This implementation plan describes the process and provides information and schedules that are necessary to implement and comply with the Department of Energy (DOE) Order 5480.19, {open_quotes}Conduct of Operations{close_quotes} (CoOp). This plan applies to all Pinellas Plant operations and personnel. Generally, this Plan discusses how DOE Order 5480.19 will be implemented at the Pinellas Plant.

This paper provides a brief and mostly non-technical description of the militarily important features of nuclear weapons, of the physical phenomena associated with individual explosions, and of the expected or possible results of the use of many weapons in a nuclear war. Most emphasis is on the effects of so-called ``strategic exchanges.``

The efficiency of soft x-ray production from laser-irradiated plasmas is simulated for two different spectral regions. These two regions, 14{Angstrom} {plus minus} 15% and 130{Angstrom} {plus minus} 1%, were chosen for proximity mask or point-projection technological applications. Relatively large conversion efficiencies were obtained from irradiation of a stainless steel target using the conditions suggested by recent Hampshire Instruments' experiments for proximity masking. Pulse-width and laser frequency parameter studies were performed for point-projection applications which suggest that the conversion applications which suggest that the conversion efficiency is sensitive to pulse-width but not to laser frequency. One of the critical components of any x-ray lithographic scheme is of course the x-ray laser source. There are two primary contenders for a reliable, efficient source currently: synchrotron radiation and spectral emission from laser produced plasma. The dominant issue for laser-plasma emission is the conversion efficiency -- output in the intended operating spectral region relative the required incident laser energy. Simulations are described in the following for both high and low energy spectral regions which have been suggested by either the proximity masking or point-projection technology.

This presentation is to discuss the impact of a reduced nuclear weapons stockpile on the strategic stability. Methodologies used to study strategic stability issues include what are basically strategic-force exchange models. These models are used to simulate a massive nuclear exchange in which one side attacks and the other side retaliates. These models have been of interest to the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) program. Researchers have been looking at issues concerning the stability of the transition period, during which some defenses have been deployed and during which deterrence and war-fighting capability reply partly on defense and partly on offense. Also, more recently, with interest in the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) and force reductions beyond START, the same calculation engines have been used to examine the impact of reduced forces on strategic stability. For both the SDI and the START reduction cases, exchange models are able to address only a rather narrow class of strategic stability issues. Other broader stability questions that are unrelated to nuclear weapons or that relate to nuclear weapons but are not addressed by the calculational tools which are not included in this discussion. 6 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab. (BN)

The objective of this research is to elucidate the role of various chemical additives on ethanol synthesis over Rh- and Ni-based catalysts. Chemical additives used for this study will include S, P, Ag, Cu, Mn, and Na which have different electronegativities. The effect of additives on the surface state of the catalysts, heat of adsorption of reactant molecules, reaction intermediates, reaction pathways, reaction kinetics, and product distributions is/will be investigated by a series of experimental studies of NO adsorption, reaction probing, study state rate measurement, and transient kinetic study. A better understanding of the role of additives on the synthesis reaction may allow us to use chemical additives to manipulate the catalytic properties of Rh- and Ni-based catalysts for producing high yields of ethanol from snygas. 27 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.

The objective of this research is to elucidate the role of various chemical additives on ethanol synthesis over Rh- and Ni-based catalysts. Chemical additives used for this study will include S, P, Ag, Cu, Mn, and Na which have different electronegativities. The effects of additives on the surface state of the catalysts, heat of adsorption of reactant molecules, reaction intermediates, reaction pathways, reaction kinetics, and product distributions is/will be investigated by a series of experimental studies of NO adsorption, reaction probing, study state rate measurement, and transient kinetic study. A better understanding of the role of additives on the synthesis reaction may allow us to use chemical additives to manipulate the catalytic properties of Rh- and Ni-based catalysts for producing high yields of ethanol from syngas.

The objective of this research is to elucidate the role of various chemical additives on ethanol synthesis over Rh- and Ni-based catalysts. Chemical additives used for this study will include S, P, Ag, Cu, Mn, and Na which have different electronegativities. The effects of additives on the surface state of the catalysts, heat of adsorption of reactant molecules, reaction intermediates, reaction pathways, reaction kinetics, and product distributions is/will be investigated by a series of experimental studies of NO adsorption, reaction probing, study state rate measurement, and transient kinetic study. A better understanding of the role of additives on the synthesis reaction may allow us to use chemical additives to manipulate the catalytic properties of Rh- and Ni-based catalysts for producing high yields of ethanol from syngas.

