The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Hawk Hawkins. Hawkins joined the Marine Corps in spring 1942. He was sent to radio school after boot camp. Hawkins then joined a replacement battalion and was assigned to the 1st Signal Company for a landing on Cape Glouster. Next Hawkins’ unit landed on Peleliu. He describes the battle and tells some stories from his experience. Hawkins was then sent to back to the States where he spent the remainder of the war working at a Marine Corps Supply Depot. He became a civilian employee for the Air Force after the war ended.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an interview with John Frost. Frost joined the Army Air Forces around late 1942 and served as a pilot in the 13th Army Air Force, 5th Bombardment Group, 394th Bomb Squadron. In mid-1944 he was assigned to pilot and serve as Squadron Navigator aboard B-24s in the Pacific. They provided air support during the Battle of Leyte Gulf. He describes one event where he and his crew were shot down over Mindanao in the Philippines. They were taken to Morotai Island for recovery. Around January of 1945 they traveled to Australia and participated in bombings over Biak and surrounding Schouten Islands. He returned to the US in July, and was discharged in December.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an interview with Virgil Sansing. Sansing joined the Army Air Forces in November of 1941. He completed Aircraft Maintenance School, and served as a repairman for over a year, then received approval for flight school. In late 1943 Sansing served as a fighter pilot with the 359th Fighter Group, 369th Fighter Squadron in England. He flew missions over Europe in P-47s and P-51s. On 20 June 1944, while participating in the invasion of Normandy, Sansing was shot down when strafing rail yards in France. Upon parachuting, Sansing immediately went into hiding in the French countryside. For the next few months he was assisted by French families and members of the French Resistance, which helped him reach his base in England. He completed 50 combat missions. He went back to the US and served as a Gunnery Instructor in P-47s, and later completed Aircraft Maintenance Officer School. Sansing served 31 years in the Army, retiring in 1973. He then flew with the Confederate Air Force for 32 years.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with John Buchanan. Buchanan joined the Navy in 1939 and was assigned to the USS Holland (AS-3). He was then sent to submarine school and joined the USS Cachalot (SS-170) to work on diesel engines. Buchanan was on duty the morning of the attack on Pearl Harbor and describes the events that he witnessed from the Navy Yard where his ship was undergoing repairs. He describes seeing the plane that launched a torpedo on the USS Helena (CL-50) fly overhead. Buchanan discusses the three war patrols that he was a part of and details life on board a submarine. He was discharged for medical reasons in June 1945.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Milton Loss. Loss joined the Navy in January 1942. He was assigned to the USS Haddo (SS-255) and took part in a patrol off England. Loss describes the Haddo receiving new engines at Mare Island. He discusses the arrival of Captain Nimitz and how well he was liked by the crew. Loss participated in five war patrols. He describes his duties as a Quartermaster, planning a torpedo attack, and problems with malfunctioning torpedoes. Loss also discusses life onboard a submarine. He served on the Haddo through the end of the war.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with William Cowden. Cowden joined the Navy in November 1944. He joined the crew of USS LST-1001 as a deck seaman. Cowden describes taking part in the second wave of the invasion of Okinawa and mentions seeing several attacks by kamikaze planes on nearby ships. He describes his battle station on a 40mm anti-aircraft gun and how it operated. Cowden also details his ship being severely damaged during two typhoons. He remained aboard until the ship was decommissioned in 1946 and he left the service a few months later.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Leonard Cornelius. Cornelius joined the Navy in July 1941 and received basic training in San Diego. Upon completion, he was assigned to the USS Enterprise (CV-6) as a seaman. He arrived at Pearl Harbor the day after the attack and saw oil was still burning on the water in the devastated Battleship Row. As the war began, Cornelius became a cook aboard ship. His battle station was in the kitchen, preparing sandwiches for the nearly 3,000 crewmen at their stations. He enjoyed working the midnight shift, and one evening Admiral Halsey stopped by and invited Cornelius to join him for a cup of coffee. Halsey chatted with Cornelius for about 15 minutes, asking him about his work, and wished him well. After the war, Cornelius returned home and remained in the Navy another 15 years. He was discharged in October 1960.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Carlyle Herring. Herring joined the Navy in November 1937 and received basic training in Norfolk. Upon completion, he was assigned to the USS Enterprise (CV-6) where he tended to aircraft as they landed on the flight deck. He recalls losing a half dozen scouting planes to friendly fire after the attack on Pearl Harbor. During general quarters, Herring manned the gun director of a five-inch mount. He describes different techniques used for targeting enemy aircraft, such as shooting into the ocean just ahead of a torpedo plane, creating a wall of water for the plane to crash into. Herring was engaged in numerous battles throughout the war but felt that each one simply amounted to another day’s work. He retired from the Navy after 20 years of service.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an interview with Lloyd Howser. Howser joined the Navy in late December 1941. Beginning March of 1942, he served with the deck force aboard USS Enterprise (CV-6). In April, they escorted USS Hornet (CV-8) on the Doolittle Raid. From June through November, they participated in the battles at Midway, the Eastern Solomons, Santa Cruz and Guadalcanal. In June of 1944, they served in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Howser returned to the US and was discharged in early 1945.

