A calculation was made of the time dependent charge state of a heavy projectile traversing a finite-temperature target. The calculation uses an average-atom model to integrate the rate equations.

A general purpose program for drift chamber studies is described. First the capacitance matrix is calculated using a Green's function technique. The matrix is used in a linear-least-squares fit to choose optimal operating voltages. Next the electric field is computed, and given knowledge of gas parameters and magnetic field environment, a family of electron trajectories is determined. These are finally used to make drift distance vs time curves which may be used directly by a track reconstruction program. Results are compared with data obtained from the cylindrical chamber in the Axial Field Magnet experiment at the CERN ISR.

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Silica aerogel consists of bonded silicon and oxygen joined into log strands, which are randomly linked together with pockets of air between them. Discovered in the 1930s, the material was thought to have little use outside of theoretical science. However, with the advent of greatly improved processing techniques, such as those developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, aerogels are on the verge of commercialization. This document describes the need for aerogels in the high-speed microelectronics industry, and state of the art processing techniques. Collaboration is welcomed in the endeavor.

Article discussing a resource efficient and scalable approach to routing in large communication networks.

It is likely that aging is affecting the radiation hardness of stockpile electronics, and we have seen apparent examples of aging that affects the electronic radiation hardness. It is also possible that low-level intrinsic radiation that is inherent during stockpile life will damage or in a sense age electronic components. Both aging and low level radiation effects on radiation hardness and stockpile reliability need to be further investigated by using both test and modeling strategies that include appropriate testing of electronic components withdrawn from the stockpile.

The performance characteristics of single pass and multipass storage laser amplifiers are presented and compared. The effects of the multipass amplifier parameters on the extraction characteristics are examined. For a wide range of conditions the multipass amplifier is found to provide high energy gain and high efficiency simultaneously. This is a significant advantage over the single pass laser amplifier. Finally, three specific storage laser amplifier systems, flashlamp pumped V:MgF/sub 2/, XeF laser pumped Tm:Glass, and photolytically pumped Selenium, are examined. The performance characteristics for each of the three systems are calculated and compared.

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Argonne National Laboratory`s Analysis & Diagnostic Laboratory (ADL) tests advanced batteries under simulated electric and hybrid vehicle operating conditions. The ADL facilities also include a post-test analysis laboratory to determine, in a protected atmosphere if needed, component compositional changes and failure mechanisms. The ADL provides a common basis for battery performance characterization and life evaluations with unbiased application of tests and analyses. The battery evaluations and post-test examinations help identify factors that limit system performance and life, and the most-promising R&D approaches for overcoming these limitations. Since 1991, performance characterizations and/or life evaluations have been conducted on eight battery technologies (Na/S, Li/S, Zn/Br, Ni/MH, Ni/Zn, Ni/Cd, Ni/Fe, and lead-acid). These evaluations were performed for the Department of Energy`s. Office of Transportation Technologies, Electric and Hybrid Propulsion Division (DOE/OTT/EHP), and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Transportation Program. The results obtained are discussed.

Argonne National Laboratory's Analysis Diagnostic Laboratory (ADL) tests advanced batteries under simulated electric and hybrid vehicle operating conditions. The ADL facilities also include a post-test analysis laboratory to determine, in a protected atmosphere if needed, component compositional changes and failure mechanisms. The ADL provides a common basis for battery performance characterization and life evaluations with unbiased application of tests and analyses. The battery evaluations and post-test examinations help identify factors that limit system performance and life, and the most-promising R D approaches for overcoming these limitations. Since 1991, performance characterizations and/or life evaluations have been conducted on eight battery technologies (Na/S, Li/S, Zn/Br, Ni/MH, Ni/Zn, Ni/Cd, Ni/Fe, and lead-acid). These evaluations were performed for the Department of Energy's. Office of Transportation Technologies, Electric and Hybrid Propulsion Division (DOE/OTT/EHP), and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Transportation Program. The results obtained are discussed.

