In this quarterly report, results of efforts on Tasks 2 and 3 are presented and discussed. Construction of a laboratory-type wetland (green house) has been begun and this undertaking is described in this report. The literature search has shown that clay amendments to wetlands are beginning to be used in Europe for P removal in agricultural drainage systems. The authors have undertaken similar studies on the use of inexpensive amendments to wetlands such as modified-clays and algae to enhance the performance of a constructed wetland for the treatment of oil and gas well wastewaters. The results from these studies are presented and analyzed in this report. Further, the literature search (nominally completed under Task 1) unearthed more recent studies (some unpublished) and a summary is included in this quarterly report.

Calcia-stabilized cubic zirconia was mixed with soda, then fired at 840-1100 C. SiC was also reacted with alkali-containing atmosphere at 1000 C.

Calcia-stabilized cubic zirconia was mixed with soda, then fired at 840-1100 C. SiC was also reacted with alkali-containing atmosphere at 1000 C.

THE REAL STUFF is an Expanded Media Physics Course aimed at students still in the formative early years of secondary school. Its consists of a working script for an interactive multimedia study unit in basic concepts of physics. The unit begins with a prologue on the Big Bang that sets the stage, and concludes with a lesson on Newton`s first law of motion. The format is interactive, placing the individual student in control of a layered ``hypermedia`` structure that enables him or her to find a level of detail and difficulty that is comfortable and meaningful. The intent is to make physics relevant, intellectually accessible and fun. On-screen presenters and demonstrators will be females and males of various ages, ethnicities and backgrounds, and will include celebrities and physicists of note. A lean, layered design encourages repeated, cumulative study and makes the material useful for self-directed Teaming even by college students. THE REAL STUFF introduces a new science teaching paradigm, a way to teach science that will engage even students who have ``declined`` to be interested in science in the past. Increased participation in science by women, African-Americans and Spanish-speaking students is a particular goal.

THE REAL STUFF is an Expanded Media Physics Course aimed at students still in the formative early years of secondary school. Its consists of a working script for an interactive multimedia study unit in basic concepts of physics. The unit begins with a prologue on the Big Bang that sets the stage, and concludes with a lesson on Newton's first law of motion. The format is interactive, placing the individual student in control of a layered hypermedia'' structure that enables him or her to find a level of detail and difficulty that is comfortable and meaningful. The intent is to make physics relevant, intellectually accessible and fun. On-screen presenters and demonstrators will be females and males of various ages, ethnicities and backgrounds, and will include celebrities and physicists of note. A lean, layered design encourages repeated, cumulative study and makes the material useful for self-directed Teaming even by college students. THE REAL STUFF introduces a new science teaching paradigm, a way to teach science that will engage even students who have declined'' to be interested in science in the past. Increased participation in science by women, African-Americans and Spanish-speaking students is a particular goal.

We have irradiated samples of radiochromic film to doses between 0.005 and lMrad in a Co[sup 60] facility at ANL. The doses computed using the manufacturer's calibration curves for the absorption at 600 and 510 nm have been compared with the dose obtained from ion chamber measurements. Excellent agreement is obtained and high precision can be maintained by baseline measurement of the films prior to irradiation, appropriate choice of film and wavelength used.

We have irradiated samples of radiochromic film to doses between 0.005 and lMrad in a Co{sup 60} facility at ANL. The doses computed using the manufacturer`s calibration curves for the absorption at 600 and 510 nm have been compared with the dose obtained from ion chamber measurements. Excellent agreement is obtained and high precision can be maintained by baseline measurement of the films prior to irradiation, appropriate choice of film and wavelength used.

None

Lower limits of detection (LLDS) have been calculated for radionuclides of environmental and ecological interest The detection limits are risk-based and were derived using a methodology similar to that described by the Environmental Protection Agency for determining Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGS) [EPA 1991]. PRGS, and the LLDs calculated in this report are calculated assuming a risk level of 10{sup {minus}6}, the risk deemed acceptable by the EPA. LLDs have been calculated for radionuclides in water and soil. Water concentrations are based on risks resulting from the consumption of drinking water while soil concentrations are based on risks from incidental soil ingestion and external radiation exposure from ground surface contamination.