The objective of this research is to elucidate the role of various chemical additives on ethanol synthesis over Rh- and Ni-based catalysts. Chemical additives used for this study will include S, P, Ag, Cu, Mn, and Na which have different electronegativities. The effect of additives on the surface state of the catalysts, heat of adsorption of reactant molecules, reaction intermediates, reaction pathways, reaction kinetics, and product distributions is/will be investigated by a series of experimental studies of NO adsorption, reaction probing, study state rate measurement, and transient kinetic study. A better understanding of the role of additives on the synthesis reaction may allow us to use chemical additives to manipulate the catalytic properties of Rh- and Ni-based catalysts for producing high yields of ethanol from syngas. 27 refs. 7 figs., 2 tabs.

Table 1 indicates that the stiffest line is the cryogenic vent line while the most flexible line is the 6 inch insulating vacuum line. The table also shows that the four remaining lines are roughly of the same stiffness. This follows closely with the experience of installing the U-tubes in the assembly hall. The vent line was by far the stiffest, while the other lines are comparitively more flexible. However, the value for the LAr line is misleading. It is as flexible as the other 1 1/2 x 3 lines. Using this as a basis, the collision hall connections should be slightly more stiff, but not appreciably. The vent line represents the only anticipated 'difficulty'. Provided that the building piping is constructed to reasonable tolerances, there should be no need to modify the existing U-tubes for use in the Collision hall. The analysis makes many assumptions which are not completely valid. For example, the inner line is much more flexible than the table indicates. Thus the analysis should not be taken as an absolute measure of the amount of force necessary to deflect the lines. The analysis does provide a means of comparison between individual lines and between the assembly …

Women have become an integral part of the armed forces, but they are excluded from most combat jobs. Several issues remain. One is whether to reduce, maintain, or expand the number of women in the services as the total forces are being reduced. A second question is to what extent women should continue to be excluded from some combat positions by policy. Would national security be jeopardized or enhanced by increasing reliance on women in the armed forces? Should women have equal opportunities and responsibilities in national defense? Or do role and physical differences between the sexes, the protection of future generations, and other social norms require limiting the assignments of women in the armed forces? Opinion in the United States is deeply divided on the fundamental issues involved.

The objective of this study is to develop technology that permits the practical and economic preparation, storage, handling, and transportation of coal pellets, which can be formulated into Coal-Water Fuels (CWFs) suitable for firing in small- and medium-size commercial and industrial boilers, furnaces, and engines.

The objective of this study is to develop technology that permits the practical and economic preparation, storage, handling, and transportation of coal pellets, which can be formulated into Coal-Water Fuels (CWFs) suitable for firing in small- and medium-size commercial and industrial boilers, furnaces, and engines.

A high activity Waste Tank cooling coil supply line cracked on September 12, 1991 at the H-Area East pump house, draining the cooling water to the ground. This raised the possibility of draining high-activity waste to the ground by siphon action through the submerged cycling coils since some of the cooling water supply lines are located up to 40 ft. below waste tank liquid level. The following documentation summarizes conclusions and provides details of flow calculation presented earlier during the incident investigation. No plausible reason for a simultaneous rupture of the supply line and the cooling coils inside the tank was identified. Both seismic stresses and water hammer produce relatively low stresses on the cooling coils. A hypothetical simultaneous rupture of the cooling coils inside the tank and the supply line below ground could result in 100 to 200 gpm waste discharge to the ground. Waste discharge from a possible cooling coil corrosion leak would be limited to 20 gal/12-hr shift under maximum possible siphon, based on operating procedures for cooling water makeup which call for coil isolation when a cooling water loss of 40 gal/shaft is identified. This level of discharge is within the existing envelope of accident consequences …

