Large catchment basins may be viewed as ecosystems with interactive natural and cultural attributes. Stream regulation severs ecological connectivity between channels and flood plains by reducing the range of natural flow and temperature variation, reduces the capacity of the ecosystem to sustain native biodiversity and bioproduction and promotes proliferation of non-native biota. However, regulated rivers regain normative attributes, which promote recovery of native biota, as distance from the dam increases and in relation to the mode of regulation. Therefore, reregulation of flow and temperature to normative pattern, coupled with elimination of pollutants and constrainment of nonnative biota, can naturally restore damaged habitats from headwaters to mouth. The expectation is rapid recovery of depressed populations of native species. The protocol requires: restoration of seasonal temperature patterns; restoration of peak flows needed to reconnect and periodically reconfigure channel and floodplain habitats; stabilization of base flows to revitalize the shallow water habitats; maximization of dam passage to allow restoration of metapopulation structure; change in the management belief system to rely on natural habitat restoration as opposed to artificial propagation, installation of artificial instream structures (river engineering) and artificial food web control; and, practice of adaptive ecosystem management.

The purpose of this work is to provide supporting calculations for determination of the radiation source terms specific to subsurface shielding design and analysis. These calculations are not intended to provide the absolute values of the source terms, which are under the charter of the Waste Package Operations (WPO) Group. Rather, the calculations focus on evaluation of the various combinations of fuel enrichment, burnup and cooling time for a given decay heat output, consistent with the waste package (WP) thermal design basis. The objective is to determine the worst-case combination of the fuel characteristics (enrichment, burnup and cooling time) which would give the maximum radiation fields for subsurface shielding considerations. The calculations are limited to PWR fuel only, since the WP design is currently evolving with thinner walls and a reduced heat load as compared to the viability assessment (VA) reference design. The results for PWR fuel will provide a comparable indication of the trend for BWR fuel, as their characteristics are similar. The source term development for defense high-level waste and other spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is the responsibility of the WPO Group, and therefore, is not included this work. This work includes the following items responsive to the …

The main purpose and objective of this analysis is to design a Box-Cut at the ESF South Portal to accommodate the Tunnel Boring Machine's (TBM) exit at the conclusion of the ESF Main Loop construction. The stability of the Highwall and the sidewalls at the Box-Cut are assessed using analytical methods by numerical modeling techniques. A ground reinforcement system for the South Ramp Box-Cut slopes will be recommended. This report summarizes the results of the analyses and provides the details of the recommended ground reinforcement system for the Box-Cut slopes at the South Portal. The reinforcement design details are then incorporated into design output documents for implementation in the field. Method of excavation for the Box-Cut is also discussed and a recommendation is provided in this analysis.

This calculation applies to the Constructor's design of the proposed jacking bracket for the W6 x 20 steel set. The specific features of the jacking bracket evaluated in this analysis are the shear on the bracket bolts, and the effects of the applied moment on the W6 x 20 steel set beam segment.

The hydrosilation chemistry involving manganese acyl complexes (L)(CO){sub 4}MnC(O)R (L = CO, PPh{sub 3}; R = CH{sub 3}, Ph) as substrates and as precatalysts has been developed. Results of a kinetics study on the (CO){sub 5}Mn(p-toluoyl)-catalyzed SiH/SiD exchange between DSiMe{sub 2}Ph and HSiMe{sub 2}Et established that coordinatively unsaturated (CO){sub 4}MnSiR{sub 3}, the active catalyst, sequentially adds one substrate silane and then releases a product silane. Results of this mechanistic study afforded the working hypothesis for much of our current research: manganese acyl-hydrosilane mixtures generate unsaturated silyl complexes, which are active catalysts for the hydrosilation of a variety of substrates. These active catalysts, (CO){sub 4}MnSiR{sub 3}, also were generated through photolysis of (CO){sub 5}MnSiR{sub 3}.

The main goal of this research effort is to improve methods for calculating cloud cover within climate models. Cloud cover observations are being used with standard meteorological observations to improve the ability to diagnose cloud cover in climate models. Until now, cloud cover and heights have been diagnosed from the US Air force RTNEPH and 3DNEPH archive, although recent CART measurements are also being analyzed. Improved cloud cover formulations have been compared with existing climate model algorithms. Recently, the authors are also refining and validating an innovative Single Column Model (SCM) cumulus parameterization for calculating heating and moistening tendencies, and precipitation rates attributable to subgrid-scale convection not resolved by climate models. This SCM will be tested and evaluated using tropical convective measurements (GATE) and the author will also use incoming measurements from the Oklahoma ARM site. Further development and testing of this SCM could improve the ability to predict convective effects in climate models. The author will quantify the influence of convection on cloud cover using convective measures derived from this SCM. The output of this research will be a family of validated algorithms for assessing cloud cover under a variety of stable, unstable, continental or oceanic conditions, and an …

One of the principal tools of industrial ecology is life-cycle assessment which intends to improve overall economic efficiency and to minimize negative environmental impacts of products, processes, and facilities. This paper describes a general methodology for environmentally responsible assessment of these activities; it discusses some of the underlying considerations for this assessment which are accessible by rigorous quantitative analysis; and an overall economic performance metric is proposed which puts both environmental and economic considerations on a common basis. Finally, some considerations involved in this approach is introduced as a guide to environmentally sound design and management.

