The goal of this project is to find countermeasures to protect High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters, in exit ventilation ducts, from the heat and smoke generated by fire. Initially, methods were developed to cool fire-heated air by fine water spray upstream of the filters. It was recognized that smoke aerosol exposure to HEPA filters could also cause disruption of the containment system. Through testing and analysis, several methods to partially mitigate the smoke exposure to the HEPA filters were identified. A continuous, movable, high-efficiency prefilter using modified commercial equipment was designed. The technique is capable of protecting HEPA filters over the total time duration of the test fires. The reason for success involved the modification of the prefiltration media. Commercially available filter media has particle sorption efficiency that is inversely proportional to media strength. To achieve properties of both efficiency and strength, rolling filter media were laminated with the desired properties. The approach was Edisonian, but truncation in short order to a combination of prefilters was effective. The application of this technique was qualified, since it is of use only to protect HEPA filters from fire-generated smoke aerosols. It is not believed that this technique is cost effective in …

A discussion of the offsite effective dose equivalents reported for 1988 SRS releases serves as the basis for this report. Detailed analyses of atmospheric and liquid release trends and their consequences in terms of relative importance among facilities, radionuclides, and exposure pathways have also been included. Releases of radioactivity to the atmosphere were generally lower in 1988 than in 1987. No major unplanned tritium releases were recorded during the year. However, there were three inadvertent releases of Pu-238 from F Area in January, March and October of 160, 32 and 83 uCi, respectively. Radioactive releases to onsite streams from direct discharges and seepage basin migration decreased in 1988. However, as a result of a decrease in the flow rate of the Savannah River in 1988, higher offsite doses were reported. The maximum individual dose, conversely, was down from 1987. This decrease reflected the fact that the maximum individual dose is most significantly affected by the cesium concentration in fish. In terms of largest contributors to dose, the releases were dominated by tritium, Cs-137 and to a much lesser extent Sr-90. With respect to the offsite population, doses from atmospheric releases are generally higher than those from liquid releases, and this …

Recent work on s-process nucleosynthesis has focused attention on the investigation of capture cross sections for nuclei in the mass region near the N = 50 closed neutron shell. Of special astrophysical interest are (i) the analysis of the s-process branching through /sup 85/Kr as a monitor of stellar neutron density and temperature and (ii) the investigation of the possible chronometric pair /sup 87/Rb-/sup 87/Sr as an independent measure of the age of the galaxy. For both problems the capture cross sections of the two pure s-process nuclei /sup 86/Sr and /sup 87/Sr have to be known to an accuracy of 5% or better. The current investigation of the neutron capture cross sections for /sup 86/Sr and /sup 87/Sr was undertaken to extend recent measurements by Walter and Beer to energies below 3.5 keV, where strong resonances are known to exist, and to explore the discrepancy in the results of the Maxwellian averaged capture cross section of /sup 87/Sr at kT = 30 keV as reported by previous investigators. 9 refs., 1 fig.

The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide has been a matter of pending business before the Senate since its transmittal to that body in 1949. On May 21, 1985, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee recommended that the Senate give its advice and consent to ratification of the Convention subject to eight conditions: two reservations, five understandings, and one declaration. This report examines the differing opinions on whether and under what conditions the Senate should approve ratification of the Genocide Convention.

The traditional approach used to study high energy beam propagation relies on the frozen field approximation. A minor modification of the frozen field approximation yields the set of equations applied to the analysis of the hose instability. These models are constrasted with the Darwin field approximation. A statement is made of the Darwin model equations relevant to the analysis of the hose instability.

The objective of this project is to develop an automated procedure, to be implemented in an IBAS image analyzer, to determine size, shape and degree of liberation of pyrite particles in a coal matrix. This procedure is to work in real time conditions and with minimal intervention from the operator. Our approach is to create from the original microscopic image a three level image with the following components: epoxy, coal macerals and pyrite to simplify the calculations. Enhancing the original image by histogram scaling and median filtering, we segment it and form the three level image. After the boundaries of the pyrite particles are defined, we mask the surroundings of the particle to estimate the degree of liberation. The percentage of epoxy included in the mask is defined as the degree of liberation of the particle. Size and shape factor values are simultaneously calculated for each of the analyzed particles. These particles are classified according to their maximum diameter, shape factor and degree of liberation by the program. 6 refs., 18 figs.

