A neutron diffraction program was initiated recently at the Puerto Rico Nuclear Center. The two double crystal spectrometers in use were assembled with the aid of staff members of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The first research problem to be completed was a single crystal structure analysis of CaWO4. Choosing the origin at the 4(a) tungsten site in the tetragonal I41/a cell. the 16(f) oxygen parameters were found to be as follows: x=0.2413 ± 0.0005, y=0.1511 ± 0.0006, z=0.0861 ± 0.0001. Anisotropic temperature parameters were also determined for all atoms in the least squares analysis of the structure. The magnetic structure of CuSO4 has been determined in a continuation of a study started at Brookhaven in collaboration with Dr. P.J. Brown. Using the Wollan-Koehler-Bertaut notation, the antiferromagnetic spin ordering mode in the orthorhombic Pbnm cell is Ax, with the spin axis parallel to a. A moment of approximately 1 μB was found for the Cu2_ ion. The crystal structure of BaNiO2 was re-examined in a neutron powder diffraction study, and it was found that the earlier x-ray study of Lander is essentially correct. An alternative oxygen arrangement, for which x-rays would not have been very sensitive, had been suspected. BaNiO2 was …

Recent measurements of the pion-proton total cross section, taken with small statistical errors, have shown the existence of two new maxima in the momentum range between 2 and 3 BeV/c. Measurements of comparable statistical accuracy, covering the momentum range from 2.5 to 8 BeV/c are reported in the present paper. In addition to the total cross sections for π± mesons on protons, their total cross sections on deuterons have also been determined. Some data were also taken on the total cross sections for K+ mesons on protons and deuterons and for K- mesons on protons.

In the fall of 1961 an extensive program of investigation of high energy p-p interactions was begun at the Brookhaven AGS. The BNL 20" liquid hydrogen bubble chamber and an electrostatically separated beam were used to obtain a total (to date) of 300,000 exposure with about 15 antiprotons per pulse. The exposures were made at antiproton momenta of 3.25 Bev/c and 3.69 Bev/c in the laboratory. Approximately 80% of the exposures were made 3.69 Bev/c antiprotons. A wide variety of reactions occur in these collisions. Some of these such as elastic scattering, pion production, and associated production of hyperons and K-mesons have analogues in p-p collisions. The similarities and differences between the p-p and p-p results can usually be understood in a qualitative way and in some cases quantitative comparison with theory has been possible. The annihilation reactions leading to final states containing pions alone or pions with K-mesons are unique to the nucleon-antinucleon system as are the reactions in which a hyperon, anti-hyperon pair is produced. In the following, we report the principal characteristics of proton-antiproton reactions. Although the scope of this paper is comprehensive it is not a definitive report of the experiment as much of the work …

Since the discovery of the Straub and Feuer as well as Laki et al. that ATP bound to G-actin is transformed to ADP and inorganic phosphate during polymerization of actin (1, 2), it has become increasingly clear that the chemical changes in the nucleotide are related to the change in the physical state of the protein. Barany, Biro, Molnar and Straub have shown that highly purified actin preparation free of any enzyme which would use ATP, ADP or AMP as a substrate still catalyze the breakdown of ATP (3) thus supporting the original idea that the ATP to ADP transformation is related to the globular to fibrous transformation of the actin protein itself. Mommaerts was the first to show that the ADP formed during polymerization remains bound to F-actin and Ulbrecht et al. while extending Mommaert's finding on exhaustively purified actin preparations have shown that the P1 formed during polymerization is not bound to F-actin. The stoichiometry of the splitting and the tightness of binding of the ADP lead inevitably to questions in regard to the position of bond breaking during the hydrolysis and to the nature of the forces involved in the tight binding of ADP to F-actin. To …

The crystal structure of MgSO4·4H2O has been refined using single crystal neutron diffraction data for the three main zones. The hydrogen positions which were found are essentially those which have been deduced from X-ray data in an earlier investigation.The mean value of the O-H bond lengths is 0.97Å. The O-H-O bonds are bent considerably. One hydrogen atom does not participate in hydrogen bonding, as can be concluded from the geometry of its surroundings and its thermal motion.