The objectives of this quarterly report are to summarize the work conducted under each task during the reporting period July - September 1996, and to report all technical data and findings as specified in the {open_quotes}Federal Assistance Reporting Checklist{close_quotes}. The main objective of this project is the transfer of technologies, methodologies, and findings developed and applied in this project to other operators of Slope and Basin Clastic Reservoirs. This project will study methods to identify sands with high remaining oil saturation and to recomplete existing wells using advanced completion technology. The identification of the sands with high remaining oil saturation will be accomplished by developing a deterministic three dimensional (3-D) geologic model and by using a state of the art reservoir management computer software. The wells identified by the geologic and reservoir engineering work as having the best potential will be logged with a pulsed acoustic cased-hole logging tool. The application of the logging tools will be optimized in the lab by developing a rock-log model. This rock-log model will allow us to convert shear wave velocity measured through casing into effective porosity and hydrocarbon saturation. The wells that are shown to have the best oil production potential will be …

This SSDR establishes the performance, design, development and test requirements for the Target Experimental System`s Diagnostic, WBS 1.8. 3. This includes the individual diagnostic components, the Target Diagnostic Data Acquisition System (Target DAS), the diagnostic vacuum system, the timing/fiducial system, and the EMI protection system.

A criticality safety evaluation of the K Basin filter cartridge assemblies was completed to support operations without criticality alarm system. The results show that for normal operation, the cartridge assembly is far below the safety limit of K eff = 0.95.

Routine radiological surveys are part of the near-facility environmental monitoring program which monitors and helps direct the reduction of the radiological areas at the Hanford Site. The routine radiological surveys are performed by the Southern Area Remediation Support Group and the Site Support Services Radiological Control Group as directed by Near- Field Monitoring. The surveys included in this program consist of inactive waste sites; outdoor radiological control areas; tank farm perimeters and associated diversion boxes, lift stations, and vent stations; perimeters of active or uncovered waste Bites such as burial grounds, retention basins, ponds, process trenches, and ditches; underground pipelines; and road and rail surfaces (Figures 1 through 10). This report provides a Bummary of the radiological surveys performed during the Third Quarter of 1996. The status of corrective actions required from current and past reports are also discussed. A waste site survey schedule, WHC-SP-0098-7, was developed by Near-Field Monitoring and reviewed by the Southern Area Remediation Support Group and the Site Support Services Radiological Control Group. Near-Field Monitoring reviews the radiological survey reports and files a copy for historical purposes and reference. Radiological conditions are tracked and trends noted. All sites are surveyed at least once each year. The …

This document is the 45-day report deliverable for tank 241-U-102 push mode core segments collected between April 16, 1996 and May 6, 1996 and received by the 222-S Laboratory between April 17, 1996 and May 8, 1996. The segments were subsampled and analyzed in accordance, with the Tank 241-U-102 Push Mode Core Sampling and analysis Plan (TSAP) (Hu, 1996) and the Safety Screening Data Quality Objective (DQO) (Dukelow, et al., 1995). The analytical results are included in Table 1. Attachment I is a cross reference to relate the tank farm identification numbers to the 222-S Laboratory LabCore sample numbers. The subsamples generated in the laboratory for analysis are identified in these diagrams with their sources shown. The diagram identifying the hydrostatic head fluid (HHF) blank is also included, Primary safety screening results and the raw data from Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analyses are included in this report. Two of the samples submitted for DSC analysis exceeded notification limits as stated in the Safety Screening DQO (Dukelow, et al., 1995). Cyanide analysis was requested on these samples and a Reactive System Screening Tool analysis was requested for the sample exhibiting the highest exothenn in accordance with the …

This document details the results of software acceptance testing of gas characterization systems. The gas characterization systems will be used to monitor the vapor spaces of waste tanks known to contain measurable concentrations of flammable gases.

The strategy for reducing radiation dose originating from radionuclides absorbed in the K East Basin concrete is to raise the pool water level to provide additional shielding. This report documents a final design review for cleaning/coating basin walls and modifying other basin components where appropriate. The conclusion of this review was that the documents developed constitute an acceptable design for the Dose Reduction Project.

Progress is reported on solubilization of low-rank coal by enzyme activity derived from Trametes versicolor or P. chrysosporium. Specifically during the reporting period efforts were directed towards the determining the effect of pH on solubilization of leonardite, the role of laccase in low coal solubilization and metabolism, the decolorization of soluble coal macromolecule by P. chrysosprium and T. versicolor in solid agar gel, and the solubilization of low rank coal in slurry cultures and solid phase reactors.

This project addresses the solubilization of low-rank coal (leonardite) by lignin degrading fungi. During this reporting period efforts were focused on determining the effect of pH on coal solubilization by oxalate ion and other biologically important compounds that might function as metal chelators, on the role of laccase in coal solubilization and metabolism, on decolorization of soluble coal macromolecule by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and T. versicolor in solid agar media, and on solubilization of coal in slurry cultures and solid phase reactors.