Transcript of an oral interview with Armand Maffuccio. Maffuccio begins with some anecdotes about growing up during the Depression. He joined the Navy in 1942. In 1943, Maffuccio boarded the USS Enterprise (CV-6) and served as a baker and in damage control. He describes his duties as a baker. He received a furlough to go home in early 1945 because his mother was dying. He finished the war in Banana River, Florida as a baker at a naval base.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Edwin Smith. Smith joined the Navy in 1943 at the age of 15 and received basic training in San Diego. Upon completion, he was assigned to the USS Enterprise (CV-6) where he joined a work division, primarily cleaning and painting the ship. His battle station was at the gun director of a 40-millimeter mount, where his duties included maneuvering the barrel and pulling the weapon’s trigger. When a kamikaze hit the ship’s number one elevator off of Okinawa, Smith felt helpless as he watched the plane dive down. However, once the plane struck, Smith recalls the crew springing into action in an organized fashion, despite the chaotic nature of the event. Smith returned home and was discharged in December 1945.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Norman Zafft. Zafft joined the Navy in 1943 and was assigned to USS Enterprise (CV-6) as a ship fitter. He corresponded with his brother in code, to avoid censorship. He survived several close calls in combat. When the ship was hit by a kamikaze at Okinawa, Zafft only survived because he had been relieved of his post early that morning by a sailor who subsequently perished in the explosion. Zafft helped fight the resulting fires and kept a piece of the fuselage as a souvenir. After returning to the States with the Enterprise, Zafft was discharged in March 1946. He joined the Enterprise Association and served as its president. Through a Japanese historian who was researching the kamikaze attack on the Enterprise, Zafft donated his piece of the fuselage to an exhibit at the Kanoya Naval Air Base Museum which names and honors the men killed that day. Zafft was especially grateful for the opportunity to pay homage to George Barker, the man who died in his place.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Norman Pondich. Pondich joined the Navy in April 1944 and received basic training at Samson. Upon completion, he was assigned to a supply depot at Tacloban where he operated a forklift and oversaw Japanese and Filipino laborers. The depot received food from the ships coming into the harbor, some of it frozen as far back as 1936. The food would then be stored in Quonset huts until it was transferred to ships that supplied the occupation forces. Pondich was injured while trying to secure an eight-mile stretch of supplies laid out along the beach, when a tsunami threatened to wash them all away. Upon his recovery, he was assigned as a storekeeper aboard the USS Enterprise (CV-6), where he marveled at the ship’s organized supply system. His injury, however, proved to not be fully healed, so Pondich returned home and was discharged.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Roy Blood. Blood joined the Naval Reserves when war started in Europe. He was called to active duty in early 1941. After boot camp in Newport, he received specialized training in signaling and radio communication. In early 1942, Blood joined a radio maintenance group and boarded USS Lexington (CV-2). He was then transferred to Fighter Squadron 2 (VF-2) aboard USS Saratoga (CV-3). He transferred again, to USS Enterprise (CV-6) and Fighter Squadron 6 (VF-6) as a petty officer and third class radioman. Near Guadalcanal, Blood was on the flight deck and realized after launching aircraft that he was in danger based on radar readings and radio chatter. He took cover below deck just before enemy aircraft strafed and bombed the deck. In August 1944, Blood received orders to go to advanced radio school. Upon completion, he stayed on as an instructor, making chief before the war ended. He turned down full lieutenancy in favor of returning home. Blood later rejoined the Navy and accumulated 23 years of service.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with James Blazek. