'The authors have begun to examine the extraction and recovery of heavy elements from aqueous waste streams using redox-active metal chalcogenides. They have been able to prepare extractants from known chalcogenide starting materials, studied the efficacy of the extractants for selective removal of soft metal ions from aqueous phases, studied the deactivation of extractants and the concomitant recovery of soft metal ions from the extractants, and characterized all of the solids and solutions thus far in the study. The study was proposed as two parallel tasks: Part 1 and Part 2 emphasize the study and development of known metal chalcogenide extractants and the synthesis and development of new metal chalcogenide extractants, respectively. The two tasks were divided into sub-sections that study the extractants and their chemistry as detailed below: Preparation and reactivity of metal chalcogenide host solids Extraction of target waste (guest) ions from simulated waste streams Examination of the guest-host solids recovery of the guest metal and reuse of extractant Each section of the two tasks was divided into focused subsections that detail the specific problems and solutions to those problems that were proposed. The extent to which those tasks have been accomplished and the continued efforts of the …

A large component of radon entry cannot be explained by pressure differences between the soil and inside the structures. The persistence of this radon entry even when the house is pressurized by 1 Pa indicates that it must be due to molecular diffusion. The radon entry rate as measured by accumulators below ground level (soil + concrete) is roughly 2 times greater than that measured above ground level (concrete alone). The soil permeability is about 10{sup {minus}12} m{sup 2} and does not change dramatically with depth down to 2 m. The diffusion component of radon entry is reduced by about 30% when the floor wall joint is sealed. The Rn3D model is operating on our computer system and is being modified to accommodate the geometrical configurations of the underground test structure.

The polycrystalline nature of thin-film CdTe and CuInSe{sub 2} solar cells continues to be a major factor in several individual losses that limit overall cell efficiency. This report describes progress in the quantitative separation of these losses, including both measurement and analysis procedures. It also applies these techniques to several individual cells to help document the overall progress with CdTe and CuInSe{sub 2} cells. Notably, CdTe cells from Photon Energy have reduced window photocurrent losses to 1 mA/Cm{sup 2}; those from the University of South Florida have achieved a maximum power voltage of 693 mV; and CuInSe{sub 2} cells from International Solar Electric Technology have shown a hole density as high as 7 {times} 10{sup 16} cm{sup {minus}3}, implying a significant reduction in compensation. 9 refs.

We have obtained a neutron diffraction data set for Os{sub 2}(CO){sub 8}({mu}-C{sub 2}H{sub 4}). While the structure is still being solved, it is already clear that the hybridization at both of the ethylene carbons is sp{sup 3}. Our first interpretation of our liquid crystal NMR results had suggested a very acute H-C-H angle. We have also obtained {sup 13}C liquid crystal data for Os{sub 2}(CO){sub 8}({mu}-C{sub 2}H{sub 4}). Liquid crystal NMR ({sup 13}C as well as {sup 1}H) spectra have been obtained for Os(CO){sub 4}(C{sub 2}H{sub 4}) and its solution structure determined, in order to test our methodology on a molecule with a rigid structure. The normal modes of Os(CO){sub 4}({mu}-C{sub 2}H{sub 4}) and its deuterated and {sup 13}C-labelled isotopomers have been completely assigned. A partial vibrational analysis of Os{sub 2}(CO){sub 8}({mu}-propene), Os{sub 2}(CO){sub 8}(trans-2-butene), and Os{sub 2}(CO){sub 8}(1-butene) has been completed. We have prepared Os(CO){sub 4}({mu}-CH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}) and its 3,3-dideuterio analog. In the course of this work the reaction of Na{sub 2}Os(CO){sub 4} with a number of 1,3-propanediol derivatives has been examined. 1,3-Propanediol ditosylate afforded much better yields of the osmacycle than did either the ditriflate or diiodide. 2,2-Dideutero-1,3-propanediol ditosylate was used to prepare the deuterium-labelled osmacyclobutane.

