This paper presents a plan for increasing the mapped resource base for geothermal exploration in the Western US. We plan to image large areas in the western US with recently developed high resolution hyperspectral geobotanical remote sensing tools. The proposed imaging systems have the ability to map visible faults, surface effluents, historical signatures, and discover subtle hidden faults and hidden thermal systems. Large regions can be imaged at reasonable costs. The technique of geobotanical remote sensing for geothermal signatures is based on recent successes in mapping faults and effluents the Long Valley Caldera and Mammoth Mountain in California.

The development of the transient collisional excitation x-ray laser scheme using tabletop laser systems with multiple pulse capability has progressed rapidly in the last three years. The high small-signal gain and strong x-ray output have been demonstrated for laser drive energies of typically less than 10 J. We report recent x-ray laser experiments on the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Compact Multipulse Terawatt (COMET) tabletop facility using this technique. In particular, the saturated output from the Ni-like Pd ion 4d - 4p x-ray laser at 146.8 {angstrom} has been well characterized and has potential towards a useable x-ray source in a number of applications. One important application of a short wavelength x-ray laser beam with picosecond pulse duration is the study of a high density laser-produced plasma. We report the implementation of a Mach-Zehnder type interferometer using diffraction grating optics as beam splitters designed for the Ni-like Pd laser and show results from probing a 600 ps heated plasma. In addition, gas puff targets are investigated as an x-ray laser gain medium and we report results of strong lasing on the n = 3 - 3 transitions of Ne-like Ar.

Progress in development of CFD models has shown their great potential for prediction of air flow, heat dissipation, and dispersion of air pollutants in the urban environment. Work at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has progressed using the finite element code FEM3 which has been ''massively parallelized'' to produce flow fields and pollutant dispersion in a grid encompassing many city blocks and with high resolution. While it may be argued that urban CFD models are not yet economical for emergency response applications, there are many applications in assessments and air quality management where CFD models are unrivaled in the level of detail that they provide. We have conducted field experiments to define the flow field and air tracer dispersion around buildings as a means of critiquing and evaluating the CFD models. The first experiment, the ''B170 study'', was a study of flow field, turbulence, and tracer dispersion in separation zones around a complex, single building. The second was the URBAN 2000 experiment in downtown Salt Lake City where flow fields and tracers were studied in nested resolution from the single building scale up to larger scales of 25 city blocks, and out to 6 km. For the future an URBAN 2003 …

We present angle-resolved photoemission measurements forultrathin In films on Si(111). Depending on the coverage, this systemself-organizes into a metallic monolayer with either 4x1 or sqrt7 x sqrt3symmetry relative to the substrate. Electronically, they behave likeideal one- and two-dimensional electron gases (1DEG and 2DEG),respectively. The 4x1 system has atomic chains of In whose energy bandsdisperse only parallel to the chains, while for the sqrt7 x sqrt3 system,the dominant reciprocal space features (in both diffraction andbandstructure) resemble a pseudo-square lattice with only weakersecondary features relating to the sqrt7 x sqrt3 periodicity. In bothmaterials the electrons show coupling to the structure. The 1DEG couplesstrongly to phonons of momentum 2kF, leading to an 8x"2" Peierls-likeinsulating ground state. The 2DEG appears to be partially stabilized byelectron gap formation at the sqrt 7 x sqrt3 zone boundary.

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The authors show that the specific heat of the superconductor MgB{sub 2} in zero field, for which significant non-BCS features have been reported, can be fitted, essentially within experimental error, over the entire range of temperature to T{sub c} by a phenomenological two-gap model. The resulting gap parameters agree with previous determinations from band-structure calculations, and from various spectroscopic experiments. The determination from specific heat, a bulk property, shows that the presence of two superconducting gaps in MgB{sub 2} is a volume effect.

Goemon is a C++ library that supersedes Tracy 2 written in Pascal. It has been continuously developed at ALS since 1993. This paper describes its design and implementation issues, and applications.

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An extensive and systematic verification, validation and data testing effort using diverse Monte Carlo and deterministic methods with ENDF/B data (Versions V.2 and VI.5) is in progress. Methods verification is obtained by comparing independent methods, including continuous-energy Monte Carlo methods using the VIM and MCNP codes and 1D and 2D transport calculations using multigroup cross section sets generated with the ETOE-II/MC-2 system combined with the TWODANT code. Each of these code systems relies on independently processed data libraries. Inter-comparison of these results is used for verification. Further verification is achieved by comparing and plotting the point-wise cross section libraries of VIM and MCNP. Where possible, benchmark models are taken from both the ICSBEP Handbook and the CSEWG Benchmark Specifications. Inter-comparison of these results quantifies the generally small differences between these references. Calculations are repeated with both ENDF/B-V.2 and ENDF/B-VI.5 data. Inter-comparison of these results quantifies their data dependence. Analyses of criticality and reaction rate ratios are used for the validation and data testing. Calculated neutron balances and neutron energy spectra are also obtained and analyzed to explain the observed differences.