Monoclinic FeSO4·7H2O is the stable solid phase between -1.82° and 56.6° C in contact with a saturated water solution of FeSO4. It occurs in nature as an oxidation product of Fe-containing sulfides an is called melanterite. FeSO4·7H2O belongs to a series of compounds Me2+SO4·nH2O, where Mn2+ is a cation with an approximate ionic radius of 0.7Å. The 1-, 4- and 5-hydrates are known to crystalize each in only one form, whereas the hexa- and the heptahydrates occur both in two different forms. The crystal structure of the tetragonal NiSO4·6H2O; Zalkin, Ruben and Templeton reported the structure of the monoclinic CoSO·6H2O. Of the structure of the heptahydrates but one was described: the orthorhombic form of NiSO4·7H2O. No details were known about one of the monoclinic heptahydrates, though Leonhardt and Ness published the cell constants and the space group of FeSO4·7H2O.. In addition they stated essentially correct positional parameters for the sulfur atom and gave the correct positions of the iron atoms. The present investigation has been undertaken as part of an extensive study of salt hydrates. A preliminary account has been published before.

In this report we present solutions of the design problem in which a system of quadruple lenses is required to carry a particle beam from given focal lines in the x and y planes to other given focal lines. Particular attention will be given to the case of the anastigmatic lens system which takes a beam from one focal point to another focal point. Since the general problem is almost impossibly complicated a simplification is introduced by breaking the lens system into two parts. The first part of the lens system is required to bring the initial beam to the state where it is parallel to the z axis in both planes. The second part carries the initially parallel beam to the required final condition. Each part will involve two quadrupoles so that the complete system will consist of four quadruples; usually, however, the field gradients in the second and third quadrupoles can be made identical so that those quadrupoles can be combined into one and the system becomes a three quadrupole system. The configuration of the lens element will be as shown in the figures below. These figures indicate also the general character of the beam path in the …

An air cored pulse deflection coil has been constructed for the Brookhaven AGS. The system produces a deflecting pulse with a peak radial deflection of 2.5 cms and duration of 70 microseconds. Beam spill duration of 15 to 50 microseconds from the target is readily achieved. One deflector has given satisfactory service for over a year and a second unit has been installed this summer.

An additive, interacting mechanism of micro and macro-convective heat transfer is proposed to represent boiling heat transfer with net vapor generation to saturated liquid metals in convective flow. Based on this mechanism, a method for calculating boiling coefficients is developed. The correlating is shown to be in fair agreement with early experimental results for convective boiling of potassium and sodium.

In a continuation of the study of the properties of the φ meson we have roughly doubled the available data on the φ production via the reactions [equations were not transcribed]. The data discussed here was obtained in the Brookhaven National 20" Hydrogen Bubble Chamber exposed at a separated beam of K- of 2.24 Gev/c.

The present communication reports the results of several investigations of magnetic structure and magnetic transitions currently in progress or recently completed at Brookhaven National Laboratory.

A working definition of homeostasis is the following: the sum total of the processes which maintain a steady level of various substances or functions within a living baby. Our own concern will be with the homeostasis of trace metals. I will begin with a slide which shows the total body concentration of various metals, including "trace" ones. Only metallic constituents which play a role in the maintenance of the body's structure and function are shown. The essential trace metals among them are represented by black bars. Iron is both black and white. Indeed, if one excludes the fixed sequestered iron of myoglobin and of hemoglobin, one is left with a trace fraction of iron about which I will be talking later on. Note that the scale is logarithmic, indicating that the concentrations of essential metals in the body fall off sharply and smoothly.

Recently, we reported that the administration of the thyroid hormone, L-triiodothyronine (T3), markedly accelerated the development of experimental hypertension associated with a high-salt intake in intact rate. Earlier, Selye and his associates and Masson, Corcoran, and Page has observed a similar effect from thyroxin in uninephrectomized salt-fed rats. We were aware of the fact that oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled by the thyroid hormone and were intrigued by the possibility that such uncoupling was instrumental in the accelerated development of the hypertension observed. The work reported here was undertaken with this possibility in mind; it was based on the well documented observation of Loomis and Lipmann that dinitrophenol reversibly inhabits oxidative phosphorylation. The present studies indicates that 2, 4-dinitrophenol, like L-triiodothyronine, can also rapidly induce hypertension in salt-fed rate. These observations have led us to develop a working hypothesis that may have general implications relative to the pathogenesis of hypertension in man.

