Several models have been suggested to describe the volume behavior of porous materials under hydrostatic loading. The model presented here accounts for variations in both porosity and the amount of fluid contained within that porosity. The model also attempts to predict the one-dimensional strain loading pressure-volume relationship and the stress difference-confining pressure curve. Only the simplest assumptions were used for the development of this model. These assumptions are discussed and the predictions for Mt. Helen tuff are compared to experimental data.

Recent laser fusion experiments at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory have provided basic data concerning: laser beam propagation and absorption in high temperature plasmas, electron energy transport processes that transfer the absorbed laser energy to the high-density ablation region, the general fluid dynamic expansion and compression of the heated plasma, and the processes responsible for the production of 14-MeV neutrons during implosion experiments. Irradiation experiments were performed with Nd:YAG glass laser systems: the two-beam Janus (less than or equal to40 J/100 ps, approx.0.4 TW) and Argus (less than or equal to140 J, 35 ps, approx.4 TW), and the single beam Cyclops (less than or equal to70 J/100 ps, approx.0.7 TW). Two classes of targets have been used: glass microshells (approx.40 to 120 ..mu..m in diameter with approx.0.75-..mu..m-thick walls) filled with an equimolar deuterium-tritium mixture, and disks (approx.160 to 600 ..mu..m in diameter and approx. 10 ..mu..m thick) of several compositions. The targets were supported in vacuum (pressure less than or equal to10/sup -5/ Torr) by thin glass stalks. This paper reports on results related to the propagation, absorption, and scattering of laser light by both spherical and planar targets.

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The separation of helium from hydrogen at the center of Jupiter is not likely even though phase separation is predicted at both higher and lower pressures.

A review is given of the 2X project, including project history and recent results, with the intent that both those new to CTR engineering and those people familiar with its progress will benefit. The current 2XII Program plan is reviewed, with emphasis on the major device fabrication underway at the present time. This construction consists primarily of a new magnet for 2XII, and has been designated 2XIIB. The injection of a 800-A neutral beam is described. The final portion of the paper is a progress report and a summary of cost estimates and scheduling. (auth)

From fifth sympoaium on engineering problems of fusion research; Princeton, New Jersey, USA (6 Nov 1973). A review is given of the 2X project, including project history and recent results, with the irtent that both those new to controlled thermonuclear research engineering and those people familiar with its progress will benefit. The current 2XII program plan is reviewed, with emphasis on the major device fubrication underway at the present time. This construction consiats primarily of a new magnet for 2XII, and has been designated 2XIIB. The injection of a 600A neutral beam is described. The ftnal portion of the paper is a progress report and a summary of cost estimates and scheduling. (MOW)

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A key element of the National Energy Plan is the conversion of industrial boiler fuels from natural gas and oil to coal. But widespread conversion to coal is not taking place in the industrial sector. This study identifies the important factors that restrict the acceptance of coal in industry and examines some alternatives to conventional on-site combustion. An analysis of the economic and environmental barriers is made along with a discussion of financial and logistical constraints. The results indicate that the lack of substantial economic incentives, increased risks due to intensified capital requirements, and the absence of a clear environmental policy make coal a poor choice for most of industry. The proposed tax provisions of the National Energy Plan would improve the economic incentives to convert to coal, but for most industrial energy users the incentives will still be too small and the risks too large. Alternatives to conventional on-site facilities considered are central community steam generation and an area coal terminal. These concepts appear promising for some regions of the country.

Mass spectrographic methods have served well in the past to analyze gaseous mixtures of the hydrogen isotopes. Alternate methods of analyses are reviewed which offer wider ranges and variety of isotopic determinations. This report describes possible improvements of the mass spectrographic determinations, gas chromatography, anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, microwave-induced optical emission spectroscopy, and methods of measuring tritium using radiation detection devices. Precision, accuracy, limitations, and costs are included for some of the methods mentioned. Costs range from $70,000 for the anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy equipment, which can determine hydrogen isotopes but not helium, to less than $10,000 for the gas chromatographic equipment, which can determine hydrogen isotopes and helium with precision and accuracy comparable to those of the mass spectrometer.

The Geothermal Development Program at Lawrence Livermore Lboratory has produced several novel expanders for liquids of low to medium temperatures (approx. 180/sup 0/C). A unique radial outflow reaction turbine (RORT) has been developed and laboratory-tested; results indicate that 50% engine efficiency is achievable. This work has led to a new concept called the velocity pump reaction turbine (VPRT), which could significantly increase the gross engine efficiency of the RORT, VPRT and its modifications are a unique family of turbines created specifically for expanding liquids to produce shaft work at potential engine efficiencies of up to 70%. Such devices, if used between the two separation stages of a double-flash system, could increase the overall power output by 15 to 20%, reducing power costs by at least 10% for about a 3% increase in capital costs. Geothermal applications are discussed with emphasis on geopressured resources. Also, these machines are suitable for utilizing solar heated fluids and waste heat sources from industrial processes.

Over 50 neutral beam sources (NBS) of the joint Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL)/Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) design have been manufactured, since 1973, in the LLL Neutral Beam Source Facility. These sources have been used to provide start-up and sustaining neutral beams for LLL mirror fusion experiments, including 2XIIB, TMX, and Beta II. Experimental prototype 20-kV and 80-kV NBS have also been designed, built, and tested for the Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF). (MOW)

This report is about the importance of U.S agriculture productivity to the global community.

