CTH is a family of codes developed at Sandia National Laboratories for modeling complex multi-dimensional, multi-material problems that are characterized by large deformations and/or strong shocks. A two-step, second-order accurate Eulerian solution algorithm is used to solve the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations. CTH includes models for material strength, fracture, porous materials, and high explosive detonation and initiation. Viscoplastic or rate-dependent models of material strength have been added recently. The formulations of Johnson-Cook, Zerilli-Armstrong, and Steinberg-Guinan-Lund are standard options within CTH. These models rely on using an internal state variable to account for the history dependence of material response. The implementation of internal state variable models will be discussed and several sample calculations will be presented. Comparison with experimental data will be made among the various material strength models. The advancements made in modelling material response have significantly improved the ability of CTH to model complex large-deformation, plastic-flow dominated phenomena. Detonation of energetic material under shock loading conditions has been of great interest. A recently developed model of reactive burn for high explosives (HE) has been added to CTH. This model along with newly developed tabular equations-of-state for the HE reaction by-products has been compared to one- and two-dimensional …

A series of numerical simulations have been performed using CTH to predict secondary debris formation and rear structure damage for typical bumper shields under a variety of impact geometries The simulations span a range of velocities from {approximately}3 to 12 km/s and are compared to the experiment data for the lower velocities (3 to 7 km/s). For one velocity ({approximately}7 km/s), CTH was used to demonstrate the effects of bumper thickness on secondary debris formation and rear structure damage. CTH was also used to stimulate a 12 km/s impact of a sphere on a simple Whipple bumper shield and this result will be compared to analytic damage predictions at that velocity. It has been found that CTH accurately predicts secondary debris propagation and rear damage for velocities throughout the experimentally accessible range. The CTH damage predictions at 12 km/s result in a higher ballistic limit than would be predicted from the analytic techniques.

Cylindrical metal shells imploded by magnetic fields - liners - are used as kinetic energy drivers for high energy density physics experiments in hydrodynamics and dynamic material property measurements. There are at least three ways in which liners have been, or are expected to be, used to produce high energy density, i.e., high pressure, in target materials. A common approach uses the liner as a convergent flyer plate, which impacts a material target cylinder after having been shocklessly accelerated across an intervening gap. The resultant shock and piston hydrodynamic flow in the target are used in exploration of a wide variety of phenomena and material properties. Another common method is to slowly compress a liner containing a material sample in a such fashion that little heating occurs. This technique is most useful for investigated physical properties at low temperature and extreme density. Finally, one can use a hybrid approach to shock heat with an impacting liner followed by slower adiabatic, if not isentropic, compression to explore material properties in extrema. The magnetic fields for driving these liners may be produced by either high explosive pulsed power generators or by capacitor banks. Here we will consider only capacitor banks.

Over the last few years there has been a significant increase in the use of radionuclides in leukocyte, platelet, and erythrocyte imaging procedures. Radiopharmaceutical used in these procedures are confined primarily to the blood, have short half-lives, and irradiate the body as they move through the circulatory system. There is a need for a model, to describe the circulatory system in an adult human, which can be used to provide radiation absorbed dose estimates for these procedures. A simplified model has been designed assuming a static circulatory system and including major organs of the body. The model has been incorporated into the MIRD phantom and calculations have been completed for a number of exposure situations and radionuclides of clinical importance. The model will be discussed in detail and results of calculations using this model will be presented.

