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The biogeochemical and physical processes operating in the oceans create substantial geographical and vertical variations in the oceanic distribution of many trace elements. These variations are brought about by diverse mechanisms and involve trace elements of a wide spectrum of physicochemical and biological behavior. Thus, a knowledge of these trace element distributions can help characterize some of the ocean processes in which they participate. (auth)

Possible uses of pattern recognition techniques for solving complex scientific problems are discussed, and previous experience in using the pattern recognition computer code RECOG to solve materials problems, specifically in determining the mechanical properties of high explosives, is described. (LCL)

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The expansion of ballistic gun range facilities at LLL has introduced state-of-the-art diagnostic techniques to glovebox-enclosed ballistic guns systems. These enclosed ballistic ranges are designed for the study of one- dimensional shock phenomena in extremely toxic material such as plutonium. The extension of state-of-the-art phtographic and interferometric diagnostic systems to glovebox-enclosed gun systems introduces new design boundaries and performance criteria on optical and mechanical components. A technique for experimentally evaluating design proposals is illustrated, and several specific examples (such as, target alignment, collateral shrapnel damage, and soft recovery) are discussed. (auth)

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A historical review is given of the experimental thermonuclear research program. The role of pinch devices, mirror machines, tokamak devices, and laser fusion is discussed. (MOW)

This paper reviews recent developments and applications of ultrafast diagnostic techniques for x-ray measurements. These techniques, based on applications of image converter devices, are already capable of significantly important resolution capabilities. Techniques capable of time resolution in the sub-nanosecond regime are being considered. Mechanical cameras are excluded from considerations as are devices using phosphors or fluors as x-ray converters.

A personnel monitoring program must include a well integrated combination of dose determination methods, and should not depend on a single dosimetry system. Many of the necessary techniques have become well developed and dependable, such as the personnel gamma dosimeters in use today. However, other monitoring methods are still not adequate. The two most important personnel monitoring problems remaining are development of personnel neutron dosimeter and in-vivo measurement of plutonium at sublung burden levels. Although there are a few techniques under development to attack these problems, satisfactory long-term solutions will require much more work. As the developments in nuclear power and medicine continue, the need for solutions to these problems will intensify. (auth)

The existing technology of lanthanide-actinide separations is discussed with emphasis on the difficulties to be expected if the currently practiced separation methods were to be applied to waste partitioning. All of the workable methods known are noted, and three out of the four have seen many applications for the last 20 to 25 years at our Laboratory and elsewhere. The fourth, developed at ORNL 16 to 17 years ago, has been applied to waste partitioning in Germany. Each of these methods depends upon complexing the actinides to a slightly greater extent than the lanthanides with either Cl/sup -/, SCN/sup -/, or aminocarboxylic acids. The separation of the complexed ions is accomplished with either liquid or solid ion-exchangers and, in principle, either can be used interchangeably.

The Shock Wave Data Center of the Lawrence Livermore Lab collects and disseminates P.V.E. data obtained with shock waves. It has been in existence since 1964. An extensive number of papers reporting shock data had become available by that time. This was so in spite of the fact that the technology was developed only during the 2nd World War. Collection and partial evaluation of this data was therefore of value to facilitate its use by our laboratory and others who were involved with science and engineering in the high pressure field. The pressure range of the data collected is quite extensive and extends from 1 MPa to 1 TPa. One very important difference between shock wave compression data and those obtained with static presses must be emphasized, since it is often not fully appreciated. The pressure-volume locus of shock wave states (Hugoniot), which is obtained by passing increasingly stronger shocks into samples with the same initial state, rapidly increases in temperature as the shocks get stronger and the pressure and compression get higher. As a consequence, this Hugoniot locus must have a lower compressibility than isotherms obtained under static conditions. In fact, if porous or otherwise expanded samples are used, …

The LLL Laser-Fusion Program includes an active experimental effort to measure the distributions in energy, space and time of pulses of soft x-rays (.2 to 10 keV) radiated by laser-induced plasmas. Requirements for high resolution in these measurements clearly preclude the use of conventional x-ray diagnostic techniques. The following examples from our program of advanced x-ray instrument development are described. (1) Wavelength-dispersive spectrographs with fractional-electron volt resolution at several keV and imaging systems with 3 micron resolution over a 100 micron source. (2) Advanced solid state x-ray sensors that recover data from these instruments in a more expedient manner than photographic film. (3) Microcomputer-controlled stand-alone spectrograph data systems and minicomputer-based integrated systems that can deal with the large array of data generated by the high resolution instruments. (4) An electrostatically-deflected x-ray streak camera with moderate spectral and spatial resolution and a timing resolution of better than 15 ps.

Recently Afanas'ev et al. claimed 1000 fold energy gains for a new class of pellets, which require only relatively very modest peak laser powers to implode and ignite. An extensive examination of these fuels was made using the LASNEX code. The results are described. (MOW)

Fine axial flutes enhance heat transfer in vertical shell-and-tube exchangers with water inside the tubes and ammonia evaporating or condensing in layer flow on the shell side. Single-tube experiments with R-11 and ammonia indicate local shell-side coefficients 3 to 5 times those for corresponding smooth tubes. Single-tube experiments with water indicate that at moderate velocities the tube-side coefficients are enhanced by a factor equal to the ratio of fluted-to-smooth surface areas while the fluid friction is similarly increased. The experimental data are transformed into mean individual coefficients for ammonia and water. Overall coefficients for a particular case are presented to illustrate the efficacy of enhancement by flutes on one or both sides of the heat transfer surface. Means are described for using emerging data to predict the static and dynamic behavior of the power cycle and the interactions of components throughout the complete power plant.

