This paper summarizes a quantitative tool developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to aid the NRC in establishing Material Control and Accounting (MC and A) regulations for safeguarding Special Nuclear Material (SNM). Illustrative Value-Impact results of demonstrating the methodology at a facility handling SNM to evaluate alternative safeguards rules is given. The methodology developed also offers a useful framework for facility designers to choose safeguards measures that meet the NRC's criteria in a cost-effective manner. Furthermore, the methodology requires very modest computing capability and is straightforward to apply.

The Soudan 2 detector is located at a depth of 2090 meters-water equivalent (mwe). About 2 million muon events have been recorded. Here we report on our plans to analyze them for comparison with expectations from atmospheric cosmic ray models. Plans and capabilities to analyze multiple muons and monopoles are also discussed. 3 refs., 5 figs.

A search for contained events in the Soudan 2 nucleon decay detector has been made for the initial exposure of the first quarter of the 1.1 kiloton detector. This corresponds to an exposure of 0.083 kiloton years in the fiducial volume. We observe 5 {nu}{sub mu} candidate events and 5 {nu}{sub e} candidate events. Results of Monte Carlo simulations of neutrino events and proton decay events in Soudan 2 are compared. 6 refs., 3 figs.

Following the accident at the nuclear reactor at Chernobyl, in the Soviet Union on April 26, 1986, we performed a variety of measurements to determine the level of the radioactive fallout on the western United States. We used gamma-spectroscopy to analyze air filters from the areas around Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), California, and Barrow and Fairbanks, Alaska. Milk from California and imported vegetables were also analyzed. The levels of the various fission products detected were far below the maximum permissible concentration levels.

Uniformity of condensed layers of DT fuel in cryogenic ICF targets is a crucial parameter in their design. Measurements by classical interferometry lacks resolution to determine DT layer uniformity for targets with thick glass shells and/or thick ablative polymer coatings. We have developed holographic interferometry as an alternative tool for layer uniformity determination. This method is sensitive only to the fuel layer itself. We describe the technique and interference pattern analysis, and present preliminary results.

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research (RES) have applied a systems engineering approach to provide the NRC Office of Inspection and Enforcement (IE) with improved methods and guidance for evaluating the physical protection systems of licensed nuclear facilities.

The use of powerful microwave sources provide unique opportunities for novel and efficient heating and current-drive schemes in the electron-cyclotron and lower-hybrid ranges of frequencies. Free- electron lasers and relativistic klystrons are new sources that have a number of technical advantages over conventional, lower-intensity sources; their use can lead to improved current-drive efficiencies and better penetration into a reactor-grade plasma in specific cases. This paper reports on modeling of absorption and current drive, in intense-pulse and quasilinear regimes, and on analysis of parametric instabilities and self-focusing. 16 refs., 2 figs.

The processes are extremely compact. The process reagents are highly resistant to radiation damage and, therefore, can be used to handle short-cooled, highly concentrated waste with negligible degradation. Most reagents can be recycled back through the process many times, thereby minimizing the generation of waste products, and also reducing the process cost. Fission-product wastes are discharged from the process as concentrated, solid wastes, typically in a metal matrix suitable for permanent disposal. Long cooling periods are not needed prior to conversion to a suitable waste form. The recovered actinides are obtained as metals and cen be easily stored or shipped. Pyrochemical processing of nuclear fuels should be considered as a second generation technology.

The Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF-B) is a large magnetic fusion energy experiment in the tandem mirror configuration. The requirement that each pair of Yin-Yang magnets, one pair at each end of the experiment, not undergo excessive lateral motion during seismic events was found to require excessively thick (> 12.7 mm) walled tubing in the support-struts, which accelerated the flow of heat inward to the 4 K magnet case from the nearby 300 K wall of the rector vessel, when any of the Cr-Ni austenite stainless steels, such as Type 304 with a 300 K yield-strength (sigma y) of 307 mpa (min.) was considered. Since the cold end of the lateral restraining strut was to be at or near 4 K, the additional constraints of good austenite stability and resistance to brittle fracture at 4 K existed. After consideration of these constraints against available information on Cr-Ni and Cr-Mn-Ni-N/sub 2/ austenitic stainless steels, grade XM-19 (Fe-22 Cr-12 Ni-5 Mn-.04 C-.02 N/sub 2/ was chosen. The mechanical properties of these welds were studied. (MOW)

The results of a survey of laser-induced damage thresholds for optical components at 266 nm are reported. The thresholds were measured at two pulse durations--0.150 ns and 1.0 ns. The 30 samples tested include four commercial dielectric reflectors, three metallic reflectors, two anti-reflection films, a series of eight half-wave oxide and fluoride films, and twelve bare surfaces (fluoride crystals, silica, sapphire, BK-7 glass, CD*A and KDP). The 266-nm pulses were obtained by frequency-quadrupling a Nd:YAG, glass laser. Equivalent plane imagery and calorimetry were used to measure the peak fluence of each of the UV pulses with an accuracy of +- 15%; the uncertainty in the threshold determinations is typically +- 30%.