For efficient induction-driven heavy-ion fusion, the current profile along a pulse must be modified in a non-selfsimilar manner between the accelerator and the target. In the accelerator, the pulse should have a duration of at least 50 ns in order to make efficient use of the induction cores, and the current should by nearly uniform along the pulse to minimize the aperture. In contrast, the optimal current profile on target consists of a main pulse of about 10 ns preceded by a longer low-current `foot.` This pulse-shape manipulation must be carried out at the final pulse energy (5-10 GeV for 200 amu ions) in the presence of a large nonlinear longitudinal space-charge field. A straightforward method is presented here for doing the required pulse shaping. Induction-ceU voltages are generated using idealized beam profiles both in the accelerator and on target, and they are verified and checked for error sensitivity using the fluid/envelope code CIRCE.

This document supports the development and presentation of the following accident scenario in the TWRS Final Safety Analysis Report: Fire in Contaminated Area. The calculations needed to quantify the risk associated with this accident scenario are included within.

Over the last several decades many experiments have been conceived to study the ignition of pulverized coal and other solid fuels. We are constructing a laser-based apparatus which offers several advantages over those currently in favor. Sieve-sized particles are dropped batch-wise into a laminar, upward-flow wind tunnel which is constructed with a quartz test section. The gas stream is not preheated. A single pulse from a Nd:YAG laser is focused through the tunnel and ignites several particles. The transparent test section and cool walls allow for application of two-color pyrometry to measure the particles` temperature history during ignition and combustion. Coals ranging in rank from lignites to low-volatile bituminous, and chars derived from these coals, will be studied in this project. For each fuel type, measurements of the ignition temperature under various experimental conditions (particle size and free-stream oxygen concentration), combined with a detailed analysis of the ignition process, will permit the determination of kinetic rate constants of ignition.

This project will reactivate ARCO`s idle Pru Fee lease in the Midway-Sunset field, California and conduct a continuous steamflood enhanced oil recovery demonstration aided by an integration of modern reservoir characterization and simulation methods. The objectives of the project are: (1) to return the shut-in portion of the reservoir to commercial production; (2) to accurately describe the reservoir and recovery process; and (3) convey the details of this activity to the domestic petroleum industry, especially to other producers in California, through an aggressive technology transfer program. The producibility problems initially thought to be responsible for the low recovery in the Pru Fee property are: (a) the shallow dip of the bedding; (b) complex reservoir structure, (c) thinning pay zone; and (d) the presence of bottom water. The project is using tight integration of reservoir characterization and simulation modeling to evaluate the magnitude of and alternative solutions to these problems. Two main activities were brought to completion during the first quarter of 1996: (1) lithologic and petrophysical description of the core taken form the new well Pru 101 near the center of the demonstration site and (2) development of a stratigraphic model for the Pru Fee project area. In addition, the …

The experimental study was continued on methane oxidative coupling using an oxygen-permeable dense membrane reactor. The oxygen permeance through the dense membrane was measured and preliminary experiments were conducted with the catalytic membrane reactor. The oxygen permeance was found to be similar to that obtained earlier without catalyst packing. No C{sub 2} hydrocarbons were observed in the catalytic membrane reactor for methane coupling. In order to reduce the non-selective, total oxidation activity of the dense membrane material, the inner surface of the dense membrane tube was deposited by the sol-gel technique with BaCe{sub 0.6}Sm{sub 0.4}O{sub 3}, which is a catalytic, oxygen-conductive material without total oxidation catalytic activity. The dense membrane tube was examined by XRD before and after the deposition. Catalytic experiments with the coated dense membrane reactor were carried out and higher C{sub 2} selectivity was observed than with the co-feed reactor.

Synchrotron-based 13 nm measurements of scatter from individual mirrors and an assembled imaging system for Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography have been compared to a model of image formation in the presence of scatter. The theory uses a Power Spectral Density description of the constituent optics to describe modifications to the image due to scatter. Reasonable agreement between measurements and theory was obtained for both individual mirrors and the assembled system. 9 refs., 4 figs.

The surface topography of optics fabricated for Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography has been measured using a combination of phase-measuring interferometry and atomic force microscopy. Power Spectral Densities were computed over spatial frequencies extending from 2.0{times}10{sup {minus}8} nm{sup {minus}1} to 7.7{times}10{sup {minus}2} nm{sup {minus}1}. Roughness values for frequencies greater than 1.0{times}10{sup {minus}6} were 0.64 nm rms for a spherical optic and 0.95 nm rms for an aspheric optic. These values are significantly larger than 0.088 nm rms, which as obtained using a spherical optic representative of current limits in surface polishing technology. 9 refs., 4 figs.

The bias in MCP calculations was evaluated for low enriched uranium (LEU) systems typical of N reactor fuel. A formula that includes the bias and its uncertainties is given to ensure that LEU systems are safely subcritical.