Comparison of detailed calculations of contributions by region and component of the power-reactivity-decrements (PRD) for four differing loading configurations of the Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II) are given. The linear components and Doppler components are calculated. The non-linear (primarily subassembly bowing) components are deduced by differences relative to measured total PRD values. Variations in linear components range from about 10% to as much as about 100% depending upon the component. The deduced non-linear components differ both in magnitude and sign as functions of reactor power. Effects of differing assumptions of the nature of the fuel-to-clad interactions upon the PRD components are also calculated.

This report presents a radiological risk analysis of three representative space mission scenarios utilizing a fission reactor. The mission profiles considered are: a high-altitude mission, launched by a TITAN IV launch vehicle, boosted by chemical upper stages into its operational orbit, a interplanetary nuclear electric propulsion (NEP) mission, started directly from a shuttle parking orbit, a low-altitude mission, launched by the Shuttle and boosted by a chemical stage to its operational orbit, with subsequent disposal boost after operation. 21 refs., 12 figs., 7 tabs.

We have made extensive calculations of photoabsorption by all neutral atoms from hydrogen to lawrencium for photon energies up to one kilovolt. Our method was the relativistic time-dependent local density approximation with the usual configuration average for open shells. The most important collective effects are included through an induced field. Expected features such as resonant photoemission and autoionization are seen. Examples of the calculations will be shown. The computer program used is available from the Computer Physics Communications Program Library. 11 refs., 6 figs.

This report consists of three major sections which are: progress made on the development of a generic plant growth model, progress made on the holistic ecosystem model, and a summary outlining future directions of our modeling efforts. The major accomplishments of the plant growth modeling have been the identification and implementation of components for the photosynthesis module, development of a plant canopy module, and further refinement of the various modules that make up the basic structure for a generic plant growth mode. Research examined several implementations of a leaf-based, CO{sub 2} responsive, photosynthesis model that incorporates information at the enzyme-kinetics level. Also presented, are several models of forest canopies, transpiration, and photosynthesis.

Three catalysts have been identified for a three zone bed study. These three catalysts represent a small, medium and high pore catalyst system. The goal of this program is to investigate catalysts for upgrading liquids derived from coal-to-oil processes.

Sampling Procedure: This project requires a carefully coordinated sample preparation procedure that will ensure that specimens of the proper size and physical characteristics are available for the various measurement methods used. Coherent blocks of coal will be collected in the field, with subsamples being removed in the lab by 1 inch-diameter core drill. At least 5 separate cores will be drilled from each block. Coal blocks sampled in the field will be approximately 10 inches (times) 10 inches {times} 6 inches. Distinctive compositional lithologies should be selected for sampling. For example, a section of the seam containing particularly thick vitrain or durain bands might be selected; or the block might include a mineral matter rich layer. If necessary, several blocks should be selected to represent a range in compositions. Sampling procedure must include a method for retaining moisture. The sample must not be allowed to dry out. Exposure to atmospheric oxygen should be limited as much as possible. The samples must carefully packed for shipment so as to preserve their integrity.

During the current reporting period a total of 139 samples (46 DOE Sample Bank samples and 93 other Penn State samples) of various sizes were distributed. Sixty-three of the samples were distributed to DOE or its contractors; 76 were distributed to other agencies. A total of 88 data printouts were distributed. In addition, seven special data requests were fulfilled by either search/sort and printout or creation of a data disk. Several preliminary requests for Sample Bank and Data Base information have also been handled.

AMAX Research & Development Center (AMAX R&D) has been investigating methods for enhancing the reactivity and durability of the zinc ferrite desulfurization sorbent. Zinc ferrite sorbents are intended for use in desulfurization of hot coal gas in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) or molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) applications. For the present program, the reactivity of the sorbent may be defined as its sulfur sorption capacity at the breakthrough point and at saturation in a bench-scale, fixed-bed reactor. Durability may be defined as the ability of the sorbent to maintain important physical characteristics such As size, strength, and specific surface area during 10 cycles of sulfidation and oxidation.