A study is made of the linear aperture for the clustered lattice used for the SSC Conceptual Design Report. Random multipole errors are included in all magnetic elements including the insertion dipoles and quadrupoles. Based on the concept of smear, the linear aperture is equal to the dynamic aperture in the range -0.1 less than or equal to ..delta..P/P less than or equal to 0.03%. Strong coupling for ..delta..P/P > 0% produces large smears. A variation of the smear parameter that is insensitive to coupling is proposed. A comparison is made with results reported in the SSC Conceptual Design Report.

The PATRICIA and RACETRACK particle tracking programs have been compared by tracking on a simple lattice. The dynamic aperture was found to decrease as the number of passes through the lattice per run increased from 20 to approx. 300, and it remained constant for longer runs. The dynamic apertures found by the two programs are consistent. The dependence of the dynamic aperture on horizontal tune near a decapole resonance was investigated. RACETRACK and PATRICIA showed decreases in the aperture on opposite sides of the resonance. A second set of studies was made with PATRICIA in which the dynamic apertures of lattices consisting of cells of the types used for the Reference Designs Study were determined when random multipole errors of the dipoles were included. The dependence of aperture on the number of cells in the lattice was determined. Finally, a comparison of magnet types suggested for the SSC was made by determining the aperture of lattices containing these magnets.

Summary of lectures presented in the Shell Seminar Series at the national convention of the National Science Teachers Association, April 7-10, 1988. Topics covered are: The Standard model, symmetry breaking, the superconducting supercollider, physics at the TEV scale, and the early universe.

This report gives an overview of the Safeguard Vulnerability Analysis Program (SVAP) developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. SVAP was designed as an automated method of analyzing the safeguard systems at nuclear facilities for vulnerabilities relating to the theft or diversion of nuclear materials. SVAP addresses one class of safeguard threat: theft or diversion of nuclear materials by nonviolent insiders, acting individually or in collusion. SVAP is a user-oriented tool which uses an interactive input medium for preprocessing the large amounts of safeguards data. Its output includes concise summary data as well as detailed vulnerability information.

The Plasma Current Sensor (PCS) diagnostic includes large diamagnetic loops (DL) that fully encircle the plasma as well as small multi-turn pickup coils (PCs) located between the plasma and the superconducting magnets. Both types of sensors respond to changing magnetic flux linkages caused by plasma currents and are used to measure plasma diamagnetism, from which estimates of temperature and density can be made. The DLs are used in the central cell and Axicell regions, while the PCs are used in the Yin-yang regions where DLs are impractical. Other PCs are used in the central cell to detect axial plasma currents, to help tune trim coils in the transition cell and confirm theoretical estimates of radial diffusion limits. This paper describes the PCS diagnostic and presents the detailed mechanical and electrical designs.

Diamond cell experiments at pressures above 2 megabars have many important applications with respect to planetary interiors (e.g., metallization of hydrogen). To make possible acquisition of data at extreme pressures on materials of planetary interest, we have been exploring both numerically and experimentally several aspects of diamond cell design and methodology. We have conducted detailed finite element analyses of the diamond cell to explore how bevelled anvils and material properties of the gasket affect diamond cell performance (1). These calculations include nonlinear equations of state, gasket plasticity, and diamond-gasket interfacial friction. Gasket plasticity has a dramatic effect on the stress field and thus must be included in any physically realistic analysis of the diamond cell; purely elastic calculations, therefore, cannot model adequately the behavior of a diamond cell. Gasket yield strengh is very important in facilitating generation of extreme pressures in a diamond cell. Increasing gasket yield strength allows a higher radial pressure gradient to be supported at a given gasket thickness, which means that failure of an experiment by deformation of the anvils to allow anvil-anvil contact occurs at higher pressures than would occur with a lower yield strength gasket. Furthermore, the finite element analyses indicate that increasing gasket …

The personnel neutron exposure potential at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is more diverse than at many other facilities, due to the wide range of neutron producing activities. Albedo energy response problems in the face of the diversity of sources, and a concern about possible photon interferences with the neutron albedo response, have prompted development of some additional dosimetry techniques to augment the personnel monitoring program. This work now consists of two programs - the dosimeter/spectrometer (DOSPEC) in which track etch detectors are added to the albedo badge to provide some energy evaluation and gamma insensitivity, and development of solid state thin film MOS detectors to provide a real time, gamma insensitive dosimeter.