The reactor vessels of the nuclear production reactors at the Savannah River Site (SRS) were constructed in the 1950`s from Type 304 stainless steel plates welded with Type 308 stainless steel filler using the multipass metal inert gas process. An irradiated mechanical properties database has been developed for the vessel with materials from archival primary coolant system piping irradiated at low temperatures (75 to 150{degrees}C) in the State University of New York at Buffalo reactor (UBR) and the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) to doses of 0.065 to 2.1 dpa. Fracture toughness, tensile, and Charpy-V impact properties of the weldment components (base, weld, and weld heat-affected-zone (HAZ)) have been measured at temperatures of 25{degrees}C and 125{degrees}C in the L-C and C-L orientations for materials in both the irradiated and unirradiated conditions for companion specimens. Fracture toughness and tensile properties of specimens cut from an SRS reactor vessel sidewall with doses of 0.1 and 0.5 dpa were also measured at temperatures of 25 and 125{degrees}C. The irradiated materials exhibit hardening with loss of work hardenability and a reduction in toughness relative to the unirradiated materials. The HFIR-irradiated materials show an increase in yield strength between about 20% and 190% with a …

Databases of mechanical properties for both the piping and reactor vessels at the Savannah River Site (SRS) were developed from weldment components (base, weld, and weld heat-affected-zone (HAZ)) of archival piping specimens in the unirradiated and irradiated conditions. Tensile, Charpy V-notch (CVN), and Compact Tension C(T) specimens were tested at 25 and 125C before and after irradiation at low temperatures (90 to 150C) to levels of 0.065 to 2.1 dpa. irradiation hardened the weldment components and reduced the absorbed energy and toughness properties from the unirradiated values. A marked difference in the Charpy V-notch absorbed energy and the elastic-plastic fracture toughness (J{sub IC}) was observed for both the base and HAZ components with the C-L orientation being lower in toughness than the L-C orientation in both the unirradiated and irradiated conditions. Fracture surface examination of the base and HAZ components of unirradiated C(T) specimens showed a ``channel`` morphology in the fracture surfaces of the C-L specimens, whereas equiaxed ductile rupture occurred in the L-C specimens. Chromium carbide precipitation in the HAZ component reduced the fracture toughness of the C-L and L-C specimens compared to the respective base component C-L and L-C specimens. Optical metallography of the piping materials showed stringers …

A fast reciprocating ICRF (Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequencies) probe was installed and operated on TORE SUPRA during 1992/1993. The body of the probe was originally used on the ATF experiment at ORNL. The probe was adapted for use on TORE SUPRA, and mounted on one of the two fast reciprocating probe mounts. The probe consists of two orthogonal single-turn wire loops, mounted so that one loop senses toroidal RF magnetic fields and the other senses poloidal RF magnetic fields. The probe began operation in June, 1993. The probe active area is approximately 5 cm long by 2 cm, and the reciprocating mount has a slow stroke (5 cm/sec) of 30 cm by 2 cm, and the reciprocating mount has a slow stroke (5 cm/sec) of 30 cm and a fast stroke (1.5 m/sec) of about 10 cm. The probe was operated at distances from the plasma edge ranging from 30 cm to {minus}5 cm (i.e., inside the last closed flux surface). The probe design, electronics, calibration, data acquisition and data processing are discussed. First data from the probe are presented as a function of ICRF power, distance from the plasma, loop orientation, and other plasma parameters. Initial data shows …

The tank of a Savannah River Site reactor is a cylinder approximately 16 feet in diameter and 14 feet high and is not pressurized except for a 5 psig helium blanket gas in addition to the hydrostatic head of the heavy water (D{sub 2}O) moderator. The tank is made of Type 304 Stainless steel fabricated into cylindrical shells with 0.5 inch thick four to six wrought plates per vessel. The shell was made up in two flat half-sections for later rolling and welding. The tank bottom section containing the moderator effluent nozzles was welded to the shell in a T-Joint configuration. An ultrasonic (UT) in-service inspection program has been developed for the examination of these reactor tanks. Prior to the initiation of these inspections, criteria for the disposition of any indications that may be found were required. This paper describes the fracture mechanics evaluations that formed the technical bases for the flaw acceptance criteria. The fracture mechanics evaluation considered detailed finite element calculated stress states in the various regions of the tanks, measured irradiated fracture toughness properties (irradiated condition material J-R curves), fluence levels in the tanks, and intergranular stress corrosion cracking growth rates in the reactor environment. The irradiation …

