova remnants. We have studied the structure of relativistic magnetosonic shock waves in plasmas composed purely of electrons and positrons, as well as those whose composition includes heavy ions as a minority constituent by number. We find that relativistic shocks in symmetric pair plasmas create fully thermalized distributions of particles and fields downstream. Therefore, such shocks are not good candidates for the mechanism which converts rotational energy lost from a pulsar into the nonthermal synchrotron emission observed in plerions. However, when the upstream wind contains heavy ions which are minority constituent by number density, but carry the bulk of the energy density, much of the energy of the shock goes into a downstream, nonthermal power law distribution of positrons with energy distribution N(E)dE {proportional to}E{sup {minus}s}. In a specific model presented in some detail, s = 3. These characteristics are close to those assumed for the pairs in macroscopic MHD wind models of plerion excitation. The essential mechanism is collective synchrotron emission of left-handed extraordinary modes by the ions in the shock …

Hydrogen-like recombination X-ray lasers are currently under investigation as an alternative candidate to collisional pumped soft X-ray amplifiers. Efforts are being concentrated on the n = 3 to n = 2 transitions in H-like Mg and NaF. 5 refs., 1 fig.

Ni-like x-ray lasers have been produced at wavelengths near to, and below the carbon K edge (43.76-{Angstrom}). Recent work has concentrated on the development of the Ni-like Ta amplifier at 44.83-{Angstrom}. Amplification occurs in a laser produced plasma created by irradiating a thin foil of Ta with two beams of the Nova laser. Up to 8 gainlengths have been demonstrated so far, with a gain coefficient of 3.2 cm{sup {minus}1} and a gain duration of 250 psec. The wavelength of 44.83-{Angstrom} is close to optimal for holographic imaging of live cells. It remains to optimize the coherent output power of the amplifier to use it as a source for future x-ray holography experiments. 19 refs., 10 figs., 2 tabs.

We analyze the behavior of odd-parity continuous finite-element methods (CFEMs) for problems that contain diffusive regions. We find that each of these method produces a solution that, to leading order inside diffusive regions, satisfies a discretization of the diffusion equation. We find further that these leading-order solutions satisfy boundary conditions that can lead to large errors in the interior solution. We recognize, however, that we can combine an odd-purity CFEM solution and an even-parity CFEM solution and obtain a solution that satisfies very accurate boundary conditions. Our analysis holds in three-dimensional Cartesian geometry, with an arbitrary spatial grid. We give numerical results from slab-geometry; these invariably agree with the predictions of the analysis. Finally, we introduce a rapidly-convergent diffusion-synthetic acceleration scheme for the odd-parity CFEMs, which we believe is new. 18 refs., 3 figs.

I give a brief review of the cosmological implications for new particle physics, the search for dark matter and the general nature of dark matter.

The alias method is a Monte Carlo sampling technique that offers significant advantages over more traditional methods. It equals the accuracy of table lookup and the speed of equal probable bins. The original formulation of this method sampled from discrete distributions and was easily extended to histogram distributions. We have extended the method further to applications more germane to Monte Carlo particle transport codes: continuous distributions. This paper presents the alias method as originally derived and our extensions to simple continuous distributions represented by piecewise linear functions. We also present a method to interpolate accurately between distributions tabulated at points other than the point of interest. We present timing studies that demonstrate the method's increased efficiency over table lookup and show further speedup achieved through vectorization. 6 refs., 12 figs., 2 tabs.

I survey recent theoretical work on the structure of the magnetospheres of rotation powered pulsars, within the observational constraints set by their observed spindown, their ability to power synchrotron nebulae and their ability to produce beamed collective radio emission, while putting only a small fraction of their energy into incoherent X- and gamma radiation. I find no single theory has yet given a consistent description of the magnetosphere, but I conclude that models based on a dense outflow of pairs from the polar caps, permeated by a lower density flow of heavy ions, are the most promising avenue for future research. 106 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.

