Urban areas tend to have higher air temperatures than their rural surroundings as a result of gradual surface modifications that include replacing the natural vegetation with buildings and roads. The term ''Urban Heat Island'' describes this phenomenon. The surfaces of buildings and pavements absorb solar radiation and become extremely hot, which in turn warm the surrounding air. Cities that have been ''paved over'' do not receive the benefit of the natural cooling effect of vegetation. As the air temperature rises, so does the demand for air-conditioning (a/c). This leads to higher emissions from power plants, as well as increased smog formation as a result of warmer temperatures. In the United States, we have found that this increase in air temperature is responsible for 5-10% of urban peak electric demand for a/c use, and as much as 20% of population-weighted smog concentrations in urban areas. Simple ways to cool the cities are the use of reflective surfaces (rooftops and pavements) and planting of urban vegetation. On a large scale, the evapotranspiration from vegetation and increased reflection of incoming solar radiation by reflective surfaces will cool a community a few degrees in the summer. As an example, computer simulations for Los Angeles, …

Aging and weathering can reduce the solar reflectance of cool roofing materials. This paper summarizes laboratory measurements of the solar spectral reflectance of unweathered, weathered, and cleaned samples collected from single-ply roofing membranes at various sites across the United States. Fifteen samples were examined in each of the following six conditions: unweathered; weathered; weathered and brushed; weathered, brushed and then rinsed with water; weathered, brushed, rinsed with water, and then washed with soap and water; and weathered, brushed, rinsed with water, washed with soap and water, and then washed with an algaecide. Another 25 samples from 25 roofs across the United States and Canada were measured in their unweathered state, weathered, and weathered and wiped. We document reduction in reflectivity resulted from various soiling mechanisms and provide data on the effectiveness of various cleaning approaches. Results indicate that although the majority of samples after being washed with detergent could be brought to within 90% of their unweathered reflectivity, in some instances an algaecide was required to restore this level of reflectivity.

Urban areas tend to have higher air temperatures than their rural surroundings as a result of gradual surface modifications that include replacing the natural vegetation with buildings and roads. The term ''Urban Heat Island'' describes this phenomenon. The surfaces of buildings and pavements absorb solar radiation and become extremely hot, which in turn warm the surrounding air. Cities that have been ''paved over'' do not receive the benefit of the natural cooling effect of vegetation. As the air temperature rises, so does the demand for air-conditioning (a/c). This leads to higher emissions from power plants, as well as increased smog formation as a result of warmer temperatures. In the United States, we have found that this increase in air temperature is responsible for 5-10% of urban peak electric demand for a/c use, and as much as 20% of population-weighted smog concentrations in urban areas. Simple ways to cool the cities are the use of reflective surfaces (rooftops and pavements) and planting of urban vegetation. On a large scale, the evapotranspiration from vegetation and increased reflection of incoming solar radiation by reflective surfaces will cool a community a few degrees in the summer. As an example, computer simulations for Los Angeles, …

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Data samples corresponding to the isospin-violating decay D*{sub s}{sup +} {yields} D{sub s}{sup +}{pi}{sup 0} and the decays D*{sub s}{sup +} {yields} D{sub s}{sup +}, D*{sup 0} {yields} D{sup 0}{pi}{sup 0} and D*{sup 0} {yields} D{sup 0}{gamma} are reconstructed using 90.4 fb{sup -1} of data recorded by the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy e{sup +}e{sup -} collider. The following branching ratios are extracted: {Lambda}(D*{sub s}{sup +} {yields} D{sub s}{sup +}{pi}{sup 0})/{Lambda}(D*{sub s}{sup +} {yields} D{sub s}{sup +}{gamma}) = 0.062 {+-} 0.005(stat.) {+-} 0.006(syst.) and {Lambda}(D*{sup 0} {yields} D{sup 0}{pi}{sup 0})/{Lambda}(D*{sup 0} {yields} D{sup 0}{gamma}) = 1.74 {+-} 0.02(stat.) {+-} 0.13(syst.). Both measurements represent significant improvements over present world averages.

The authors present a preliminary measurement of CP-violating parameters S and C from fits of the time-dependence of B{sup 0} meson decays to {eta}'K{sub L}{sup 0}. The data were recorded with the BABAR detector at PEP-II and correspond to 232 x 10{sup 6} B{bar B} pairs produced in e{sup +}e{sup -} annihilation through the {Upsilon}(4S) resonance. By fitting the time-dependent CP asymmetry of the reconstructed B{sup 0} {yields} {eta}'K{sub L}{sup 0} events, they find S = 0.60 {+-} 0.31 {+-} 0.04 and C = 0.10 {+-} 0.21 {+-} 0.03, where the first error quoted is statistical and the second is systematic. They also perform a combined fit using both {eta}'K{sub S}{sup 0} and {eta}'K{sub L}{sup 0} data, and find S = 0.36 {+-} 0.13 {+-} 0.03 and C = -0.16 {+-} 0.09 {+-} 0.02.

Hazardous radioactive materials can be released into the atmosphere by accidents at nuclear power plants, fuel processing facilities, and other facilities, and by transportation accidents involving nuclear materials. In addition, the post-cold-war proliferation of nuclear material has increased the potential for terrorism scenarios involving radiological dispersal devices, improvised nuclear devices, and inadequately secured military nuclear weapons. To mitigate these risks, the National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC) serves as a national resource for the United States, providing tools and services to quickly predict the environmental contamination and health effects caused by airborne radionuclides, and to provide scientifically based guidance to emergency managers for the protection of human life. NARAC's expert staff uses computer models, supporting databases, software systems, and communications systems to predict the plume paths and consequences of radiological, chemical, and biological atmospheric releases.

