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A key element of the National Energy Plan is the conversion of industrial boiler fuels from natural gas and oil to coal. But widespread conversion to coal is not taking place in the industrial sector. This study identifies the important factors that restrict the acceptance of coal in industry and examines some alternatives to conventional on-site combustion. An analysis of the economic and environmental barriers is made along with a discussion of financial and logistical constraints. The results indicate that the lack of substantial economic incentives, increased risks due to intensified capital requirements, and the absence of a clear environmental policy make coal a poor choice for most of industry. The proposed tax provisions of the National Energy Plan would improve the economic incentives to convert to coal, but for most industrial energy users the incentives will still be too small and the risks too large. Alternatives to conventional on-site facilities considered are central community steam generation and an area coal terminal. These concepts appear promising for some regions of the country.

Mass spectrographic methods have served well in the past to analyze gaseous mixtures of the hydrogen isotopes. Alternate methods of analyses are reviewed which offer wider ranges and variety of isotopic determinations. This report describes possible improvements of the mass spectrographic determinations, gas chromatography, anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, microwave-induced optical emission spectroscopy, and methods of measuring tritium using radiation detection devices. Precision, accuracy, limitations, and costs are included for some of the methods mentioned. Costs range from $70,000 for the anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy equipment, which can determine hydrogen isotopes but not helium, to less than $10,000 for the gas chromatographic equipment, which can determine hydrogen isotopes and helium with precision and accuracy comparable to those of the mass spectrometer.

The Geothermal Development Program at Lawrence Livermore Lboratory has produced several novel expanders for liquids of low to medium temperatures (approx. 180/sup 0/C). A unique radial outflow reaction turbine (RORT) has been developed and laboratory-tested; results indicate that 50% engine efficiency is achievable. This work has led to a new concept called the velocity pump reaction turbine (VPRT), which could significantly increase the gross engine efficiency of the RORT, VPRT and its modifications are a unique family of turbines created specifically for expanding liquids to produce shaft work at potential engine efficiencies of up to 70%. Such devices, if used between the two separation stages of a double-flash system, could increase the overall power output by 15 to 20%, reducing power costs by at least 10% for about a 3% increase in capital costs. Geothermal applications are discussed with emphasis on geopressured resources. Also, these machines are suitable for utilizing solar heated fluids and waste heat sources from industrial processes.

This report is about the importance of U.S agriculture productivity to the global community.

A large valve that isolates a neutral beam source from a working fusion reactor is described. The design and construction techniques for the bellows valve are given. (MOW)

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Geophysical drilling logs recorded from hole MB-11 in the Missoula/Bitterroot basins area, Montana.

The Intel 8080 CPU simulator program (MCS80SIM) provides a software simulation together with simulator execution commands to aid in program development for the MCS-80. Besides accepting 8080 machine code the simulator allows manipulation of the simulated memory and 8080 registers, breakpoint insertion, program tracing, symbolic and numeric dumps, single stepping, and other operations during the simulation. This report details how the simulator (MCS80SIM) is accessed and how it is run on the Octopus network at LLL. 2 figures. (RWR)

The 8080 Macro Assembler is now available on the LLL 7600 system. This report is a user's manual for executing the 8080 assembler on the 7600 computers. The MCS80 program accepts as input programs written in Intel 8080 CPU assembly language. The program writes a magnetic tape in Intel BNPF format or BIN DEC binary format which can be used to punch a paper tape. 3 figures. (RWR)

It was found that the distribution of liquid striking the sides of a simulated room temperature spray dryer was not significantly altered by the choice of nozles, nor by a variation in nozzle operating conditions. Instead, it was found to be a function of the spray dryer's configuration. A cocurrent flow of air down the drying cylinder, not possible with PNL's closed top, favorably altered the spray distribution by both decreasing the amount of liquid striking the interior of the cylinder from 72 to 26% of the feed supplied, and by shifting the zone of maximum impact from 1.0 to 1.7 feet from the nozzle. These findings led to the redesign of the laboratory scale spray dryer to be tested at the Savannah River Plant. The diameter of the drying chamber was increased from 5 to 8 inches, and a cocurrent flow of air was established with a closed recycle. Finally, this investigation suggested a drying scheme which offers all the advantages of spray drying without many of its limitations.