We have obtained a neutron diffraction data set for Os{sub 2}(CO){sub 8}({mu}-C{sub 2}H{sub 4}). While the structure is still being solved, it is already clear that the hybridization at both of the ethylene carbons is sp{sup 3}. Our first interpretation of our liquid crystal NMR results had suggested a very acute H-C-H angle. We have also obtained {sup 13}C liquid crystal data for Os{sub 2}(CO){sub 8}({mu}-C{sub 2}H{sub 4}). Liquid crystal NMR ({sup 13}C as well as {sup 1}H) spectra have been obtained for Os(CO){sub 4}(C{sub 2}H{sub 4}) and its solution structure determined, in order to test our methodology on a molecule with a rigid structure. The normal modes of Os(CO){sub 4}({mu}-C{sub 2}H{sub 4}) and its deuterated and {sup 13}C-labelled isotopomers have been completely assigned. A partial vibrational analysis of Os{sub 2}(CO){sub 8}({mu}-propene), Os{sub 2}(CO){sub 8}(trans-2-butene), and Os{sub 2}(CO){sub 8}(1-butene) has been completed. We have prepared Os(CO){sub 4}({mu}-CH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}) and its 3,3-dideuterio analog. In the course of this work the reaction of Na{sub 2}Os(CO){sub 4} with a number of 1,3-propanediol derivatives has been examined. 1,3-Propanediol ditosylate afforded much better yields of the osmacycle than did either the ditriflate or diiodide. 2,2-Dideutero-1,3-propanediol ditosylate was used to prepare the deuterium-labelled osmacyclobutane.

The Grand Junction Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action-Radiological Survey Activities Group (UMTRA-RASA) program employs a screening method in which external exposure rates are used to determine if a property contaminated with uranium mill tailings is eligible for remedial action. Portable NaI detectors are used by survey technicians to locate contaminated areas and determine exposure rates. The exposure rate is calculated using a regression equation derived from paired measurements made with a pressurized ionization chamber (PIC) and a NaI detector. During July of 1985 extensive measurements were taken using a PIC and a NaI scintillator with both analogue and digital readout for a wide range of exposure rates and at a variety of elevations. The surface soil was sampled at most of these locations and analyzed for /sup 226/Ra. The response of the NaI detectors was shown to be highly correlated to radiation level but not to /sup 226/Ra concentration or elevation.

The Radiological Survey Activities (RASA) Group of the Health and Safety Research Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is an Inclusion Survey Contractor (ISC) for the Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action Program (UMTRAP). The purpose of the ISC is to survey designated sites potentially contaminated with radioactive material originating from the 24 inactive uranium mill sites and make recommendations as to whether the site should be included in or excluded from further consideration by UMTRAP. An important aspect of the program is a prompt and inexpensive estimation of Radium-226 (/sup 226/Ra) concentration in soil samples. A large sodium iodide (NaI) well crystal coupled to a multichannel analyzer is used to count soil samples. Count data are currently analyzed with an algorithm that utilizes three regions of interest (ROI). A lack of agreement was observed when samples were also analyzed with lithium-drifted germanium (GeLi) spectrometers. The average estimate of /sup 226/Ra obtained using the current algorithm was 19% greater than the GeLi determination. Some possible reasons for these differences were examined. In 8.5% of the samples, the relative concentration of Cesium-137 (/sup 137/Cs) was highly correlated to the extent of error. Using alternative analysis techniques, the error for /sup 226/Ra …

Strong free convection airflows occur within passive solar buildings resulting from elevated temperatures of surfaces irradiated by solar energy compared with the cooler surfaces not receiving radiation. The geometry of a building has a large influence on the directions and magnitudes of natural airflows, and thus heat transfer between zones. This investigation has utilized a variety of reduced-scale building configurations to study the effects of geometry on natural convection heat transfer. Similarity between the reduced-scale model and a full-scale passive solar building is achieved by having similar geometries and by replacing air with Freon-12 gas as the model's working fluid. Filling the model with Freon-12 gas results in similarity in Prandtl numbers and Rayleigh numbers based on temperature differences in the range from 10/sup 9/ to 10/sup 11/. Results from four geometries are described with an emphasis placed on the effects of heat loss on zone temperature stratification shifts.