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Blazek received a deferral to work for Electro-Motive Diesel and to study at the Armour Institute. He was accepted as a Navy cadet in December 1942, studying gunnery and navigation at Corpus Christi before earning in wings in July 1944. Upon completion of carrier qualification and night training, he joined Torpedo Squadron 90 (VT(N)-90). Blazek flew to Ulithi to board USS Enterprise (CV-6). During his first time being catapulted off the ship, he suffered minor vertigo. Blazek flew nighttime missions over Okinawa. After his final flight, he returned to his bunk moments before a kamikaze struck the ship just a few rooms away. With flights halted, Blazek had little to do aboard ship until he transferred to Kingsville as a tactical instructor specializing in night torpedoing. Blazek was discharged in late 1945 and joined the Reserve. He was called back to active duty in the late 1950s and accumulated over 20 years of active duty before retiring as director of Navy recruiting in his district.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Arthur Kropp. Kropp joined the Navy in October 1942. Upon completion of radio and aerial gunnery school, he was assigned to Torpedo Squadron 20 (VT-20) as a third class radioman. His plane was equipped with a Norden bombsight and as such was guarded by the Army at all times. Kropp boarded USS Enterprise (CV-6) in July 1944. In the Philippines, mechanical issues forced his plane to conduct a sea landing, and the crew spent the night floating in a raft. At Leyte Gulf, he received the Distinguished Flying Cross in relation to sinking the Musashi and a hitting the Ise. Kropp briefly transferred to USS Lexington (CV-16) in November 1944 and sailed to French Indochina and Hong Kong, surviving a typhoon. Kropp stayed in the Navy until October 1948, when he left to begin a lifelong career with Ford Motor Company.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Norman Kleiss. Kleiss graduated from the Naval Academy in 1938 and became a dive-bomber pilot. He describes how he earned his nickname, Dusty, by making an uninvited landing at Ewa Field and causing a large dust cloud that disrupted Marine Corps flight operations. Kleiss discusses his training and early career as an aviator. He describes early tactics that naval aviators used and how they evolved under the direction of Admiral Halsey. Kleiss describes in detail his experiences while attached to USS Enterprise (CV-6) during the Battle of Midway. He discusses some of his involvement with Operation Paperclip at the end of the war. Kleiss retired from the military in March of 1962.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an interview with Thomas Wetherel. Wehterel joined the Army Air Forces in July 1942 and served as a ground crewman in the 312th Bomb Group. He went overseas with them to New Guinea and fought at Buna. He stayed with the 312th BG for the duration of the war, going to the Philippines and Okinawa. His job was driving the fuel truck and moving airplanes. Wetherel shares anecdotes about his experiences on the various islands during the invasions. He was discharged in December, 1945.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Joe Clapper. Clapper joined the Marine Corps in December of 1942. He joined the 1st Marine Division as a replacement after Guadalcanal. His first combat landing was at Cape Glouster followed by Peleliu where he was wounded on the second day. After he recovered from his injury Clapper rejoined his unit and landed on Okinawa where he was wounded twice more. He was then transferred to Parris Island to become a drill instructor for the remainder of the war. Clapper left the service in October 1945.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Paul Wojahn. Wojahn joined the Marine Corps in July 1942 and received basic training in San Diego. Upon completion he was assigned to the 1st Pioneer Battalion, 1st Marine Division. At Pavuvu, he helped to build the camp, exterminating land crabs and rats and making roads out of crushed coral. Being from the Midwest, he had no difficulty driving trucks on the coral roads, which were slippery when wet. At Peleliu he landed in the third wave and was responsible for manually hauling ammunition and other supplies ashore. Under heavy mortar fire, he found himself hiding chest-deep in sand until he found man-made craters in the coral to use as a foxhole. At Okinawa he was regarded as an expert truck driver, able to maneuver over muddy tracks where other vehicles resorted to being pulled by a cable. He recalls having to change seven tires in one day due to driving in mud that was loaded with shrapnel. Wojahn returned home at the end of the war and was discharged in at Camp Pendleton. He enjoyed a career as a game warden and retired after 25 years.