A high activity Waste Tank cooling coil supply line cracked on September 12, 1991 at the H-Area East pump house, draining the cooling water to the ground. This raised the possibility of draining high-activity waste to the ground by siphon action through the submerged cycling coils since some of the cooling water supply lines are located up to 40 ft. below waste tank liquid level. The following documentation summarizes conclusions and provides details of flow calculation presented earlier during the incident investigation. No plausible reason for a simultaneous rupture of the supply line and the cooling coils inside the tank was identified. Both seismic stresses and water hammer produce relatively low stresses on the cooling coils. A hypothetical simultaneous rupture of the cooling coils inside the tank and the supply line below ground could result in 100 to 200 gpm waste discharge to the ground. Waste discharge from a possible cooling coil corrosion leak would be limited to 20 gal/12-hr shift under maximum possible siphon, based on operating procedures for cooling water makeup which call for coil isolation when a cooling water loss of 40 gal/shaft is identified. This level of discharge is within the existing envelope of accident consequences …

The purpose of this monograph is to start a theory of deterrence which has the capability of quantitatively answering the question of what is required to deter a nation or alliance from certain acts. Despite the existence of voluminous writing on deterrence, from the beginning of the nuclear age and even before, none of it attempts a theoretical discussion of how to calculate what it takes to deter a country from committing some acts which are objectionable to another country. Many theories of deterrence have already been created. They have exclusively been of two separate forms -- those of the social scientists, which deal with political questions, and how the concept of mass destruction psychological deters the initiation of war; and those of the mathematicians, who model the quantities of one country`s arsenal of strategic systems needed to destroy a certain portion of another country`s. Only the latter is quantitative, but they lack an essential element added to answer the question ``How much is enough?`` In order to use the techniques of operations research on the questions of what type and amount of weapons are adequate for deterrence, the definitions of quantities occurring in the calculations need to be made …

A simple mixing-length estimate of diffusion of alphas particles by toroidicity-induced shear Alfven eigenmodes (TAE) is used, in zero and one-dimensional models, to evaluate the importance of diffusion of meeting ignition requirements for ITER and other next-generation burning plasma experiments. It is found that, depending on a number of assumptions, diffusion could reduce that effectiveness of alpha heating in the core as much as an order of magnitude. However, the effect would be less if only alphas resonant with the Alfven waves diffuse. Also, in the Appendix it is argued that the mixing length diffusion formula, though qualitatively reasonable, may be an over estimate. 12 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.

The major goal is to provide the simulation tools for modeling both conventional and advanced coal cleaning technologies. This DOE project is part of a major research initiative by the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) aimed at advancing three advanced coal cleaning technologies- heavy-liquid cylconing, selective agglomeration, and advanced froth flotation through the proof-of- concept (POC) level. The commercially available ASPEN PLUS process simulation package will be extended to handle coal applications. Algorithms for predicting the process performance, equipment size, and flowsheet economics of commercial coal cleaning devices and related ancillary equipment will be incorporated into the coal cleaning simulator. This report is submitted to document the progress of Aspen Technology, Inc. (ApsenTech), its contractor, ICF Kaiser Engineers, Inc., (ICF KE) and CQ Inc., a subcontractor to ICF KE, for the seventh quarterly reporting period, April through June 1991. ICF KE is providing coal preparation consulting and processing engineering services in this work and they are responsible for recommending the design of models to represent conventional coal cleaning equipment and costing of these models.

The major goal is to provide the simulation tools for modeling both conventional and advanced coal cleaning technologies. This DOE project is part of a major research initiative by the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) aimed at advancing three advanced coal cleaning technologies- heavy-liquid cylconing, selective agglomeration, and advanced froth flotation through the proof-of- concept (POC) level. The commercially available ASPEN PLUS process simulation package will be extended to handle coal applications. Algorithms for predicting the process performance, equipment size, and flowsheet economics of commercial coal cleaning devices and related ancillary equipment will be incorporated into the coal cleaning simulator. This report is submitted to document the progress of Aspen Technology, Inc. (ApsenTech), its contractor, ICF Kaiser Engineers, Inc., (ICF KE) and CQ Inc., a subcontractor to ICF KE, for the seventh quarterly reporting period, April through June 1991. ICF KE is providing coal preparation consulting and processing engineering services in this work and they are responsible for recommending the design of models to represent conventional coal cleaning equipment and costing of these models.

The US Department of Energy's Office of Health and Environmental Research (OHER) has supported work in our laboratory since 1977. The general theme of this program has been the identification of potentially toxic organic compounds associated with various combustion effluents, following the fates of these compounds in the environment, and improving the analytical methodology for making these measurements. The projects currently investigation include: an improved sampler for semi-volatile compounds in the atmosphere; the wet and dry deposition of dioxins and furans from the atmosphere; the photodegradation and mobile sources of dioxins and furans; and the bioaccumulation of PAH by tree bark. These projects are all responsive to OHER's interest in the pathways and mechanisms by which energy-related agents move through and are modified by the atmosphere''. The projects on gas chromatographic and liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry are both responsive to OHER's interest in new and more sensitive technologies for chemical measurements''. 35 refs., 9 figs.