Target location is a common problem in acoustical imaging using either passive or active data inversion. Time-reversal methods in acoustics have the important characteristic that they provide a means of determining the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the scattering operator for either of these problems. Each eigenfunction may often be approximately associated with an individual scatterer. The resulting decoupling of the scattered field from a collection of targets is a very useful aid to localizing the targets, and suggests a number of imaging and localization algorithms. Two of these are linear subspace methods and maximum-entropy imaging.

Data obtained through scientific observations are often contaminated by noise and artifacts from various sources. As a result, a first step in mining these data is to isolate the signal of interest by minimizing the effects of the contaminations. Once the data has been cleaned or de-noised, data mining can proceed as usual. In this paper, we describe our work in denoising astronomical images from the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters (FIRST) survey. We are mining this survey to detect radio-emitting galaxies with a bent-double morphology. This task is made difficult by the noise in the images caused by the processing of the sensor data. We compare three different approaches to de-noising: thresholding of wavelet coefficients advocated in the statistical community, traditional Altering methods used in the image processing community, and a simple thresholding scheme proposed by FIRST astronomers. While each approach has its merits and pitfalls, we found that for our purpose, the simple thresholding scheme worked relatively well for the FIRST dataset.

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A new method that combines staggered grid Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) techniques with structured local adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) has been developed for solution of the Euler equations. This method facilitates the solution of problems currently at and beyond the boundary of soluble problems by traditional ALE methods by focusing computational resources where they are required through dynamic adaption. Many of the core issues involved in the development of the combined ALEAMR method hinge upon the integration of AMR with a staggered grid Lagrangian integration method. The novel components of the method are mainly driven by the need to reconcile traditional AMR techniques, which are typically employed on stationary meshes with cell-centered quantities, with the staggered grids and grid motion employed by Lagrangian methods. Numerical examples are presented which demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the method.

The 470 Ohm carbon resistor gauge has been used in the stress range up to approximately 4-5 GPa for highly heterogeneous materials and/or divergent flow experiments. The attractiveness of the gauge is due to its rugged nature, simple construction, low cost, reproducibility, and survivability in dynamic events. The associated drawbacks are a long time response to pressure equilibration and gauge resistance hysteresis. In the range below 0.4 GPa, the gauge calibration has been mainly extrapolated into this regime. Because of the need for calibration data within this low stress regime, calibration experiments were performed using a split-Hopkinson bar, drop tower apparatus, and a gas pressure chamber. Since the performance of the gauge at elevated temperatures is a concern, the change in resistance due to heating at atmospheric pressure was also investigated. Details of the various calibration arrangements and the results will be discussed and compared a calibration curve fit to previously published calibration data.

Laser driven shock measurements have been performed on pre-compressed samples. A diamond anvil cell (DAC) has been used to statically compress water to 1 GPa and then strong shocked with an energetic laser. The use of intense laser irradiation can drive shocks in targets making it possible to study the equation of state (EOS) of samples well into the hundreds of GPQ regime. Generally, such experiments employ a sample initially at normal density and standard pressure. Therefore providing data on the principal Hugoniot. In this experiment the initial state of the sample was varied to provide data off the principal Hugoniot. We report the work that was done on the Vulcan laser and describe a method to achieve off principal Hugoniot data.

The Criticality Safety Section at LLNL has a formal set of procedures to guide the administrative and technical work of the section. Two of these procedures, ''Response to a Criticality Safety Infraction'' and ''CSG Criticality Safety Non-Compliance and Audit Tracking System,'' provide combined guidance for response, tracking, and trending for procedural non-compliances. Combined with a database, this system provides a framework to systematically respond to, document, track and trend criticality safety non-compliances, as well as audit findings.

In this paper, the authors describe the use of data mining techniques to search for radio-emitting galaxies with a bent-double morphology. In the past, astronomers from the FIRST (Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-cm) survey identified these galaxies through visual inspection. This was not only subjective but also tedious as the on-going survey now covers 8000 square degrees, with each square degree containing about 90 galaxies. In this paper, they describe how data mining can be used to automate the identification of these galaxies. They discuss the challenges faced in defining meaningful features that represent the shape of a galaxy and their experiences with ensembles of decision trees for the classification of bent-double galaxies.