The scope and cost of the Defense Waste Processing Facility have been significantly reduced by adding in-tank sludge processing to the process flowsheet. A demonstration of in-tank processing was recently completed and the achievement of the major goals described in a previous memo. This memo describes the effect of in-tank sludge processing on the radionuclides in the waste. This memo will also identify those areas that will require further work both before and during the next scheduled in-tank sludge processing batch.

This paper is the final report for a project to do characterization studies on the KrF laser system. The project did experimental work on KrF lasers in support of modeling studies, with the objective being to see if this technology could be competitive for use in the ICF program. This program has provided LANL with data critical for their model development. Section 2 describes the laser extraction experiments together with the calibration of the diagnostics and the re-examination of the analysis procedure. Section 3 discusses the gain and transient absorption measurements, and Section 4 gives the conclusion for this program.

This project originated as a result of the Strontium-90 Action Plan, a response to the abnormal release of radionuclides that occurred from White Oak Creek (WOC) during late November and early December 1985. Several notable problems became obvious during ORNL`s response to this release: (1) no predetermined criteria existed for the operation of White Oak Dam (WOD) in response to spills, (2) the hydrodynamics of contaminant transport and dispersion within the WOC watershed and downstream were not adequately understood to support requests for modified reservoir releases, and (3) real-time data on streamflow, precipitation, and water quality within the watershed were not readily available in sufficient quantity and usable format. The modeling study was initiated to help address these problems. This report describes FY 87 accomplishments, including: improvements in data acquisition and evaluation; implementation and calibration of a model to forecast discharges of water and contaminants from the WOC watershed; implementation, documentation, and checking of a model to forecast concentrations of contaminants from WOC in the Clinch River; and three field studies that provide essential calibration data. Data from the field studies and user documentation of the Clinch River model are included as appendices to this report.

A partial wave analysis of high statistics data collected by AGS Experiment No. 771 in reaction ..pi../sup -/p ..-->.. K/sup +/ anti K/sub S/..pi../sup -/ + n shows evidence for a 1/sup + +/ and a 0/sup - +/ state in the 1280 MeV region, a 0/sup - +/ state in the 1420 MeV region and a 1/sup + +/ state in the 1500 MeV region. Preliminary data from reaction K/sup -/p ..-->.. K/sup +/ anti K/sub S/..pi../sup -/ + X are presented.

New measurements of the neutron and gamma-ray emission spectra from materials of interest to thermonuclear reactors with a 14 MeV neutron source were done during 1986 and 1987. These measurements characterized by better resolution than those reported in the Summary published in 1982, were performed using the pulsed sphere and time-of-flight techniques. The detector used in these measurements was a NE-213 cylinder, 5.08 cm in diameter by 5.08 cm thick. The new measurements include the following materials: Be, C, N, H/sub 2/O, C/sub 2/F/sub 4/ (teflon), Al, Si, Ti, Fe, Cu, Ta, W, Au, Pb, /sup 232/Th, and /sup 238/U. For all these materials, both the neutron and gamma emission spectra were measured. A complete tabulation of all the measurements done under the Pulse Sphere Program is presented. 37 refs., 1 tab.

In this report, I present results of a theoretical 1-D model discussed by G. Dattoli, A. Reniere and myself. The validity of a steady-state analysis is discussed and some estimates are given of the effects introduced by the ''lethargy'' of the laser pulse due to the finite length of the e/sup /minus// pulse. Also, I present analytical expressions for the laser pulse in terms of supermodes (wave-packets of cavity modes), their evolution, physical width as well as the associated frequency spectrum. Next, I present results obtained with a 3-D code for the single pass, small-signal gain. In the appendix, I summarize the symbols used in this report. 2 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.

This report describes the progress being made in event location using a single 3-component station. In this study locations are obtained using a backazimuth determined by the particle motion of Pn and a distance determined by differential travel times between Pn, Pg, and Lg relative to a master event of known location. The data set used consists of the seismic signals from 11 nuclear events at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) and recorded at the four Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) seismic stations: Elko, Kanab, Landers, and Mina. The stations range from 230 km to 400 km away from the events. The local magnitude (M/sub L/) of the events range from 3.7 to 5.6 with the small events barely visible over the microseisms. All calculations and observations are made after the events have been filtered between 0.3 and 6 Hz. The results of this analysis show that backazimuth can be determined to within +- 5/sup 0/ of the true backazimuth, about 90% of the time, after systematic variations are taken out.