Analogous to the triple point of a pure substance are a binary mixture's triple line and a ternary mixture's three-phase surface, where pressure, temperature, and composition must all be considered. The first three-phase study on a ternary hydrogen system, D/sub 2/-DT-T/sub 2/, is reported.

The indirect evidence for the production of a heavy lepton and direct evidence for the product of a new hadronic state or states in proton-proton interactions is considered for the interpretation requiring the existence of two more leptons and two new quarks. It is shown that such a picture is consistent and in good agreement with existing data. The new structure is located at M = 9.54 GeV/c/sup 2/ and is much wider than the experimental resolution. Also it is asymmetric, suggesting the presence of several resonances. 7 references. (JFP)

Modifications are described to upgrade the neutral-beam power supply for the TMX from 40 kV, 10 ms to 40 kV, 25 ms. The redesign of the accel and suppressor power supplies to achieve separation of the high-voltage and control sections, operation of the arc pulse lines in series, operation of the arc pulse lines in a noisy environment with SCR trigger and crowbar, and modifications to the electrolytic storage banks are discussed.

To optimize the neutral-beam current incident on the fusion plasma and limit the heat load on exposed surfaces of the Mirror Fusion Test Facility magnet coils, impingement of the neutral beams on the magnet structure must be minimized. Also, placement of the neutral-beam injectors must comply with specifications for neutral-current heating of the plasma and should allow maximum flexibility to accommodate alternative beam aiming patterns without significant hardware replacement or experiment down-time. Injector placements and aimings are analyzed by means of the Structural Analysis Movie Post Processor (SAMPP), a general-purpose graphics code for the display of three-dimensional finite-element models. SAMPP is used to visually assemble, disassemble, or cut away sections of the complex three-dimensional apparatus, which is represented by an assemblage of 8-node solid finite elements. The resulting picture is used to detect and quantify interactions between the structure and the neutral-particle beams.

Because there is no limit to the energy or power that can be delivered by a neutral-beam injector, its use will be restricted by either its cost, size, or reliability. Studies show that these factors can be improved by the injector design, and several examples, taken from mirror reactor studies, are given.

A discussion is given of a figure of merit indicative of the stability of high intensity beam transport systems. A table is provided giving this quantity under various conditions, and the limits for solenoidal focusing systems are obtained. (PMA)

The sensitivities of district heating costs to various design parameters are explored. Some recent studies evaluating the economics of district heating are briefly summarized. The bases and methods for the cost and design sensitivity studies are outlined. Cost and design relationships are examined. These relationships are developed as part of a design study for a city with a population of 175,000. Use of a specific city as a basis for these studies shows the importance of site specific factors in the development of the best district heating design for the city. The problems of utilizing the delivered water are briefly reviewed. Some alternatives system designs are compared in terms of economics, energy efficiency, and their potential for widespread application. (MHR)

The objective of this presentation is to: (1) present the physical motivation for fusion-fission hybrids, (2) outline design considerations for hybrid blankets, and (3) discuss the nuclear performance potential of hybrid blankets.

Two approaches to enhancement of the Q (energy gain) factor of mirror systems are under study at Livermore. These include the Tandem Mirror and the Field Reversed Mirror. Both of these new ideas preserve features of conventional mirror systems as far as plasma-wall interactions are concerned. Specifically in both approaches field lines exit from the ends of the system and impinge on walls located at a distance from the confinement chamber. It is possible to predict some aspects of the plasma/surface interactions of TM and FRM systems from experience obtained in the Livermore 2XIIB experiment. In particular, as observed in 2XIIB, effective isolation of the plasma from thermal contact with the ends owing to the development of sheath-like regions is to be expected. Studies presently underway directed toward still further enhancing the decoupling of the plasma from the effects of plasma surface interactions at the walls will be discussed, with particular reference to the problem of minimizing the effects of refluxing secondary electrons produced by plasma impact on the end walls.

An improved dual-laser flow cytometric system for quantitative analysis and sorting of mammalian cells has been developed using a low-power argon and high-power krypton laser as illumination sources, thus permitting the excitation of fluorescent dyes having absorption regions ranging from the ultraviolet to infrared. Cells stained in liquid suspension with fluorescent dyes enter a flow chamber where they intersect two spatially separated laser beams. Separate pairs of quartz beam-shaping optics focus each beam onto the cell stream. Electro-optical sensors measure fluorescence and light scatter from cells that are processed electronically and displayed as frequency distribution histograms. Cells also can be electronically separated and microscopically identified. The ease and versatility of operation designed into this system represent a marked technological improvement for dual-laser excited flow systems. Details of this instrument are described along with illustrative examples of cells stained with mithramycin and rhodamine and analyzed for DNA content, total protein, and nuclear and cytoplasmic diameter.