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Terrorism: Some Legal Restrictions on Military Assistance to Domestic Authorities Following a Terrorist Attack (open access)

Terrorism: Some Legal Restrictions on Military Assistance to Domestic Authorities Following a Terrorist Attack

The Constitution empowers the President to act as Commander in Chief of the armed forces and to see to the execution of federal law; it gives Congress the authority to make federal law including laws for the regulation of the armed forces. The Posse Comitatus Act prohibits the use of the armed forces to perform civilian governmental tasks unless explicitly authorized to do so. There are statutory exceptions to ensure continued enforcement of state and federal law, to provide disaster assistance, and to provide technical support for law enforcement. Further exceptions are proposed (H.R. 1986, H.R. 1815). There are constitutional impediments to the use of the military to nationalize an industry, to try civilians, and to compel state officials to perform federally-imposed duties. Unlawful use of the armed forces might result in criminal or civil liability for responsible authorities and frustrate prosecution of terrorists. For a more complete discussion, see CRS Report 95-964, The Posse Comitatus Act and Related Matters: The Use of the Military to Execute Civilian Law.
Date: May 27, 2005
Creator: Doyle, Charles & Elsea, Jennifer K.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Military Base Closures: Role and Costs of Environmental Cleanup (open access)

Military Base Closures: Role and Costs of Environmental Cleanup

The upcoming 2005 round of military base closings has stimulated interest among potentially affected communities in how the bases to be selected for closure might be economically redeveloped to replace lost jobs. Environmental contamination can present a challenge to economic redevelopment if funding or technological constraints would limit the cleanup of the land to a degree that would be safe for its intended use. Most of the lands on bases closed under the previous four rounds have been cleaned up for their intended reuse, and have been transferred for redevelopment. However, some bases have yet to be cleaned up to an extent that would be adequate for the planned land use, presenting an obstacle to replacing lost jobs. Bases closed under the 2005 round could face similar delays in redevelopment, if a community’s preferred land use would necessitate a costly and time-consuming degree of cleanup. This report will be updated as events warrant.
Date: June 27, 2005
Creator: Bearden, David M.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Lawsuits Against State Supporters of Terrorism: An Overview (open access)

Lawsuits Against State Supporters of Terrorism: An Overview

A 1996 amendment to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) enables American victims of international terrorist acts supported by certain States designated by the State Department as supporters of terrorism — Cuba, Iran, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, Syria, and until recently, Iraq — to bring suit in federal court to seek monetarily damages. Holders of judgments against these States, however, have encountered difficulties in their efforts to collect, despite congressional efforts to make blocked (or “frozen”) assets of such States available for attachment by judgment creditors. A recent court decision invalidating plaintiffs’ cause of action under the 1996 law raises uncertainties about the future of lawsuits against terrorist States. This report provides an overview of these issues, including a summary of a lawsuit against Iran by former hostages, Roeder v. the Islamic Republic of Iran, and a lawsuit against Iraq by former prisoners of war (POWs), Acree v. Republic of Iraq, as well as a brief synopsis of relevant legislative proposals (H.R. 1321, H.R. 865, H.Con.Res. 93). These issues are covered in greater depth in CRS Report RL31258, Suits Against Terrorist States By Victims of Terrorism.
Date: May 27, 2005
Creator: Elsea, Jennifer K.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Supreme Court Opinions: October 2004 Term (open access)

Supreme Court Opinions: October 2004 Term

This report contains synopses of Supreme Court decisions issued from the beginning of the October 2004 Term through the end of the Term on June 27, 2005. Included in this listing are all cases decided by signed opinion and selected cases decided per curiam. In addition to the summary, the date of decision is indicated and cites to United States Law Week and West’s Supreme Court Reporter are provided. Following each synopsis, the vote on the Court’s holding is indicated in bold typeface, and authors of the Court’s opinion and of any concurring and dissenting opinions, along with the Justices who joined those opinions, are identified. Cases are listed alphabetically, and a subject index is appended. These synopses are prepared throughout the Term and can be accessed through the CRS Home Page ([http://www.crs.gov/reference/general/law/04_term.shtml]), which also provides links from the synopses to the full texts of the Court’s opinions.
Date: July 27, 2005
Creator: Costello, George
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
D-Day: The French Jubilee of Liberty Medal and the 60th Anniversary Commemoration on June 6, 2004, and Events for June 6, 2005 (open access)

