Article asserts that international students face unique challenges in pursuing higher education in a foreign country. To address these challenges and enhance their academic experience, higher education institutions are increasingly exploring the use of artificial intelligence (AI) applications. The research paper explores various AI applications, such as personalized learning experiences, adaptive testing, predictive analytics, and chatbots for learning and research.

This article reports results of a study that used an in-depth comparative content analysis to assess free-text and controlled vocabulary collection-level subject metadata in three large-scale digital libraries in the European Union and the USA.