This report summarizes the literature through 1974 on aliphatic sulfurpentafluoride compounds. Methods of preparation and methods of transforming one pentafluorothio compound into another are briefly discussed. The physical properties of all known derivatives are tabulated. (auth)

Two low-power solid-state prototype readout units were developed, an LED display and a LCD display. This display output was in a bar-graph format, covering four-decades of information, with 10-segments per decade. The displays accept a frequency input, which is standardly available from several portable radiation-survey instruments. Both readout units will operate on two D-cell batteries (3.0 Volt), with a typical current drain requirement of 0.3 MA for the LED display and 30..mu..A for the LCD display. A wide-range electrometer circuit was also developed. The circuit covers an input current range from 10/sup -13/ A to 10/sup -8/ A. The output signal is a pulse whose frequency is directly proportional to input current. The circuit requires no high-megohm resistors, and is autoranging. Several candidate input amplifiers were analyzed and evaluated for use with the electrometer circuit.

During Phase I of this program (concluded in October of 1976), economic analyses and experimental work were carried out on the fluidized-bed zinc reduction of SiCl/sub 4/ and on several modifications of the iodide process (SiI/sub 4/ decomposition or reduction) which led to the selection of the fluidized-bed zinc reduction of SiCl/sub 4/ as a promising candidate for supplying low-cost solar- or semiconductor-grade silicon. Phase II of the program, which is described, has as its objective, designing an experimental facility (tentative 25 MT Si/year capacity) and carrying out an experimental program to support the design effort. Updates of plant and production cost estimates at the 1000 MT/year level are to be made based on the design experience.

Progress is reported in the design of a large experimental facility for the preparation of high-purity silicon by the zinc vapor reduction of silicon tetrachloride in a fluidized bed of seed particles to form a free-flowing granular product. As of July 25, 1977, the capacity goal for the experimental facility was raised from 25 to 50 MT Si/year. Process flow diagrams and materials/energy flow sheets have been revised to conform to the higher capacity and a plant layout has been developed for locating the facility within an available structure. A unit-by-unit review of instrumentation and other requirements has been made, with the inclusion of those items in the flow diagrams and flow sheets. Alternative designs are presented for a silicon carbide-coated carbon-lined fluidized-bed reactor contained in hot-wall stainless steel, including alternative designs for zinc vaporizers based on detailed heat-transfer calculations. Conditions and equipment for the conversion of by-product chlorine to hypochlorite for use in the treatment of sewage effluent locally were defined. The logistics of 19 percent NaOH delivery and pick-up of 14 percent NaOCL was worked out and equipment suppliers were identified. Heat dissipation requirements for the fluidized bed, Zn/ZnCl/sub 2/ condenser, and SiCl/sub 4/ waste disposal sections were …

Progress is reported in the design of the 50 MT/year experimental facility for the preparation of high-purity silicon by the zinc vapor reduction of silicon tetrachloride in a fluidized bed of seed particles to form a free-flowing granular product. Progress is reported in the design of the silicon tetrachloride purification facility, the zinc/ZnCl/sub 2/ by-product condenser and also non-conventional items, the fluidized bed, zinc feed system, zinc vaporizer, and electrolytic cell.

The scope of this research program is to study the structure of nuclei and the properties of the nuclear force, in particular its symmetries, using the tools of nuclear spectroscopy. To this end a unique set of instruments is at disposal, including curve crystal diffraction monochromators, high resolution beta spectrometers and Moessbauer spectrometers.

The objective of this research program is to demonstrate the feasibility for the high volume low cost production of silane (SiH/sub 4/), as an intermediate for solar or semi-conductor grade silicon. The goal of the program is to demonstrate the feasibility for achieving a net production cost of less than $5.00 per kilogram of silane through the operation of a 10 pound/day scale pilot plant. The process to be investigated is based on the catalytic disproportionation of chlorosilanes using a tertiary amine ion exchange resin followed by fractional distillation to purify the silane product. (WDM)

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This report consists of proposed F-15 sale to Saudi Arabia.

This report provides information about the operation and procedures of the Selective Service System on both the national and local board level.

The authors recently have measured the direct muon production in the forward direction at small p{perpendicular} and find a large direct muon to pion ratio. At x = 0.3 the ratio is {mu}{sup -}/{pi}{sup -} = 1.83 {+-} 0.43 x 10{sup -4} for negatives and {mu}{sup +}/{pi}{sup +} = 6.4 {+-} 1.3 x 10{sup -5} for positives. The direct production of {mu}{sup +} and {mu}{sup -} are equal although the {pi}{sup +}/{pi}{sup -} ratios is large. They propose to continue these measurements and extend them to higher x. These new measurements would also include the A dependence of the {mu}/{pi} ratio. Based on their experience with this apparatus, they believe it is possible to extend these measurements of single lepton production to production by incident pions and kaons.