Lower limits of detection (LLDS) have been calculated for radionuclides of environmental and ecological interest The detection limits are risk-based and were derived using a methodology similar to that described by the Environmental Protection Agency for determining Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGS) [EPA 1991]. PRGS, and the LLDs calculated in this report are calculated assuming a risk level of 10[sup [minus]6], the risk deemed acceptable by the EPA. LLDs have been calculated for radionuclides in water and soil. Water concentrations are based on risks resulting from the consumption of drinking water while soil concentrations are based on risks from incidental soil ingestion and external radiation exposure from ground surface contamination.

Single-particle spectra of {Lambda} and {Sigma} hypernuclei are calculated within a relativistic mean-field theory. The hyperon couplings used are compatible with the {Lambda} binding in saturated nuclear matter, neutron-star masses and experimental data on {Lambda} levels in hypernuclei. Special attention is devoted to the spin-orbit potential for the hyperons and the influence of the {rho}-meson field (isospin dependent interaction).

Objective is to understand dynamics of elementary ionic collisions at the level of the underlying potential surface by measuring energy and angular distributions of reactively scattered products with crossed beam methods over the relative center-of-mass energy range from 0.3 to several eV. During the past few years, emphasis was on reaction dynamics of anionic species important in combustion, with special emphasis on O{sup {minus}} in proton and hydrogen atom transfer reactions with NH{sub 3}, H{sub 2}O, HF, and CH{sub 4}.

Objective is to understand dynamics of elementary ionic collisions at the level of the underlying potential surface by measuring energy and angular distributions of reactively scattered products with crossed beam methods over the relative center-of-mass energy range from 0.3 to several eV. During the past few years, emphasis was on reaction dynamics of anionic species important in combustion, with special emphasis on O{sup {minus}} in proton and hydrogen atom transfer reactions with NH{sub 3}, H{sub 2}O, HF, and CH{sub 4}.

This investigation is concerned with the separation of gas mixtures using a novel concept of rapid pressure swing absorption (RAPSAB) of gas in a stationary absorbent liquid through gas-liquid interfaces immobilized in the pore mouths of hydrophobic microporous membranes. The process is implemented in a module well-packed with hydrophobic microporous hollow fiber membranes. Before we proceed to RAPSAB studies with reactive absorbents, it is necessary to make an effort to compare experimental results with those predicted by the models. The only model developed so far involved a type of RAPSAB cycle (Mode 3) for which limited data were acquired earlier. A number of experiments have, therefore, been conducted in this mode to characterize the absorption part of the cycle. A new and more compact module (Module No. 5) was made using 840 fibers and a teflon casing inside the stainless steel shell to exactly define the fiber packing density. This allows an exact calculation of Happel's free surface radius. Experiments were carried out using a CO[sub 2]-N[sub 2] mixture of around 10% CO[sub 2] and balanced N[sub 2] using both modules 4 and 5 over a wide range of absorption times.

This investigation is concerned with the separation of gas mixtures using a novel concept of rapid pressure swing absorption (RAPSAB) of gas in a stationary absorbent liquid through gas-liquid interfaces immobilized in the pore mouths of hydrophobic microporous membranes. The process is implemented in a module well-packed with hydrophobic microporous hollow fiber membranes. Before we proceed to RAPSAB studies with reactive absorbents, it is necessary to make an effort to compare experimental results with those predicted by the models. The only model developed so far involved a type of RAPSAB cycle (Mode 3) for which limited data were acquired earlier. A number of experiments have, therefore, been conducted in this mode to characterize the absorption part of the cycle. A new and more compact module (Module No. 5) was made using 840 fibers and a teflon casing inside the stainless steel shell to exactly define the fiber packing density. This allows an exact calculation of Happel`s free surface radius. Experiments were carried out using a CO{sub 2}-N{sub 2} mixture of around 10% CO{sub 2} and balanced N{sub 2} using both modules 4 and 5 over a wide range of absorption times.