PATHWAY simulates the transport of radionuclides from fallout through an agricultural ecosystem. The agro-ecosystem is subdivided into several land management units, each of which is used either for grazing animals, for growing hay, or for growing food crops. The model simulates the transport of radionuclides by both discrete events and continuous, time-dependent processes. The discrete events include tillage of soil, harvest and storage of crops,and deposition of fallout. The continuous processes include the transport of radionuclides due to resuspension, weathering, rain splash, percolation, leaching, adsorption and desorption of radionuclides in the soil, root uptake, foliar absorption, growth and senescence of vegetation, and the ingestion assimilation, and excretion of radionuclides by animals. Preliminary validation studies indicate that the model dynamics and simulated values of radionuclide concentrations in several agricultural products agree well with measured values when the model is driven with site specific data on deposition from world-wide fallout.

Efforts have been primarily directed toward evaluation of the room temperature molten salt electrolyte in terms of its overall performance for photovoltaic cells. Mass transport processes may prove to be the rate-limiting factor for such electrolytes, unless the concentration of the photo-active redox component can be increased and the solvent viscosity reduced. Acid-base surface chemistry of n-GaAs as occurs in aqueous systems, has been found present and its consequences will be further explored. The selection and optimization of PEC electrolytes is a complex task and we believe that a systems approach would facilitate in identifying the basic electrolyte properties needed. A preliminary analysis reveals that although some of the criteria for an electrolyte are definable precisely, others do require empirical experimentation. It can be concluded that relatively few electrolytes in current use are adequate and it would appear that greater efforts to develop electrolytes would be advantageous. The various types of electrolytes that could be used for PEC's have been identified. Good quality MoSe/sub 2/ single crystals can be grown and short circuit currents greater than previously reported have been achieved in an I/sub 2//I/sup -//Pt cell. A novel technique to produce photo-active films by anodization is being investigated, initially …

Characteristics of the oceanic mixed layer over the North Pacific were examined utilizing a number of statistical methods. Based on the analyses of twelve years of data, a quasi-meridional differentiation (QMD) in sea surface temperature (SST) spectra across the North Pacific was observed. The SST spectra became increasingly red as an increasing function of latitude. A strong 21 to 26 day cycle in SST anomalies is discussed which may be a reflection of heat fluxes. These fluxes also vacillate significantly on this time-scale in conjunction with cycles observed in the atmospheric energy modes of available potential and kinetic energy. Examination of an oceanic heat budget on a spatial and temporal basis suggest that the impact of latent and sensible heat fluxes upon ..delta..SST is partially a function of the magnitude of the heat fluxes as well as of the depth to which their effects are mixed. The heat budget analyses and the fitting of power spectra of SST anomalies over the North Pacific to a two-parameter oceanic model, suggest that SST behavior over the mid-oceanic regions of the North Pacific is dominated by the influence of latent and sensible heat fluxes. On the other hand, over the remainder of the …

Two types of evacuated tube solar collectors have been operated in space heating, cooling and domestic hot water heating systems in Colorado State University Solar House I. An experimental collector from Corning Glass Works supplied heat to the system from January 1977 through February 1978, and an experimental collector from Philips Research Laboratory, Aachen, which is currently in use, has been operating since August 1978. A flat absorber plate inside a single-walled glass tube is used in the Corning design, whereas heat is conducted through a single glass wall to an external heat exchanger plate in the Philips collector. In comparison with conventional flat-plate collectors, both types show reduced heat losses and improved efficiency. For space heating and hot water supply in winter, the solar delivery efficiency of the Corning collector ranged from 49% to 60% of the incident solar energy. The portion of the space heating and domestic hot water load carried by solar energy through fall and winter ranged from 50% to 74%, with a four-month contribution of 61% of the total requirements. Data on the Philips collector are currently being analyzed.