D-Day: The French Jubilee of Liberty Medal and the 60th Anniversary Commemoration on June 6, 2004, and Events for June 6, 2005

This report details the Jubilee of Liberty Medal awarded to U.S. veterans by the French government to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the invasion of Normandy by the Allied forces on June 6, 1994 (D-Day).
Date: May 27, 2005
Creator: Torreon, Barbara Salazar
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
European Union’s Arms Embargo on China: Implications and Options for U.S. Policy (open access)

European Union’s Arms Embargo on China: Implications and Options for U.S. Policy

Overall, there are two sets of questions for Congress in examining U.S. policy toward the fate of the EU’s arms embargo on China. What are the implications for U.S. interests in trans-Atlantic relations and China? If U.S. interests are adversely affected, what are some options for Congress to discourage the EU from lifting its arms embargo on China and, if it is lifted, to protect U.S. national security interests in both Asia and Europe? Issues raised by these questions are the subject of this CRS Report.
Date: May 27, 2005
Creator: Archick, Kristin; Grimmett, Richard F. & Kan, Shirley A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Discretionary Spending: Prospects and History (open access)

Discretionary Spending: Prospects and History

Federal spending has changed, both in size and composition over the last 40 years. Total federal spending is now a larger percentage of the economy (as measured by gross domestic product — GDP) than it was in 1965 (19.8% of GDP vs 17.2% of GDP). Mandatory spending (generally spending that result from laws other than appropriations acts, such as Social Security and Medicare), has grown substantially, both as a percentage of GDP and as a percentage of total spending to become, today, the largest component of federal spending. Mandatory spending, without significant changes to the programs composing it, will continue growing as a percentage of GDP and as a percentage of total outlays into the future.
Date: April 27, 2005
Creator: Winters, Philip D.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Daylight Saving Time (open access)

Daylight Saving Time

Currently, in most parts of the United States, timepieces are moved forward one hour in the spring and back one hour in the fall to provide an extended daylight period during the summer months. This is known as Daylight Saving Time (DST). Much debate and many changes led to this present practice. This report provides a brief history of the issues surrounding DST, an outline of the legislation that created and modified it, and a list of references to more discussions.
Date: September 27, 2005
Creator: Gurevitz, Mark
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Omnibus Appropriations Act: Overview of Recent Practices (open access)

Omnibus Appropriations Act: Overview of Recent Practices

Omnibus appropriations acts have become a significant feature of the legislative process in recent years as Congress and the President have used them more frequently to bring action on the regular appropriations cycle to a close. Following a discussion of pertinent background information, this report reviews the recent enactment of such measures and briefly addresses several issues raised by their use.
Date: April 27, 2005
Creator: Keith, Robert
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Federal Stafford Act Disaster Assistance: Presidential Declarations, Eligible Activities, and Funding (open access)

Federal Stafford Act Disaster Assistance: Presidential Declarations, Eligible Activities, and Funding

This report provides information about the Presidential Declarations, Eligible Activities, and Funding on Federal Stafford Act Disaster Assistance. Congress appropriates money to DRF for disaster assistance authorized by the Stafford Act, which is administered by FEMA.
Date: September 27, 2005
Creator: Bea, Keith
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
General Services Administration Federal Facilities Affected by Hurricane Katrina (open access)

General Services Administration Federal Facilities Affected by Hurricane Katrina

This report mainly focuses on the General Services Administration Federal Facilities Affected by Hurricane Katrina where Katrina struck the Golf of coast on August 2005 causing wide spread flooding and significant infrastructure damage to various federal facilities.
Date: September 27, 2005
Creator: Smith, Stephanie
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Katrina Relief: U.S. Labor Department Exemption of Contractors from Written Affirmative Action Requirements (open access)

Katrina Relief: U.S. Labor Department Exemption of Contractors from Written Affirmative Action Requirements

This report discusses the Employment Standards Administration (ESA) attempt to assist Hurricane Katrina relief efforts by having federal contract agencies use an affirmative action program that is imposed on companies by E.O. 11246. This would require contractors to "refrain from discrimination and to take affirmative action with respect to the employment of racial and ethnic minorities, women, and religious adherents (Summary)."
Date: September 27, 2005
Creator: Doyle, Charles
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Long-Term Growth of the U.S. Economy: Significance, Determinants, and Policy (open access)