A class of ion beam fusion targets consisting of a spherical shell of frozen DT surrounded by a low-density, low-Z pusher and a high-density tamper was designed. These designs have a number of advantages over targets with high-density, high-Z pushers.

The direct conversion to electrical energy of the energy carried by the leakage plasma from a fusion reactor and by the ions that are not converted to neutrals in a neutral-beam injector is discussed. The conversion process is electrostatic deceleration and direct particle collection as distinct from plasma expansion against a time-varying magnetic field or conversion in an EXB duct (both MHD). Relatively simple 1-stage plasma direct converters are discussed which can have efficiencies of about 50 percent. More complex and costly (measured in $/kW) 2-, 3-, 4-, and 22-stage concepts have been tested at efficiencies approaching 90 percent. Beam direct converters have been tested at 15 keV and 2 kW of power at 70 +- 2 percent efficiency, and a test of a 120-keV, 1-MW version is being prepared. Designs for a 120-keV, 4-MW unit are presented. The beam direct converter, besides saving on power supplies and on beam dumps, should raise the efficiency of creating a neutral beam from 40 percent without direct conversion to 70 percent with direct conversion for a 120-keV deuterium beam. The technological limits determining power handling and lifetime such as space-charge effects, heat removal, electrode material, sputtering, blistering, voltage holding, and insulation design, …

A large valve that isolates a neutral beam source from a working fusion reactor is described. The design and construction techniques for the bellows valve are given. (MOW)

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Three magnetic confinement concepts, based on the mirror principle, are described. These mirror concepts are summarized as follows: (1) fusion-fission hybrid reactor, (2) tandem mirror reactor, and (3) reversed field mirror reactor. (MOW)

Geophysical drilling logs recorded from hole MB-11 in the Missoula/Bitterroot basins area, Montana.

The Intel 8080 CPU simulator program (MCS80SIM) provides a software simulation together with simulator execution commands to aid in program development for the MCS-80. Besides accepting 8080 machine code the simulator allows manipulation of the simulated memory and 8080 registers, breakpoint insertion, program tracing, symbolic and numeric dumps, single stepping, and other operations during the simulation. This report details how the simulator (MCS80SIM) is accessed and how it is run on the Octopus network at LLL. 2 figures. (RWR)

The 8080 Macro Assembler is now available on the LLL 7600 system. This report is a user's manual for executing the 8080 assembler on the 7600 computers. The MCS80 program accepts as input programs written in Intel 8080 CPU assembly language. The program writes a magnetic tape in Intel BNPF format or BIN DEC binary format which can be used to punch a paper tape. 3 figures. (RWR)

It was found that the distribution of liquid striking the sides of a simulated room temperature spray dryer was not significantly altered by the choice of nozles, nor by a variation in nozzle operating conditions. Instead, it was found to be a function of the spray dryer's configuration. A cocurrent flow of air down the drying cylinder, not possible with PNL's closed top, favorably altered the spray distribution by both decreasing the amount of liquid striking the interior of the cylinder from 72 to 26% of the feed supplied, and by shifting the zone of maximum impact from 1.0 to 1.7 feet from the nozzle. These findings led to the redesign of the laboratory scale spray dryer to be tested at the Savannah River Plant. The diameter of the drying chamber was increased from 5 to 8 inches, and a cocurrent flow of air was established with a closed recycle. Finally, this investigation suggested a drying scheme which offers all the advantages of spray drying without many of its limitations.

This report summarizes the literature through 1974 on aliphatic sulfurpentafluoride compounds. Methods of preparation and methods of transforming one pentafluorothio compound into another are briefly discussed. The physical properties of all known derivatives are tabulated. (auth)

Two low-power solid-state prototype readout units were developed, an LED display and a LCD display. This display output was in a bar-graph format, covering four-decades of information, with 10-segments per decade. The displays accept a frequency input, which is standardly available from several portable radiation-survey instruments. Both readout units will operate on two D-cell batteries (3.0 Volt), with a typical current drain requirement of 0.3 MA for the LED display and 30..mu..A for the LCD display. A wide-range electrometer circuit was also developed. The circuit covers an input current range from 10/sup -13/ A to 10/sup -8/ A. The output signal is a pulse whose frequency is directly proportional to input current. The circuit requires no high-megohm resistors, and is autoranging. Several candidate input amplifiers were analyzed and evaluated for use with the electrometer circuit.

During Phase I of this program (concluded in October of 1976), economic analyses and experimental work were carried out on the fluidized-bed zinc reduction of SiCl/sub 4/ and on several modifications of the iodide process (SiI/sub 4/ decomposition or reduction) which led to the selection of the fluidized-bed zinc reduction of SiCl/sub 4/ as a promising candidate for supplying low-cost solar- or semiconductor-grade silicon. Phase II of the program, which is described, has as its objective, designing an experimental facility (tentative 25 MT Si/year capacity) and carrying out an experimental program to support the design effort. Updates of plant and production cost estimates at the 1000 MT/year level are to be made based on the design experience.