Wavefront curvature defocus effects can occur in spotlight-mode SAR imagery when reconstructed via the well-known polar formatting algorithm (PFA) under certain scenarios that include imaging at close range, use of very low center frequency, and/or imaging of very large scenes. The range migration algorithm (RMA), also known as seismic migration, was developed to accommodate these wavefront curvature effects. However, the along-track upsampling of the phase history data required of the original version of range migration can in certain instances represent a major computational burden. A more recent version of migration processing, the Frequency Domain Replication and Downsampling (FReD) algorithm, obviates the need to upsample, and is accordingly more efficient. In this paper the authors demonstrate that the combination of traditional polar formatting with appropriate space-variant post-filtering for refocus can be as efficient or even more efficient than FReD under some imaging conditions, as demonstrated by the computer-simulated results in this paper. The post-filter can be pre-calculated from a theoretical derivation of the curvature effect. The conclusion is that the new polar formatting with post filtering algorithm (PF2) should be considered as a viable candidate for a spotlight-mode image formation processor when curvature effects are present.

The relative merit of using a deterministic code to calculate dose distributions for BNCT applications were examined. The TORT discrete deterministic ordinated code was used in comparison to MCNP4A to calculate dose distributions for BNCT applications

Acetone, propionitrile, pyrrole, and thiocyanate were selected as representative compounds of wastewater expected from pressurized, fluidized-bed hydroretorting (PFH) of Eastern oil shales. The PFH process has been the subject of investigation by the Institute of Gas Technology, under contract with the United States Department of Energy, for the purpose of obtaining higher oil yields from Eastern shales than has been possible using conventional retorting methods. Preliminary batch experiments illustrated that acetone, propionitrile, pyrrole, and thiocyanate are aerobically biodegradable by heterogeneous microbiological cultures. Three continuous flow activated sludge reactors were used to further evaluate the biological treatability of the synthetic waste. The studies revealed that the compounds could be removed at hydraulic residence times of as low as one day. Three one-day experiments demonstrated that biological system`s capability to accept organic shock loadings without a change in effluent quality. A no-recycle reactor illustrated that the flocculent microbiological population had a high resistance to solids washout. Because a supplementary nitrogen source was not included in synthetic waste treated by the no-recycle unit, it was shown that propionitrile, pyrrole, and/or thiocyanate supplied the nitrogen necessary for biological activity.

The theoretical approach based on the Boltzman-Langevin model is applied to study the thermal properties of the excitation phenomena in condensed matter. This approach making use of the advantages of the thermodynamic Green`s function method provides a tool for the self-consistent description of the many-body correlations. It is demonstrated that such a correlation modifies significantly the excitation strength properties of the electron gas. The resonant thermal effects in electron bulk excitation accompanying a radioactive decay in solids are discussed.

We have calculated the B(Ml)/B(E2) ratios in {sup 18l}Ir within a shape-fixed particle + rotor model, in order to investigate how sensitive these may be to the nuclear shapes under consideration, and whether or not there is evidence of shape coexistence in the electromagnetic data alone. The model calculations employed the same Woods-Saxon potential that has been used previously for TRS and bandhead calculations and all parameters have been taken at their standard values, without any adjustments. To the extent possible with present models, these calculations should represent predictions for the B(M1)/B(E2) ratios at the deformations expected from the TRS and bandhead calculations. A comparison with the {sup 181}Ir data is stimulated by the fact that this is the lightest-mass Ir nucleus for which the spins and parities am firmly established experimentally; we find that the electromagnetic transition rates in this nucleus are well reproduced under the assumption of a single, fixed shape.

Predictions for the low energy structure of well deformed odd-A Pm and Sm nuclei in the A {approx} 130 region are given, based on the particle-rotor model. Distinctive magnetic dipole properties (static moments and transition rates) are expected for certain Nilsson configurations, and comparisons to recent data are made for {sup 133}Pm, {sup 135}Sm and {sup 133}Sm.

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