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Path Integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) can reproduce the results of simple analytical calculations in which a single quantum particle is used to represent positronium within an idealized, spherical pore. Our calculations improve on this approach by explicitly treating the positronium as a two-particle e{sup -}, e{sup +} system interacting via the Coulomb interaction. We study the lifetime and the internal contact density, {kappa}, which controls the self-annihilation behavior, for positronium in model spherical pores, as a function of temperature and pore size. We compare the results with both PIMC and analytical calculations for a single-particle model.

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The 109th Congress is considering legislation to extend funding and possibly amend the block grant of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), which was created in the 1996 welfare reform law. The original funding authority provided in the 1996 law expired at the end of FY2002. Since then, Congress has inconclusively debated legislation to reauthorize TANF (and some related programs) but has kept the program alive through temporary extensions. The latest such extension is scheduled to expire on September 30, 2005. Reauthorization bills introduced for the 109th Congress (H.R. 240, S. 667) have policies that mirror those of bills considered during the previous three years.

This report is about 3D Arcing for Offset Measurements with a Hamar Laser on 7th International workshop on accelerator alignment.

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The name GEONET means data reduction software for the accelerator alignment community. It was developed in the early 1980's but the only thing left from the original version is the hierarchical directory structure to hold the observations and results. This poster presents the three components of WinGEONET: the Windows interface, the computational engine and the visualization tool. It also presents further developments towards a more versatile toolbox architecture.

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This document is the first of two volumes describing the ATF2 project. The present volume discusses the technical justification for ATF2 and presents a design description. Since the International Committee for Future Accelerator (ICFA) decision on the choice of technology, a world-wide collaboration on the design of the International Linear Collider (ILC) has rapidly progressed [1]. The formation of the Global Design Effort (GDE) will accelerate the work towards a final design. An important technical challenge is obviously the high gradient acceleration but what is similarly challenging is the collision of extremely small beams of a few nanometer size. The latter challenge has three distinct issues: creating small emittance beams, preserving the emittance during acceleration and transport, and focusing the beams to nanometers. Most studies have been done using computer simulations but many issues still remain that require experimental verification. Accelerator Test Facility (ATF) at KEK was built to create small emittance beams, and succeeded in obtaining an emittance that almost satisfies the ILC requirements [2]. In this proposal we present a project, ATF2, which addresses the focusing of the beam into a nanometer spot. The ATF2 project will extend the extraction beamline of the ATF with an ILC-type final …

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The Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment (SSPX) shows considerable sensitivity to the value of the injected (''gun'') current, I{sub gun}, parameterized by the relative values of {lambda}{sub gun} = {mu}{sub 0}I{sub gun}/{Psi}{sub gun} (with {Psi}{sub gun} the bias poloidal magnetic flux) to the lowest eigenvalue of {del} x B = {lambda}{sub FC}B in the flux conserver geometry. This report discusses modeling calculations using the NIMROD resistive-MHD code in the SSPX geometry. The behavior is found to be very sensitive to the profile of the safety factor, q, with the excitation of interior MHD modes at low-order resonant surfaces significantly affecting the evolution. Their evolution affects the fieldline topology (closed flux, islands, stochastic fieldlines confined by KAM surfaces, and open fieldlines), and thus electron temperature and other parameters. Because of this sensitivity, a major effect is the modification of the q-profile by the current on the open fieldlines in the flux core along the geometric axis. The time-history of a discharge can thus vary considerably for relatively small changes in I{sub gun}. The possibility of using this sensitivity for feedback control of the discharge evolution is discussed, but modeling of the process is left for future work.

In-situ x-ray diffraction was used to study the response of single crystal iron under shock conditions. Measurements of the response of [001] iron showed a uniaxial compression of the initially bcc lattice along the shock direction by up to 6% at 13 GPa. Above this pressure, the lattice responded with a further collapse of the lattice by 15-18% and a transformation to a hcp structure. The in-situ measurements are discussed and results summarized.

The observation of gamma rays associated with the decay of {sup 26}Al and {sup 60}Fe can provide important information regarding ongoing nucleosynthesis in our galaxy. The half-lives of these radioisotopes (7.2 x 10{sup 5} y and 1.5 x 10{sup 6} y, respectively) are long compared to the interval between synthesis events such as supernovae, so they build up in a steady state in the interstellar medium (centered on the galactic plane, where massive stars reside), yet short enough that gamma radiation from their decay may be detected. Additionally, these half-lifes are short compared to the period of galactic revolution, so that observable abundances remain in the proximity of their production sites. Predicted abundances of {sup 26}Al and {sup 60}Fe vary widely between several calculations in the last decade. In 2004, the first observation of the gamma ray flux from {sup 60}Fe decay was reported, with a {sup 60}Fe/{sup 26}Al flux ratio in good agreement with nucleosynthesis modeling from 1995. However, recent calculations that include well motivated updates to the stellar and nuclear physics, predict a flux ratio as much as six times higher than the observed value. It is desirable to understand the discrepancy between the latest calculation, which in …

Protein microarrays have emerged as important tools for screening protein-protein interactions and hold great potential for various applications including proteomics research, drug discovery, and diagnostics. This work describes a novel method for the traceless immobilization of proteins to a solid support through split-intein mediated protein trans-splicing. This method has been successfully used for the immobilization of biologically active proteins from very diluted samples ({approx}1{micro}M) and it does not require the purification of the protein to be attached. This makes possible the direct immobilization of proteins from complex mixtures such as cellular lysates and it can also be easily interfaced with cell-free expression systems for high-throughput production of protein microarrays.