Selective oxidation of light alkanes is a potentially important route to convert the less valuable alkanes to more valuable chemicals such as unsaturated hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds that are used in fuel mixtures and as feedstock. In specific operations, such processes can also be used to remove environmentally hostile chemicals while converting them into useful chemicals. For such processes to be commercially practical, high yields of the desired products must be obtained instead of the thermodynamically most favored products of carbon oxides. The objective of this research is to develop understandings regarding the interaction of molecules with catalytic surfaces and the relationship between the bulk and surface properties of oxides that would lead to the discovery of highly selective catalysts.

Circulating fluidization is a promising technology for designing efficient coal combustors with high solid feed rates. Unfortunately, limited understanding of circulating fluidized beds (CFB) has rendered design extrapolations from pilot reactors to full-scale plants both empirical and expensive. In CFBs, hydrodynamics and heat transfer are difficult to predict, and the behavior of the flow under scale-up is unclear. Thus the objectives of this research were to quantify the effect of scale-up on the hydrodynamics of CFB combustors, to carry out a rigorous analysis of the flow and heat transfer in vertical gas-solid risers, and to interact with industry at all stages of this work. The importance of this research resides in the great number of CFB coal-burning powerplants that may benefit from its results. At the completion of this work, the results have exceeded the expectations outlined in the original proposal. The present report summarizes these accomplishments, which have led to five archival publications, two reviewed conference papers, twelve presentations, various quarterly reports, and the award of five graduate degrees.

Circulating fluidization is a promising technology for designing efficient coal combustors with high solid feed rates. Unfortunately, limited understanding of circulating fluidized beds (CFB) has rendered design extrapolations from pilot reactors to full-scale plants both empirical and expensive. In CFBs, hydrodynamics and heat transfer are difficult to predict, and the behavior of the flow under scale-up is unclear. Thus the objectives of this research were to quantify the effect of scale-up on the hydrodynamics of CFB combustors, to carry out a rigorous analysis of the flow and heat transfer in vertical gas-solid risers, and to interact with industry at all stages of this work. The importance of this research resides in the great number of CFB coal-burning powerplants that may benefit from its results. At the completion of this work, the results have exceeded the expectations outlined in the original proposal. The present report summarizes these accomplishments, which have led to five archival publications, two reviewed conference papers, twelve presentations, various quarterly reports, and the award of five graduate degrees.

This Engineering Note defines technical requirements and the scope of work for reattachment of the heads of the North EC cryostat This work is to be done in the D-Zero. Assembly Building (DAB) at Fermilab and is expected to begin around May 15, 1991. The task consists primarily of welding four heads onto a 17-foot diameter stainless steel double-wall pressure/varuum vessel. Nominal thicknesses of the welds are all 5/8-inch. Root passes are to be made by TIG welding and the balance by MIG welding. No radiography is required; other NDE per ASME Code, Section VIII, Div. 1. All work is to be done in accordance with the Rules of the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors (ANSI/NB-23), and repairs to the inner vessel are to be documented by the R-1 form exeruted by the Contractorts Authorized Inspector. The Contractor will be expected to work two shifts per day, five days per week to support the Fermilab schedule. Details of the cryostat are given on Fermi1ab Drawings 3740.220-ME-222256, Rev. R, 3740.224-ME-273071, and 3740.224-ME-273039. The cryostat was fabricated by Process Engineering, Inc. ofPlaistow, NH in 1989-90. The heads were removed using hand-held air-arc gouging equipment. As a result the welding …

Former U.S. Ambassador to Japan Mike Mansfield once classified U.S. Japanese relations as "the most important bilateral relationship in the world, bar none." Over the past decade, tensions between the two nations increased markedly, due largely to U.S. concerns over the sharp rise in the U.S. Japan bilateral trade imbalance and to the growing competitive challenge posed by Japan. This paper provides a chronology of major trade events between the United States and Japan from 1980 through 1990 in order to provide a perspective of major trade issues between the two nations. The appendix provides selected data on trade between the two countries over this period.