Though only recently established, this concept has been developing for a long time. More than thirty years ago Dubinin, Serebrovsky, and other, investigating the phenotypes of a number of "achaete-scute" alleles of Drosophilia melanogaster, found that the alleles could be arranged in a definite series accoding to bristle patters, and also that the heterozygotes lacked only those bristles which were affected in common by both participating alleles. They concluded that the serial classification of alleles according to bristle patters had its counterpart in a similar arrangement of portions of the achaete-scute gene locus. On this assumption they divided the locus into twelve elementary subunits. It was assumed that each allele arose by a change involving a certain combination of these centres. According to their theory, the achaete-scute locus is made up of separate, regularly spaced, and linearly arranged functional units. Several years later, Oliver described the occurrence of crossing over between two alleles of the "lozenge" locus. Then Green and a number of other workers analyzed similar phenomena in different regions of Drosophila chromosome. During the same period Lewis developed the theory of pseudoallelism, which interprets the occurrence of recombinants in interallelic crosses as the result of gene duplications. Thus …

Evidence is rapidly accumulating that the genetic material carried in a chromosome is arranged in a highly organized manner. The nucleotides of DNA constituting a gene are grouped in sequence, like the letters of a word, and presumably each word uniformly consists of three letters. Successive words make up a sentence containing the information needed to build a protein molecule. Each word of the sentence is transcribed to form an amino acid of the protein for which the particular gene is responsible.

At this, the XI International Congress of Genetics, the major portion of the program has been devoted to synopsis, in which outstanding problems of modern genetics have been discussed. It required vision on the part of the Organizing Committee to conceive such a program for an international congress; and it required courage, a great deal courage, to schedule 25 symposium on a 6 meeting days. But the vision and courage have been amply rewarded. The symposia were outstanding, and have contributed toward making this Congress a strikingly successful gathering.

The kinetics of several oxidation-reduction reactions involving manganese (III) have been studied spectrophotometrically by the use of a flow technique. The free energies of activation for the oxidation of various substituted tris-(1,10-phenanthroline) complexes of iron (II) by manganese (III) in perchloric acid and in pyrophosphoric-sulfuric acid media were found to be linearly related to the standard free energy changes of the reactions. The application of the Marcus theory to the reactions of manganese (III) with iron (II) and with various substituted iron (II)-phenanthroline complexes and to the reaction of cobalt (III) with manganese (II) in perchloric acid leads to an estimate of about 10 -4 F -1 sec -1 for the rate constant of the manganese (II)-manganese (III) electron exchange reaction at 25.0°. Attempts to determine the rate constant for this exchange by a radioactive tracer method were unsuccessful.

Studies on a large variety of plant species, particularly by Sparrow and his colleagues, have shown that radiosensitivity, as measured by growth inhibition and lethality, is strongly correlated with various parameters of the cell nucleus. Foremost among these are nuclear volume, SNA content and chromosome number. It is generally accepted that in proliferating cell systems chromosome damage may well be the principal radiobiological lesion, and the observed correlations are in line with the contention that loss of genetic materials following such fragmentation is a factor of a major importance in radiation-induced lethality and growth inhibition in plants.

We have measured the rare gas isotopes in mineral concentrates of the Indarch meteorite. We obtained samples from C. Frondel, who crushed some of the meteorite into small particles mainly in the 44 to 88 micron size. He fractionated the minerals into groups according to specific gravity, using heavy liquids and magnetic techniques. The fraction with specific gravity less than 2.4 is approximately 95% tridymite and represents about 1% of the whole stone. The fraction with specific gravity between 2.4 and 2.8 contains calcium sulfide, calcium phosphate, two unidentified minerals, and tridymite and enstatite impurities. This fraction represents a few percent of the meteorite. The fraction with specific gravity between 2.8 and 3.3 consists largely of clinoenstatite and represents about 75% of the meteorite. The troilite is concentrated in the fraction with specific gravity greater than 3.3, and kamacite is concentrated in the magnetic fraction.