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The new radiation dose estimates for Hiroshima and Nagasaki are radiobiologically examined for compatability with other human and experimental data. The new doses show certain improvements over the original T65 doses. However, they suggest for chronic granulocytic leukemia, total malignancies, and chromosome aberrations, at neutron doses of 1 rad, RBEs in excess of 100, higher than expected from other findings. This and other indications suggest that either there are unrecognized systematic problems with the various radiobiological data, or the new doses are deficient in neutrons for Hiroshima, by a factor of about five. If in fact there were actually some 5-fold more dose from neutrons at Hiroshima than estimated by the new calculations, the RBEs would agree well with laboratory results, and other inconsistencies would largely disappear. Cancer risks are estimated for neutrons from the new doses and are compared with those estimated from radiobiologically reconciled doses (the new doses adjusted by adding approximately 5-fold more neutrons). The latter appear more reasonable. For low-LET radiation, cancer risk estimates are changed very little by the new dose estimates for Nagasaki.

Article reporting on the inkjet printed, direct contact study of solution-processed, 2D perovskite-based photodetectors (PDs) formed on flexible PI substrates. Silver (Ag) and graphene (Gr) inks have been engineered to serve as efficient electrical contacts for solution-processed two-dimensional (2D) organo-halide (CH3(CH2)3NH3)2(CH3NH3)n−1PbnI3n+1 (n = 4) layered perovskites, where all inkjet-printed heterostructure PDs were fabricated on polyimide (PI) substrates.

The electrochemical behavior of passive Fe and thin, sputter-deposited films of Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} was studied in borate and phosphate buffer pH 8.4 solutions. Cyclic voltammograms and in situ light absorption measurements--which enable the monitoring of the oxide film thickness--indicate a similar behavior of the Fe electrode in both pH 8.4 solution, especially a presence of a oxide-free surface at low cathodic potentials. However, X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) studies--which allow a simultaneous monitoring of changes in the samples' average valency and thickness--reveal that the reactions taking place during reduction of the passive film on iron are completely different for the two electrolytes. In borate buffer (pH 8.4), reduction leads to a complete dissolution of the passive film and the end product of reduction is soluble Fe(2+). In phosphate buffer (pH 8.4), there is no dissolution in a direct step to low cathodic potentials, but the resulting reduction product is metallic iron. Hence, the formation of the bare oxide-free metal surface at cathodic potentials takes place by different mechanisms in the two pH 8.4 solutions, depending on the type of anion present in the solution.

The electrochemical behavior of passive Fe and thin, sputter-deposited films of Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} was studied in borate and phosphate buffer pH 8.4 solutions. Cyclic voltammograms and in situ light absorption measurements--which enable the monitoring of the oxide film thickness--indicate a similar behavior of the Fe electrode in both pH 8.4 solution, especially a presence of a oxide-free surface at low cathodic potentials. However, X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) studies--which allow a simultaneous monitoring of changes in the samples' average valency and thickness - reveal that the reactions taking place during reduction of the passive film on iron are completely different for the two electrolytes. In borate buffer (pH 8.4), reduction leads to a complete dissolution of the passive film and the end product of reduction is soluble Fe(2+). In phosphate buffer (pH 8.4), there is no dissolution in a direct step to low cathodic potentials, but the resulting reduction product is metallic iron. Hence, the formation of the bare oxide-free metal surface at cathodic potentials takes place by different mechanisms in the two pH 8.4 solutions, depending on the type of anion present in the solution.

The benefits of using synchrotron-generated X-rays and X-ray fluorescence analysis in combination with other surface analysis techniques have been demonstrated. In studies of salt-induced corrosion, for example, the detection of Rb ions in the area of secondary spreading when salt-containing micro-droplets are placed on zinc surfaces, further supports a mechanism involving cation transport during the corrosion and spreading of corrosive salt on exposed metal surfaces. Specifically, the new analytical data shows that: (a) cations are transported radially from a primary drop formed from a salt deposit in a thin film of secondary spreading around the drop; (b) subsequently, micro-pools are formed in the area of secondary spreading, and it is likely that cations transported within the thin film accumulate in these micro-pools until the area is dehydrated; (c) the mechanism of cation transport into the area of secondary spreading does not include transport of the anions; and (d) hydroxide is the counter ion formed from oxygen reduction at the metal surface within the spreading layer. Data relevant to iron corrosion is also presented and the distinct differences relative to the zinc situation are discussed.