Long-Term Growth of the U.S. Economy: Significance, Determinants, and Policy

None
Date: June 27, 2005
Creator: Elwell, Craig K.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library

San Augustine County Courthouse

San Augustine County Courthouse, built 1927.
Date: October 27, 2005
Creator: Belden, Dreanna L.
Object Type: Photograph
System: The Portal to Texas History

Angelina County Courthouse, fountain

Photograph of the fountain in front of the Angelina County Courthouse. Indecipherable words are carved into the side of the fountain. A bronze statue can be seen to the left behind the fountain, and the courthouse dominates the right hand side of the photo. It is a red brick building with white columns.
Date: October 27, 2005
Creator: Belden, Dreanna L.
Object Type: Photograph
System: The Portal to Texas History

Angelina County Courthouse

Photograph of the Angelina County Courthouse, constructed in 1955 by architect Wilbur Kent. It is a red brick building with many columns. Several cars are parked in front of it, and there is foliage all around it.
Date: October 27, 2005
Creator: Belden, Dreanna L.
Object Type: Photograph
System: The Portal to Texas History

Angelina County Courthouse

Photograph of the Angelina County Courthouse, constructed 1955 by architect Wilbur Kent. A sign is partially obscured by the cars parked in the lot. The building is mostly red brick. Letters above the three windows spell out "Angelina County".
Date: October 27, 2005
Creator: Belden, Dreanna L.
Object Type: Photograph
System: The Portal to Texas History

Ward R. Burke United States Courthouse, Lufkin

Ward R. Burke, United States Courthouse, Lufkin
Date: October 27, 2005
Creator: Belden, Dreanna L.
Object Type: Photograph
System: The Portal to Texas History

Angelina County Peace Officers Memorial

Photograph of the Angelina County Peace Officers Memorial. It reads: "We remember the officers who always stood true. Persons strong enough to answer the challenge are few. With pride and integrity they say 'To serve and protect'. For the giving of their life, we offer our respect." "Capt. Don H. Willmon, 1946-1979, Angelina Co. Reserves." and "Officer John E. Logan Jr., 1970-2004, Huntington Police Dept." are carved into the small stone on the left, and "Deputy Byford H. Hunter, 1949-1982, Angeline Co. Sheriff's Dept." is carved into the stone on the right. Red and white bricks with the names, birth dates, and death dates of officers make up the walkway leading to the memorial.
Date: October 27, 2005
Creator: Belden, Dreanna L.
Object Type: Photograph
System: The Portal to Texas History

Polk County History Monument

Polk County History Monument
Date: October 27, 2005
Creator: Belden, Dreanna L.
Object Type: Photograph
System: The Portal to Texas History

Polk County History Monument, close-up of photos

Polk County History Monument, close-up of photos
Date: October 27, 2005
Creator: Belden, Dreanna L.
Object Type: Photograph
System: The Portal to Texas History

Polk County Courthouse

Polk County Courthouse, constructed 1923, architects McLelland and Fink.
Date: October 27, 2005
Creator: Belden, Dreanna L.
Object Type: Photograph
System: The Portal to Texas History

Polk County Confederate Memorial

Polk County Confederate Memorial. To the memory of Polk County's Confederate Soldiers.
Date: October 27, 2005
Creator: Belden, Dreanna L.
Object Type: Photograph
System: The Portal to Texas History

Historic Plaque, Polk County Courthouse Flagpoles.

Photograph of a historic plaque in Livingston, Texas. It reads: "The Gordie G. Nettles Flagpoles. These flagpoles were erected by the county court at the request of Gordie G. Nettles (1895-1971), a revered Polk Countian, a veteran of World War I and a distinguished American. He left memorial for posterity in the many official Texas Historical Markers in Polk County for which he was responsible as Historical Marking Chairman for the Polk County Historical Survey Committee. In gratitude for his life and service these flagpoles are dedicated to perpetuate the memory of Gordie G. Nettles. Erected 1971."
Date: October 27, 2005
Creator: Belden, Dreanna L.
Object Type: Photograph
System: The Portal to Texas History