The objective of this project is to investigate three possible routes to the formation of ethers, in particular methyl tert-butyl (MTBE), during slurry phase Fischer-Tropsch reaction. The three reaction schemes to be investigated are: addition of i-butylene during the formation of methanol and/or higher alcohols directly from CO and H[sub 2] during slurry-phase Fischer-Tropsch; addition of i-butylene to FT liquid products including alcohols in a slurry-phase reactor containing an MTBE or other acid catalyst; and addition of methanol to slurry phase FT synthesis making iso-olefins. During the seventh quarter we continued the shake down experiments for the SBCR and conducted an initial aborted run. We have also re-started experiments on Scheme 1, i.e., the addition of iso-butylene during CO hydrogenation. Using a dual bed arrangement, we have demonstrated the synthesis of MTBE from syngas and iso-butylene.

The objective of this project is to investigate three possible routes to the formation of ethers, in particular methyl tert-butyl (MTBE), during slurry phase Fischer-Tropsch reaction. The three reaction schemes to be investigated are: addition of i-butylene during the formation of methanol and/or higher alcohols directly from CO and H{sub 2} during slurry-phase Fischer-Tropsch; addition of i-butylene to FT liquid products including alcohols in a slurry-phase reactor containing an MTBE or other acid catalyst; and addition of methanol to slurry phase FT synthesis making iso-olefins. During the seventh quarter we continued the shake down experiments for the SBCR and conducted an initial aborted run. We have also re-started experiments on Scheme 1, i.e., the addition of iso-butylene during CO hydrogenation. Using a dual bed arrangement, we have demonstrated the synthesis of MTBE from syngas and iso-butylene.

This quarterly report discusses the technical progress of an Innovative Clean Coal Technology (ICCT) demonstration of advanced wall-fired combustion techniques for the reduction of nitrogen oxide (No[sub x]) emissions from coal-fired boilers. The project is being conducted at Georgia Power Company's Plant Hammond Unit 4 located near Rome, Georgia. The primary goal of this project is the characterization of the low NO[sub x] combustion equipment through the collection and analysis of long-term emissions data. A target of achieving fifty percent NO[sub x] reduction using combustion modifications has been established for the project. The project provides a stepwise retrofit of an advanced overfire air (AOFA) system followed by low NO[sub x] burners (LNB). During each test phase of the project, diagnostic, performance, long-term, and verification testing will be performed. These tests are used to quantify the NO[sub x] reductions of each technology and evaluate the effects of those reductions on other combustion parameters such as particulate characteristics and boiler efficiency.

This quarterly report discusses the technical progress of an Innovative Clean Coal Technology (ICCT) demonstration of advanced wall-fired combustion techniques for the reduction of nitrogen oxide (No{sub x}) emissions from coal-fired boilers. The project is being conducted at Georgia Power Company`s Plant Hammond Unit 4 located near Rome, Georgia. The primary goal of this project is the characterization of the low NO{sub x} combustion equipment through the collection and analysis of long-term emissions data. A target of achieving fifty percent NO{sub x} reduction using combustion modifications has been established for the project. The project provides a stepwise retrofit of an advanced overfire air (AOFA) system followed by low NO{sub x} burners (LNB). During each test phase of the project, diagnostic, performance, long-term, and verification testing will be performed. These tests are used to quantify the NO{sub x} reductions of each technology and evaluate the effects of those reductions on other combustion parameters such as particulate characteristics and boiler efficiency.