Nomenclature is given for beamline components in the beam injector of the Stanford Linear Collider. (GHT)

To provide a centralized decontamination and waste treatment facility (DWTF) at LLNL, the construction of a new installation has been planned. Objectives for this new facility were to replace obsolete, structurally and environmentally sub-marginal liquid and solid waste process facilities and decontamination facility and to bring these facilities into compliance with existing federal, state and local regulations as well as DOE orders. In a previous study, SAIC conducted a preliminary review and evaluation of existing facilities at LLNL and cost effectiveness of the proposed DWTF. This document reports on a detailed review of specific aspects of the proposed DWTF.

This interim report summarizes results from the Tandem Mirror Experiment (TMX) during the period January to July 1980 and describes the physics experiments, the machine operation, and the diagnostics that were added to TMX during this period. This operating period followed the initial proof-of-principle TMX experiments and predated the ongoing final experiments preceding TMX shutdown for modification to TMX Upgrade. The results described in this report include measurements of plasma parameters and plasma behavior which confirm the initial TMX results that demonstrated that the tandem mirror configuration can be generated and sustained by neutral beam injection and that the tandem mirror configuration improves confinement of magnetic mirror systems.

A study of bubble formation, movement and distortion in viscous glass is described. A glass rod containing an irregularly shaped hole is heated to a temperature at where the glass viscosity is low enough to let the hole form a spherical bubble. Spheration occurs as the bubble moves upward in the glass rod. At the proper time, the rising bubble is decelerated and brought to a stop by increasing the glass viscosity by slowly reducing the temperature. The entrapped bubble is then cut from the glass rod and heated again, if necessary, to a lower temperature, to reduce distortion of the bubble. Conditions distorting the bubble and ways to reduce the distortion have been investigated. With the present technique, bubbles have been produced in Corning 7740 and Schott BK-7 glasses with a nominal diameter of 3 and 6 mm that have a distortion of 0.3%. Glass macro shells can be formed from the bubbles trapped in the glass by grinding the outside surface concentric with the perfectly spherical inside surface. These high quality glass shells, with a high degree of geometrical perfection, should be adequate for inertial confinement fusion targets.

Demonstrations of improved fuel management and burnup are being performed in the Fort Calhoun reactor. More efficient fuel management will be achieved through the implementation of a low leakage concept called SAVFUEL (Shimmed And Very Flexible Uranium Element Loading), which is expected to reduce uranium requirements by 2 to 4%. The burnup will be increased sufficiently to reduce uranium requirements by 5 to 15%. Four fuel assemblies scheduled to demonstrate the SAVFUEL duty cycle and loaded into the core in December 1978 were inspected visually prior to their second exposure cycle. In addition, seventeen fuel assemblies were inspected after their fourth exposure cycle having achieved assembly average burnup up to 36 GWD/T. One assembly has been reinserted into Cycle 6 for a fifth exposure cycle. The preliminary results of all visual fuel inspections which appear to show excellent fuel rod performance are presented in this report. This report also contains the results of a licensing activity which was performed to allow insertion of a highly burned assembly into the reactor for a fifth irradiation cycle.

EQ3/6 geochemical modeling code package was used to investigate the interaction of the Topopah Spring Tuff and J-13 water at high temperatures. EQ3/6 input parameters were obtained from the results of laboratory experiments using USW G-1 core and J-13 water. Laboratory experiments were run at 150 and 250{sup 0}C for 66 days using both wafer-size and crushed tuff. EQ3/6 modeling reproduced results of the 150{sup 0}C experiments except for a small increase in the concentration of potassium that occurs in the first few days of the experiments. At 250{sup 0}C, the EQ3/6 modeling reproduced the major water/rock reactions except for a small increase in potassium, similar to that noted above, and an overall increase in aluminum. The increase in potassium concentration cannot be explained at this time, but the increase in A1 concentration is believed to be caused by the lack of thermodynamic data in the EQ3/6 data base for dachiardite, a zeolite observed as a run product at 250{sup 0}C. The ability to reproduce the majority of the experimental rock/water interactions at 150{sup 0}C validates the use of EQ3/6 as a geochemical modeling tool that can be used to theoretically investigate physical/chemical environments in support of the Waste Package …