GRPANL (GRouP ANaLysis) is a general-purpose peak fitting program that first determines gamma-ray and x-ray energies and intensities for specified peaks or clusters of peaks in a spectrum and then proceeds to interpret these results, determining both the radioisotopes detected and the amounts of each in the sample. Versions of the program are now running on the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VAX and PDP-11 computers. The code has several unique capabilities for deconvoluting and interpreting difficult analytical situations that other codes usually cannot handle.

We have for several years utilized the technique of capillary wave synchronization of the break-up of single and multiple component jets to produce uniform sized liquid drops and solid particles, and hollow liquid and solid shells. The technique has also been used to encapsulate a number of liquids in impermeable spherical shells. Highly uniform glass shells have been made by generating uniform drops of glass forming materials in an aqueous solution, subsequently evaporating the water, and then fusing and blowing the remaining solids in a high temperature vertical tube furnace. Experimental results will be presented and the critical problems in further research in this field will be discussed.

NOVANET is a control system oriented fiber optic local area network that was designed to meet the unique and often conflicting requirements of the Nova laser control system which will begin operation in 1984. The computers and data acquisition devices that form the distributed control system for a large laser fusion research facility need reliable, high speed communications. Both control/status messages and experimental data must be handled. A subset of NOVANET is currently operating on the two beam Novette laser system.

The short time and deposition distance for the energy from inertial fusion products results in local peak power densities on the order of 10/sup 18/ watts/m/sup 3/. This paper presents an overview of the various inertial fusion reactor designs which attempt to reduce these peak power intensities and describes the heat transfer considerations for each design.

Recent modifications to the EQ3/6 geochemical modeling software package provide for the use of Pitzer's equations to calculate the activity coefficients of aqueous species and the activity of water. These changes extend the range of solute concentrations over which the codes can be used to dependably calculate equilibria in geochemical systems, and permit the inclusion of ion pairs, complexes, and undissociated acids and bases as explicit component species in the Pitzer model. Comparisons of calculations made by the EQ3NR and EQ6 compuer codes with experimental data confirm that the modifications not only allow the codes to accurately evaluate activity coefficients in concentrated solutions, but also permit prediction of solubility limits of evaporite minerals in brines at 25/sup 0/C and elevated temperatures. Calculations for a few salts can be made at temperatures up to approx. 300/sup 0/C, but the temperature range for most electrolytes is constrained by the availability of requisite data to values less than or equal to 100/sup 0/C. The implementation of Pitzer's equations in EQ3/6 allows application of these codes to problems involving calculation of geochemical equilibria in brines; such as evaluation of the chemical environment which might be anticipated for nuclear waste canisters located in a salt …

The lithium aerosol loading capacity of a prefilter, HEPA filters and a sand and gravel bed filter was determined. The test aerosol was characterized and was generated by burning lithium in an unlimited air atmosphere. Correlation to sodium aerosol loading capacities were made to relate existing data to lithium aerosol loadings under varying conditions. This work is being conducted in support of the fusion reactor safety program. The lithium aerosol was generated by burning lithium pools, up to 45 kgs, in a 340 m/sup 3/ low humidity air atmosphere to supply aerosol to recirculating filter test loops. The aerosol was sampled to determine particle size, mass concentrations and chemical species. The dew point and gas concentrations were monitored throughout the tests. Loop inlet aerosol mass concentrations ranged up to 5 gr/m/sup 3/. Chemical compounds analyzed to be present in the aerosol include Li/sub 2/O, LiOH, and Li/sub 2/CO/sub 3/. HEPA filters with and without separators and a prefilter and HEPA filter in series were loaded with 7.8 to 11.1 kg/m/sup 2/ of aerosol at a flow rate of 1.31 m/sec and 5 kPa pressure drop. The HEPA filter loading capacity was determined to be greater at a lower flow rate. …

The Superconducting Super Collider, to be built in Texas, will provide an energy of 40 TeV from colliding proton beams. This energy is twenty times higher than currently available from the only other cryogenic collider, the Fermilab Tevatron, and will allow experiments that can lead to a better understanding of the fundamental properties of matter. The energy scale and the size of the new machine pose intriguing challenges and opportunities for the its vacuum systems. The discussion will include the effects of synchrotron radiation on cryogenic beam tubes, cold adsorption pumps for hydrogen, methods of leak checking large cryogenic systems, the development of cold beam valves, and radiation damage to components, especially electronics. 9 figs., 1 tab.