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Robert Bobst. Bobst joined the Navy in March 1943 and received basic training and hospital corpsman training in Illinois. Upon completion, he was assigned to the U.S. Naval Hospital at San Diego and then field medical school at Camp Elliot. He was sent to New Britain, where he treated Marines at a regimental aid station as they returned from a battalion aid station near the front lines. He would then send patients requiring further medical care to a hospital ship. Conditions were miserable and swampy there at Camp Gloucester. Bobst was next sent to Pavuvu for R&R but spent much of his time there building roads and digging trenches in the rain. He recalls being plagued by rats, mosquitoes, land crabs, and falling coconuts. He then went to Peleliu, moving through combat alongside Marines. He arrived at Okinawa on 1 April 1945 and left a few there days before the end of the war. Bobst returned home and was discharged in March 1946, having treated some 30 to 40 wounded soldiers, including Navajo Code Talker Dennis Cattlechaser.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with J L Pacheco. Pacheco joined the Marine Corps in May 1943 and received basic training at Camp Elliot. He received further training at Guadalcanal as a Raider with the 1st Marine Division. Upon completion, he was assigned to New Caledonia for special training in demolition as part of the 4th Raider Battalion. In New Caledonia he contracted malaria despite taking antimalarial pills daily. Pacheco next arrived at Guadalcanal, where remaining Japanese would sometimes sneak into camp and steal food from their hiding places in the jungle. The Raider battalions were later disbanded and instead formed the new 4th Marine Regiment. After an amphibious landing at Guam, Pacheco describes the perilous banzai-type combat in which he was engaged. In addition to his demolition duties, sealing caves, he occasionally served as an untrained mortarman and also retrieved wounded men from live combat areas. The interview ends just before Pacheco describes his experiences at Okinawa.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Robert Montgomery. Montgomery joined the Marine Corps in November 1943 and received basic training in San Diego. He received further training at ordnance school in San Francisco and then attended tank school at Camp Pendleton. Upon completion, Montgomery was assigned to the 6th Marines, 2nd Marine Division, where he served on a half-track. He was part of the 10th wave at the Battle of Saipan. Montgomery was wounded by a Japanese soldier he presumed dead when picking up a 300-year-old sword as a souvenir. He was part of the occupation force at Nagasaki and guarded ballot boxes at the first election at Haiki. He served in the Korean War as an executive officer. In Vietnam, he was executive officer of the 26th Marine Regiment, attached to the 1st and 3rd Marine Divisions. Montgomery retired in 1971.

The National Museum of the Pacific War presents an oral interview with Burnett Napier. Napier joined the U.S. Navy during his senior year in high school. He was sent to Hospital Corps School to train as a corpsman. Napier then spent six weeks at the Oakland Naval Hospital. He was then sent to the Fleet Marine Force and joined a replacement battalion that was shipped to the Pacific. Napier arrived in Pavuvu and joined the 1st Marine Division. He then landed on Peleliu where his unit experienced heavy casualties. Napier was wounded later in the battle during a mortar barrage. He was evacuated to a ship and then to an Army hospital for treatment. Napier rejoined the 1st Division on Pavuvu which was sent to invade Okinawa soon after. He worked at the battalion aid station until he was sent back to the front due to a shortage of corpsman at the Shuri Line. Napier became ill with dysentery and was evacuated to an Army hospital and wasn’t released until the battle had ended. He traveled with his unit to China after the war had ended and left the service soon after he returned to the States.