Nuclear-explosive prompt diagnostics techniques and equipment are surveyed. These techniques and equipment have been developed to answer nuclear-explosive performance questions. The techniques and equipment must be selective in radiation sensitivity, linear in calibration, fast, insensitive to strong signals, wide in dynamic range, and reliable. Diagnostic techniques and equipment measure neutron, gamma-ray, and x-ray emissions, as well as aid in the determination of the physical location of the production of radiation through imaging. The high cost of nuclear experiments will continue to encourage the development of sophisticated techniques to gain as much information as possible from each experiment.

This body of work represents the parametric investigation of conditions of impact for a GPHS fueled capsule.

The 5MW(e) Dual Boiling Cycle Geothermal Power Plant, hence referred to as the Raft River plant, is being developed for DOE by EG and G, Inc., Idaho Falls, Idaho. This pilot power plant is of the binary concept and utilizes isobutane as the working second fluid. The plant will demonstrate the feasibility of power generation from an intermediate temperature ({approx} 290 F) resource. The plant is schematically diagrammed in Figure 1. During the final design phase and after the major components were specified to be made of carbon steel, and ordered, various conditions forced the power plant design to switch from surface water to geothermal fluid for the condenser cooling loop make-up water. Because the geothermal fluid contains significant concentrations of chlorides and sulfates, about 1000 ppm and 65 ppm respectively, aeration in the cooling tower causes this water to become extremely aggressive, especially in the pitting of carbon steel components. Although essentially all of the condenser cooling loop materials are carbon steel, the isobutane condenser and turbine lube oil cooler are the most vulnerable. These components are tubed with carbon steel tubes of 0.085 and 0.075 inch wall thickness. These two components are extremely leak critical heat exchangers. For …

As part of the CAD-CAM development project, this report discusses the mathematics underlying the program QUADRIC, which does computations on objects modeled as Boolean combinations of quadric half-spaces. Topics considered include projective space, quadric surfaces, polars, affine transformations, the construction of solids, shaded image, the inertia tensor, moments, volume, surface integrals, Monte Carlo integration, and stratified sampling. 1 figure.

We discuss the possibility of extending solid state laser technology to high average power and of improving the efficiency of such lasers sufficiently to make them reasonable candidates for a number of demanding applications. A variety of new design concepts, materials, and techniques have emerged over the past decade that, collectively, suggest that the traditional technical limitations on power (a few hundred watts or less) and efficiency (less than 1%) can be removed. The core idea is configuring the laser medium in relatively thin, large-area plates, rather than using the traditional low-aspect-ratio rods or blocks. This presents a large surface area for cooling, and assures that deposited heat is relatively close to a cooled surface. It also minimizes the laser volume distorted by edge effects. The feasibility of such configurations is supported by recent developments in materials, fabrication processes, and optical pumps. Two types of lasers can, in principle, utilize this sheet-like gain configuration in such a way that phase and gain profiles are uniformly sampled and, to first order, yield high-quality (undistorted) beams. The zig-zag laser does this with a single plate, and should be capable of power levels up to several kilowatts. The disk laser is designed around …

This first quarterly report documents technical progress during the period 31 December 1983 through 30 March 1984. The technical effort is 17 months in duration and is divided into two major technical tasks: Task VII, Hardware Fabrication and PDU Modifications, and Task VIII, Performance Testing. The design of test hardware and process development unit modifications had been previously completed as part of Task VI of the current contract. Task VII involves the fabrication of test hardware and modification of an existing 1-ton/h hydroliquefaction PDU at Rockwell's facilities for use as a hydrogasifier test facility. During this report period, fabrication of the test hardware and modifications to the PDU were initiated. Test hardware fabrication is now approximately 80% complete and should be completed by the end of May 1984. PDU modifications are progressing well and should be completed by the end of June 1984. The completed test hardware fabrication and PDU modifications will allow the conduct of short duration (1 to 2 h) hydrogasification tests along with preburner assembly performance evaluation tests in order to fulfill the test program objectives. Separate supplies of hydrogen, oxygen, methane, carbon monoxide, and water (for steam generation) are provided for this purpose. The modified facility …

The laser system in the Laser Demonstration Facility is mounted on an array of 108 support columns. This milestone report describes the design, analyses, testing, fabrication, installation, and performance characteristics of these supports.