An executive program has been developed that coordinates the coupling of any number of other computer programs to perform integrated analyses of nuclear power reactor systems and related experimental facilities. The ability to couple programs allows the analyst to apply different analytical models to specific domains in the problem to achieve accurate results. The coupling is accomplished using the PVM message passing software and the executive program manages all phases of a coupled computation. It starts up and configures a PVM virtual machine, spawns all of the coupled processes on the PVM virtual machine, coordinates the time step size between the coupled codes, manages the production of printed and plottable output as well as restart files, and shuts the PVM virtual machine down at the end of the computation. The executive program also monitors the status of the coupled computation, repeating time steps as needed to obtain an accurate solution and terminating a coupled computation gracefully if one of the coupled processes is terminated by the computational node on which it is executing. This paper discusses the application of the executive to RELAP5-3D.

During the 1996 audit, a corrective action program was developed and implemented to enhance the Criticality Safety Program at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The Criticality Safety Program at LLNL has been rebuilt to combine a strong core criticality safety program with direct field support to floor operations. Field staff are integrated into the supported facility and program efforts. This method of operation effects all aspects of the criticality safety program including, as examples, development of criticality safety controls and training.

Industry effects have been largely successful in managing degradation of steam generator tubes due to wastage, pitting, and denting, but fretting, SCC and intergranular attack have proved more difficult to manage. Although steam generator replacements are proceeding there is substantial industry interest in operating with degraded steam generators, and significant numbers of plants will continue to do so. In most cases degradation of steam generator tubing by stress corrosion cracking is still managed by plug or repair on detection, because current NDE techniques for characterization of flaws are not accurate enough to permit continued operation. This paper reviews some of the historical background that underlies current steam generator degradation management strategies and outlines some of the additional research that must be done to provide more effective management of degradation in current generators and provide greater assurance of satisfactory performance in replacement steam generators.

The promise of inertial fusion energy driven by heavy ion beams requires the development of accelerators that produce ion currents ({approx}100s Amperesheam) and ion energies ({approx}1-10 GeV) that have not been achieved simultaneously in any existing accelerator. The high currents imply high generalized perveances, large tune depressions. and high space charge potentials of the beam center relative to the beam pipe. Many of the scientific issues associated with ion beams of high perveance and large tune depression have been addressed over the last two decades on scaled experiments at Lawrence Berkeley and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, the University of Maryland, and elsewhere. The additional requirement of high space charge potential (or equivalently high line charge density) gives rise to effects (particularly the role of electrons in beam transport) which must be understood before proceeding to a large scale accelerator. The first phase of a new series of experiments in Heavy Ion Fusion Virtual National Laboratory (HIF VNL), the High Current Experiments (HCX), is now being constructed at LBNL. The mission of the HCX will be to transport beams with driver line charge density so as to investigate the physics of this regime, including constraints on the maximum radial filling factor …

There is a continuing need for genetically matched cell systems to model cellular behaviors that are frequently observed in aggressive breast cancers. We report here the isolation and initial characterization of a spontaneously arising variant of MCF-10A cells, NeoST, which provides a new model to study cell adhesion and signal transduction in breast cancer. NeoST cells recapitulate important biological and biochemical features of metastatic breast cancer, including anchorage-independent growth, invasiveness in threedimensional reconstituted membranes, loss of E-cadherin expression, and increased tyrosine kinase activity. A comprehensive analysis of tyrosine kinase expression revealed overexpression or functional activation of the Axl, FAK, and EphA2 tyrosine kinases in transformed MCF-10A cells. MCF-10A and these new derivatives provide a genetically matched model to study defects in cell adhesion and signaling that are relevant to cellular behaviors that often typify aggressive breast cancer cells.

We present time-resolved synchrotron x-ray diffraction from the swelling clay Na fluorohectorite during controlled hydration and dehydration. A comparison of bulk and surface scattering reveals that the time dependence of basal Bragg peak positions and intensities has two components, which come into play at distinct temperatures. Intercalation of water into the crystal structure commences at a temperature of about 60 C on a time scale on the order of 1 hour. By contrast, percolation of water into the porous medium has a characteristic time constant of 3-4 h. This is the rate limiting process for hydration of the interior of the clay for T > 40 C. We suggest that the temperature-dependent percolation step may account for some of the hysteresis reported in earlier diffraction studies of the hydration of similar systems.

Beam-induced radiation effects have been simulated for 20 and 50 GeV muon storage rings designed for a Neutrino Factory. It is shown that by appropriately shielding the superconducting magnets, quench stability, acceptable dynamic heat loads, and low residual dose rates can be achieved. Alternatively, if a specially-designed skew focusing magnet without superconducting coils on the magnet's mid-plane is used, then the energy is deposited preferentially in the warm iron yoke or outer cryostat layers and internal shielding may not be required. In addition to the component irradiation analysis, shielding studies have been performed. Calculations of the external radiation were done for both designs but the internal energy deposition calculations for the 20 GeV Study-2 lattice are still in progress.