We analyze the behavior of discontinuous finite-element methods (DFEMs) for problems that contain diffusive regions. We find that in slab geometry most of these methods perform quite well, but that the same is not true in XY or XYZ geometry. In these geometries, we find that there are two distinct sets of DFEMS. Methods in one set produce unphysical solutions in diffusive regions; the other leading-order solutions that satisfy discretizations of the correct diffusion equation. We show that two simple properties of the finite-element weight functions are sufficient to guarantee that a DFEM belongs to the latter set. We show, however, that even these DFEMs suffer from several defects: their leading-order solutions are in general discontinuous, they satisfy diffusion discretizations that can be ill-behaved, and they may not be accurate given boundary layers that are not resolved by the spatial mesh. We discuss the practical significance of these defects, and we show that liberal modification of some DFEMs can eliminate the defects. We present numerical results from simple test problems; these fully agree with our analysis. 15 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.

In this paper we consider periodic structures consisting of rows of spherical conductors. In a plasma linac, these spherical conductors would be formed from liquid droplets on whose surfaces a plasma would be formed. For this paper, the field configurations have been investigated using copper spheres approximately 11 cm diameter and microwave radiation of approximately 30 cm wavelength. No suitable accelerating mode was found for relativistic particles using a single row of spheres, but with two parallel rows of spheres both accelerating and focusing modes were found. In Section II we re-examine the accelerating modes over a grating surface, including a grating of parallel conducting rods. In Section III we discuss the coupling of these structures to incoming radiation. 3 refs., 6 figs.

This report gives a general overview of the EGS[underscore]Windows2 program. The program is intended to be used to display individual particle histories of electrons, photons, and positrons generated by the EGS4 Code System. Much of this work is based on the earlier version of EGS[underscore]Windows2 from the Institute for National Measurement Standards at the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC). No attempt is made to modify their EGS subroutine WATCH, which is used to output the particle vectors to be read by EGS-Windows, or duplicate any of the documentation describing the subroutine. EGS[underscore]Windows2 reads data in the same format as produced by WATCH. Users of EGS[underscore]Windows2 are encouraged to obtain the original EGS[underscore]Windows report from the NRCC in addition to this report as complete documentation of EGS[underscore]Windows2. As in the original report, two levels of information are covered in this report: the user level, and the programmer level. The user level should be read by all users. It describes execution, operation, and capabilities. The programmer level should be read by those users who may want to modify the program or who would like a more detailed understanding. It describes briefly the routines and there function, as well as the major …

The filamentation instability can lead to regions of increased laser intensity when a spatially nonuniform laser beam interacts with a plasma. An experimental technique will be described which identifies the density perturbation produced by filaments. The growth of filaments has been investigated and, when the laser intensity is large enough, the transverse density profile of the filament can be measured. Evidence of filament growth influenced by plasma flow and density gradients is presented. 19 refs., 4 figs.

I give a brief review of the cosmological implications for new particle physics, the search for dark matter and the general nature of dark matter.

Perturbations on an interface driven by a strong blast wave grow in time due to a combination of Rayleigh-Taylor, Richtmyer-Meshkov, and decompression effects. In this paper, we present the first results from a computational study of such a system under drive conditions to be attainable on the National Ignition Facility. Using the multiphysics, AMR, higher order Godunov Eulerian hydrocode, Raptor, we consider the late nonlinear instability evolution for multiple amplitude and phase realizations of a variety of multimode spectral types. We show that compressibility effects preclude the emergence of a regime of self-similar instability growth independent of the initial conditions by allowing for memory of the initial conditions to be retained in the mix-width at all times. The loss of transverse spectral information is demonstrated, however, along with the existence of a quasi-self-similar regime over short time intervals. The initial conditions are shown to have a strong affect on the time to transition to the quasi-self-similar regime.

Heat pipe embedded aluminum silicon carbide (AlSiC) plates are innovative heat spreaders that provide high thermal conductivity and low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Since heat pipes are two phase devices, they demonstrate effective thermal conductivities ranging between 50,000 and 200,000 W/m-K, depending on the heat pipe length. Installing heat pipes into an AlSiC plate dramatically increases the plate’s effective thermal conductivity. AlSiC plates alone have a thermal conductivity of roughly 200 W/m-K and a CTE ranging from 7-12 ppm/ deg C, similar to that of silicon. An equivalent sized heat pipe embedded AlSiC plate has effective thermal conductivity ranging from 400 to 500 W/m-K and retains the CTE of AlSiC.