An Asdex-type local divertor is proposed for ITER consisting of a copper poloidal field coil adjacent to the plasma. Estimates indicate that the power consumption is acceptable. Advantages would be a much reduced heat load not very sensitive to magnetic perturbations. A disadvantage is the finite lifetime under neutron bombardment that would require periodic replacement of the divertor coils in a reactor, but probably not in ITER because of its limited fluence. Another disadvantage would be poorer blanket coverage unless the divertor coil itself incorporates breeding material. 3 figs.

Accelerator mass spectrometry in tandem Van de Graaff accelerators has proven successful for radioisotope dating small samples. We are developing a 20 cm diameter 30 to 40 keV cyclotron dedicated to high-sensitivity radioisotope dating, initially for /sup 14/C. At this energy, range and dE/dx methods of particle identification are impossible. Thus arises the difficult problem of reliably detecting 30 to 40 keV /sup 14/C at 10/sup -2/ counts/sec in the high background environment of the cyclotron, where lower energy ions, electrons, and photons bombard the detector at much higher rates. We have developed and tested an inexpensive, generally useful ion detector that allows dark-count rates below 10/sup -4/ counts/sec and excellent background suppression. With the cyclotron tuned near the /sup 13/CH background peak, to the frequency for /sup 14/C, the detector suppresses the background to 6 x 10/sup -4/ counts/sec. For each /sup 14/C ion the detectors grazing-incidence Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ conversion dynode emits about 20 secondary electrons, which are independently multiplied in separate pores of a microchannel plate. The output signal is proportional to the number of secondary electrons, allowing pulse-height discrimination of background. We have successfully tested the detector with positive /sup 12/C, /sup 23/Na, /sup 39/K, /sup …

The subject of this review is intense ion beam propagation and the possibilities of measuring time dependent ion energy in the beam. Propagation effects discussed include charge separation, charge and current autoneutralization, electron thermalization and current neutralization decay. The interaction of a plasma beam with material obstacles, like collimators, and with transverse magnetic fields is also described. Depending on beam energy, density and pulse length, these interactions can include material ablation with plasmadynamic flow and undeflected propagation across transverse magnetic fields by a polarization drift. On the basis of this review I conclude that three diagnostics: a single floating potential probe, net current probes (Faraday cups) and a Rutherford scattering spectrometer appear capable of giving prompt, time dependent ion energy measurements.

This CRS Report provides a brief legislative history of the proposed Equal Rights Amendment and a description of its current status. The report also contains pro and con analyses of the possible effects of ERA, were it to be ratified, and a discussion of questions raised by the action of Congress in extending the deadline for ratification and by the action of States that have voted to rescind their approval of the measure. This report is based in part on an earlier CRS report by Morrigene Holcomb and Karen Keesling.

A portable distillation plant with a packed reflux column was designed and built that is capable of producing 10 to 15 gallons of 190 proof ethanol per hour. Several kinds of feedstocks were used to produce ethanol. Corn served as a good feedstock and was easily processed in the still. However, because of the present high prices of corn and the manual labor for operation it cannot be used to produce ethanol commercially as a fuel at prices competitive with petroleum fuels. Cellulosic feedstocks such as paper, sawdust and grasses and leaves were enzymatically degraded to sugars and fermented to ethanol. Because of the manual labor required and small capacity of the still total operation costs would preclude competitive fuel prices. However, such a plant could be used on a farm for production of a supplementary fuel or for independence from petroleum fuels. The trials with cellulosic materials did give evidence that such feedstocks are plausible sources for ethanol when produced on a large scale in an automated production plant. On a large scale basis ethanol could be produced competitively as an alternative fuel for gasoline.