The coke plant at the Sparrows Point Plant consist of three coke oven batteries and two coal chemical plants. The by-product coke oven gas (COG) consists primarily of hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and contaminants consisting of tars, light oils (benzene, toluene, and xylene) hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, water vapor and other hydrocarbons. This raw coke oven gas needs to be cleaned of most of its contaminants before it can be used as a fuel at other operations at the Sparrows Point Plant. In response to environmental concerns, BSC decided to replace much of the existing coke oven gas treatment facilities in the two coal chemical Plants (A and B) with a group of technologies consisting of: Secondary Cooling of the Coke oven Gas; Hydrogen Sulfide Removal; Ammonia Removal; Deacification of Acid Gases Removed; Ammonia Distillation and Destruction; and, Sulfur Recovery. This combination of technologies will replace the existing ammonia removal system, the final coolers, hydrogen sulfide removal system and the sulfur recovery system. The existing wastewater treatment, tar recovery and one of the three light oil recovery systems will continue to be used to support the new innovative combination of COG treatment technologies.

The coke plant at the Sparrows Point Plant consist of three coke oven batteries and two coal chemical plants. The by-product coke oven gas (COG) consists primarily of hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and contaminants consisting of tars, light oils (benzene, toluene, and xylene) hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, water vapor and other hydrocarbons. This raw coke oven gas needs to be cleaned of most of its contaminants before it can be used as a fuel at other operations at the Sparrows Point Plant. In response to environmental concerns, BSC decided to replace much of the existing coke oven gas treatment facilities in the two coal chemical Plants (A and B) with a group of technologies consisting of: Secondary Cooling of the Coke oven Gas; Hydrogen Sulfide Removal; Ammonia Removal; Deacification of Acid Gases Removed; Ammonia Distillation and Destruction; and, Sulfur Recovery. This combination of technologies will replace the existing ammonia removal system, the final coolers, hydrogen sulfide removal system and the sulfur recovery system. The existing wastewater treatment, tar recovery and one of the three light oil recovery systems will continue to be used to support the new innovative combination of COG treatment technologies.

The ability to measure critical currents in high {Tc} superconducting tapes on a local scale is valuable for optimizing the fabrication process. This paper describes the use of induced currents from a small noncontacting electromagnetic probe to determine the critical current density in a (Bi,Pb){sub 2}Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x}/Ag tape on a local scale. The technique forces full field penetration into the tape locally and infers the critical current density from the Bean critical state model, accounting for the Ag overlayers. Critical current images of the till can be obtained by scanning the probe over the tape surface with spatial resolution on the order of 1.0 mm. Results for tapes with different microstructures we discussed.

The ability to measure critical currents in high {Tc} superconducting tapes on a local scale is valuable for optimizing the fabrication process. This paper describes the use of induced currents from a small noncontacting electromagnetic probe to determine the critical current density in a (Bi,Pb){sub 2}Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x}/Ag tape on a local scale. The technique forces full field penetration into the tape locally and infers the critical current density from the Bean critical state model, accounting for the Ag overlayers. Critical current images of the till can be obtained by scanning the probe over the tape surface with spatial resolution on the order of 1.0 mm. Results for tapes with different microstructures we discussed.

Magnetic hysteresis and flux creep of melt-powder-melt-growth (MPMG) YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x} containing nominal 0, 25 and 40 mole% Y{sub 2}BaCuO{sub 5} (21 1) were measured in the temperature range of 5 to 80 K and in magnetic fields up to 5 T. With the introduced fine dispersion of second phase 211 particles, the critical magnetization current density J{sub c} shows a weak field dependence over a wide range of temperature, and the effective pinning energy U{sub eff} is much enhanced. From these results, a functional expression U{sub eff}(J,T) = {minus} U{sub o} G(T) (J {vert_bar}J{sub i}){sup n} is obtained, where G(T) = [1 {minus} (T{vert_bar}T{sub x}){sup 2}]{sup 2} with Tx = 82.5 K near the irreversibility temperature. The observed power-law relationship of U{sub eff}(J, T) clearly demonstrates two of three regimes as predicted by the theory of collective flux creep, namely n = 3/2 and 7/9 for J < J{sub c} and J {much_lt} J{sub c}, respectively. In addition, the divergence of U{sub eff} at low current densities also suggests the existence of a vortex-glass state.