It is considered that the short term stability of n-GaAs PEC's in a ferrocene-based, ambient temperature molten salt electrolyte is reasonably good. However, longer term evaluation is required to determine the extent and significance of corrosion, stability, etc. Extremely few fundamental studies have been made of the semiconductor/molten salt interphase and experiments in this area would be most useful. Indeed, even the design parameters for PECs of any kind have not been quantitatively delineated and present consideration will be given to models for PEC solar cells and limitations caused by ion transport in the electrolyte. The MoSe/sub 2/ and MoS/sub 2/ electrodes appear to have substrate reproducibility and transport limitations that make them unsuitable candidates for efficient PEC's at this time. Similarly, the lack of availability of high quality CuInSe/sub 2/ and CuInS/sub 2/ substrates limits the quantitative experimental evaluation of their utility for PEC applications. We are presently focusing attention on CdSe/CdTe mixtures and CdS as electrodes as well as Si and GaAs in molten salt and polyelectrolyte solutions. The system for solar cell evaluation and network analysis of substrates and cells was mode operational. Preliminary work on economic and theoretical modelling was begun. Progress is reported. (WHK)

The purpose of this study was to determine if the monocotyledonous angiosperm, Ornithogalum virens (Quintanilha and Cabral, 1947), could be used in such a biological assay system. After exposing O. virens plants to acute (/sup 60/Co) and chronic (/sup 137/Cs) gamma radiation and internal beta radiation (/sup 32/P), lethality (LD/sub 50/, LD/sub 100/), growth inhibition, and chromosome aberrations were investigated. The LD/sub 50/ and LD/sub 100/ for acute gamma radiation were estimated to be between 0.91 to 1.8 krad and less than 3.6 krad, respectively. Though growth inhibition and abnormal growth were observed in the acute and chronic gamma radiation studies, the changes in the growth of the plants were so variable that these parameters were found to be unreliable measures of radiation effects. Chromosome aberrations were a more reliable measure of radiation damage because linear relationships between total aberrations and dose were found for both gamma and beta radiation.

An attempt was made to relate episodes of air pollution at Barrow, Alaska, containing vanadium, to the behavior of planetary waves in middle and high latitudes. A stationarity index for planetary waves is defined as the ratio between amplitudes computed from monthly mean maps and the mean amplitudes computed on a daily basis and averaged over the same month, irrespective of phase angle. Longitude-time sections of 500-mb height anomalies at various latitudes are related to vanadium pollution episodes at Barrow.

Fly ash derived from coal combustion contains predominantly spherical particles which consist of an insoluble aluminosilicate glass containing several mineral impurities. An outer layer, 50 to 300 A thick, is rich in many potentially toxic trace elements in the form of simple and complex sulfates. This layer, which is soluble in water, contains essentially all of the particulate sulfur present in fly ash in the form of sulfate. The actual mechanism(s) of formation of particulate sulfate salts are ill-defined but probably involve adsorption of condensation of gaseous sulfur species onto fly ash surfaces within the power plant stack system.

From introduction: Ground water is a source of municipal, domestic, stock, and irrigation water supply for most of northeastern Larimer County, Colorado. This report presents the results of a study made to determine the quantity, availability, and quality of the ground water. This information should be useful particularly for land-use planning and the utilization and protection of the ground-water resources.

Extrusion and rolling processes exhibiting large amounts of plastic flow are analyzed using a finite element technique that is based on a modified creeping viscous flow approximation. The technique, called the initial stress-rate method, iteratively corrects creeping viscous flow solutions to generate results that include elastic response. The momentum equations have been coupled with the energy equation to provide the capability to predict thermomechanical response during forming operations.

The occurrence of mistral winds in the Mediterranean shows a correlation with blocking activity over the eastern Atlantic. Apparently for this reason periods with a ''midwinter dip'' in the zonal available potential energy of the northern hemisphere are favored by mistral occurrence. There also is a tendency for a 22- to 26-day cycle to appear in pressure gradients at the 500- and 100-mb surfaces along the southern coast of France. Such pressure gradients, if they exceed a certain magnitude, are indicative of mistral episodes.

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Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about the authorities in Fort Collins, Colorado stating the chartered plane that was heading for San Antonio but crashed in Fredricksburg, was going to San Antonio for a heroin pickup but claimed the pilot was unaware. All passengers were killed.

Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story.

Photograph of cows from Doug Davis's Hereford Ranch from Loveland, Colo. at a stock show. The cows are laying down on the hay.

A photograph postcard showing the Midland Terminal (MDLR) 64, 2-6-0 on coal train with 65 & 66 helping, Cameron, CO, 35 cars, 15 mph.