The development of nuclear arms added the effects of ionizing radiation to the direct and indirect mechanical, chemical or thermal hazards of "conventional" weapons. The biological effects of ionizing radiation are the result of absorption of energy and the morphologically recognizable damage is poorly understood. Although new in their use in weapons and difficult to evaluate in their consequences, ionizing radiations are by no means new to physicians. Furthermore, medical experience has shown that clinical consequences of radiation injury are similar to those with which the clinician has to deal with every day in the treatment of neoplastic disorders and its complications. Soon after the discovery of x-rays by Roentgen and of the phenomenon of radioactivity by Bequerrel in the last decade of the last decade of the 19th century, it was found that ionizing radiation can produce marked biological effects by interfering with cell- and organ functions. Senn and Hussey were the first to effectively treat leukemia by this means. This, since about 60 years, ionizing radiation has been a powerful tool in the hands of physicians both in diagnostic procedures and for therapy of malignant disease. It should not be forgotten however, that the price paid for this …

During the last year we have been attempting to increase our understanding of the significance of the various dilution methods used to measure the extra-cellular fluid. When the dilution methods were first proposed to obtain a measure of the extracellular fluid volume, it was hoped that an agent could be found which would distribute uniformly and exclusively throughout this compartment, which would approach equilibrium rapidly, and which could be measured by simple and accurate procedures. We have turned our attention chiefly to the methods themselves using dogs and non-edematous adults as subjects.

In high-energy particle physics the initial problem is to obtain information about the behavior of particles which are invisible by any known means (the radius of a proton is 10-13 cm) and which may be traveling at speeds greater than 180,000 miles per second, but at less than the speed of light. Some of the work is being done with the use of electronic counters, but the larger fraction is currently done by three techniques which employ the photographic process. These are the silver halide emulsion stack, the liquid hydrogen bubble chamber and the spark chamber. Counters provide immediate information but it is of a yes-or-no character, whereas the other methods are capable of actually mapping, with varying degrees of accuracy, an interaction between particles. The emulsion stack is quite familiar and need be discussed only briefly. Since individual silver halide crystals are rendered developable along the paths of charged particles, a sensitive detector may be built up with thick layers of specially sensitized emulsion having no base support. As the path of the particle may be through several emulsion having no base support. as the path of the particle may be through several emulsion layers and the track must …

The scope of the AGS complex has expanded rapidly during the three years since an accelerated beam was first obtained. Demand for research time far exceeds the amount available although facilities have been much increased. At the same time, experiments are being designed which are more complicated than previous ones and which make more stringent demands on the accelerator and on its auxiliary equipment. There is a continuous trend of experiments to particle beams of greater momentum, as the experimental techniques are refined. This use of increased momentum means that larger areas are required for the apparatus and that more power is necessary for the magnetic optics. All beam-sharing at the AGS is done by multiple use of each accelerated pulse because our experience indicates that pulse-by-pulse beam-sharing is relatively inefficient. (Expansion chambers have seldom been used at the AGS.) The problems of scheduling experiments becomes increasingly complex since combinations must be found satisfying the criteria: maximum number of experiments to run simultaneously; minimum downtime to be taken for rearrangement between successive experimental arrays

The rf particle separator, proposed in 1959 by W.K.H. Panofsky and now in preparation for the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron, required a rf structure which gives a transverse impulse to a passing relativistic particle. In order to produce an accumulative transverse deflection of a traveling charged particle with an electromagnetic field, it is necessary that the field contains a synchronous component and in principle, waveguides and cavities are equivalent with respect to the particle dynamics. It was pointed out by H.G. Hereward, that the electric and magnetic deflection of a transverse electric mode (i.e., with no electric field component parallel to the direction of the particle velocity) cancel exactly at all particle velocities. The deflecting force of a transverse magnetic mode on a synchronous particle with the velocity v is proportional to the factor 1-(v/c)2 and vanishes therefore in the case of relativistic particles.