The vapor deposition methods of planar magnetron sputtering and electron-beam evaporation are used to synthesize materials with nano structured morphological features that have ultra-high surface areas with continuous open porosity at the nano scale. These nano structured membranes are used in a variety of fuel cells to provide electrode and catalytic functions. Specifically, stand alone and composite nickel electrodes for use in thin film solid-oxide, and molten carbonate fuel cells are formed by sputter deposition and electron bean evaporation, respectively. Also, a potentially high-performance catalyst material for the direct reformation of hydrocarbon fuels at low temperatures is deposited as a nano structure by the reactive sputtering of a copper-zinc alloy using a partial pressure of oxygen at an elevated substrate temperature.

'Puff and pump' radiating divertor scenarios, applied to both upper single-null (SN) and double-null (DN) H-mode plasmas, result in a 30-60% increase in radiated power with little or no decrease in {tau}{sub E}. Argon was injected into the private flux region of the upper divertor, and plasma flow into the upper divertor was enhanced by a combination of deuterium gas puffing upstream of the divertor targets and particle pumping at the targets. For the same constant deuterium injection rate, argon penetrated the main plasma of SNs more rapidly and reached a higher steady-state concentration when the Bx{del}B-ion drift direction was toward the divertor (V{sub {del}B{up_arrow}}) rather than away from the divertor (V{sub {del}B{down_arrow}}). We also found that the initial rate at which argon accumulated inside DN plasmas was more than twice that of comparable SN plasmas having the same Bx{del}B-ion drift direction. In DNs, the radiated power was not shared equally between divertors during argon injection. Only in the divertor opposite Bx{del}B ion drift direction were both significant increases in divertor radiated power and an accumulation of argon, based on spectroscopic measurements of ArII, observed. Our data suggests that a DN shape that is biased in the direction away from …

This paper presents a case for replacing mercury thermometers with their organic-liquid-filled counterparts. A review of liquid-in glass-thermometers is given. In addition, a brief summary of mercury's health effects and exposure limits is presented. Spill cleanup methods and some lessons learned from our experience are offered as well. Finally, an overview of the mercury thermometer exchange program developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is presented.

This is a correction to an article. The affiliation of the first author was published incorrectly.

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The mechanical design for both the insulating vacuum system and the cavity vacuum system of the APT ED and D Cryomodule is summarized. The pre-cooldown pressure limits for the insulating vacuum and the cavity vacuum are 10{sup {minus}5} Torr and 10{sup {minus}6} Torr, respectively. In addition, the cold cavity operating pressure limits are 10{sup {minus}6} Torr for the insulating system and 10{sup {minus}8} Torr for the cavity system. The designs of these systems utilize both turbomolecular pumps and the cold surfaces of the superconducting Nb cavities to arrive at and maintain their operating vacuum pressures. A synopsis of the analysis undertaken to predict the vacuum system performance is also presented.

This article describes a system for pupil size estimation with a user interface to allow rapid adjustment of parameters and extraction of pupil parameters of interest in order to identify Parkinson's disease (PD) as early as possible.

A new small-scale Detonation Profile Test (DPT) is being developed to investigate aging effects on the detonation behavior of insensitive high explosives. The experiment involves initiating a small LX-17 cylindrical charge (12.7-19.1 mm diameter x 25.4-33 mm long) and measuring the velocity and curvature of the emerging detonation wave using a streak camera. Results for 12.7 mm diameter unconfined LX-17 charges show detonation velocity in the range between 6.79 and 7.06 km/s for parts up to 33 mm long. Since LX-17 can not sustain detonation at less than 7.3 km/s, these waves were definitely failing. Experiments with confined 12.7 mm diameter and unconfined 19.1 mm diameter samples showed wave velocities in the range of 7.4-7.6 km/s, values approaching steady state conditions at infinite diameter. Experiments with unconfined 19.1 mm diameter specimens are expected to provide reproducible and useful range of detonation parameters suitable for studying aging effects.