Primordial oocytes in juvenile mice show acute gamma-ray LD/sub 50/ as low as 6 rad. This provides opportunities for determining dose-response relations at low doses and chronic exposure in the intact animal - conditions of particular interest for hazard evaluation. Examined in this way, /sup 3/HOH in body water is found to kill murine oocytes exponentially with dose, the LD/sub 50/ level for chronic exposure being only 2..mu..Ci/ml (delivering 0.4 rad/day). At very low doses and dose rates, where comparisons between tritium and other radiations are of special significance for radiological protection, the RBE of tritium compared with /sup 60/Co gamma radiation reaches approximately 3. Effects on murine fertility from tritium-induced oocyte loss have been quantified by reproductive capacity measurements. Chronic low-level exposure has been examined also in three primate species - squirrel, rhesus, and bonnet monkeys. In squirrel monkeys the ovarian germ-cell supply is 99% destroyed by the time of birth from prenatal exposure to body-water levels of /sup 3/HOH (administered in maternal drinking water) of only 3 ..mu..Ci/ml, the LD/sub 50/ level being 0.5 ..mu..Ci/ml (giving 0.1 rad/day), one fourth that in mice. Though not completely ruled out, similar high sensitivity of female germ cells has not been …

Spectroscopy of ion-induced x rays is commonly performed using lithium-drifted, silicon detectors, Si(Li), with beryllium windows. Strong absorption of x rays with energies below 1 keV occurs in even the thinnest commercially available beryllium windows and precludes useful analysis of sub-keV x rays. Access to the sub-keV x ray region can be achieved using windowless (WL) and ultra-thin-windowed (UTW) Si(Li) detectors. These detectors have been shown to be useful for spectroscopy of x rays with energies above approximately 200 eV. The properties of such detectors are reviewed with regard to analysis of ion-induced x rays. In particular, considerations of detection efficiency, output linearity, energy resolution, peak shapes, and vacuum requirements are presented. The use of ion excitation for determination of many detector properties serves to demonstrate the usefulness of WL and UTW detectors for the spectroscopy of sub-keV, ion-induced x rays. 23 refs., 4 figs.

The health concerns of several substances likely to be encountered in the non-industrial indoor environment are discussed. Monitoring data and information on the health effects of CO, NO/sub 2/, formaldehyde, and radon are included. (JGB)

We present a novel approach to the 3-dimensional high-gain free- electron laser amplifier problem. The method allows us to write the laser field as an integral equation which can be efficiently and accurately evaluated on a small computer. The model is general enough to allow the inclusion of various initial electron beam distributions to study the gain reduction mechanism and its dependence on the physical parameters. 16 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab.

We have established a comprehensive program for the US Department of Energy to develop electrofibrous prefilters to extend the life of High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters that are used in the nuclear industry. We have selected the electrofibrous filter because, compared to the mechanical fibrous filter, it has a higher efficiency and longer lifetime. Two different electrofibrous filters have been developed for use in nuclear ventilation systems. One prototype is a stationary prefilter while the other is a rolling prefilter. Both prefilters use the same basic filtering technique in which a fibrous filter medium is sandwiched between a high voltage electrode and a ground electrode, both electrodes having a sufficient open area to offer minimum air resistance. The applied voltage on the electrodes generates an electric field that polarizes the filter fibers, which then attract suspended particles via electrostatic forces. The filter media and electrodes have been pleated to provide a sufficiently long particle residence time. The special requirement of protecting the HEPA filter from a high concentration of smoke aerosols during fire conditions led to the development of the rolling, electrofibrous prefilter. We established the feasibility of this concept in a series of tests using commercially available rolling …

This paper suggests several current atomic physics questions important to ion beam fusion. Among the topics discussed are beam transport, beam-target interaction, and reactor design. The major part of the report is discussion concerning areas of research necessary to better understand beam-target interactions. (JDH)

The parameterization of the magnitude and the energy dependence of the E1 gamma-ray strength function for the calculation of neutron- and proton-induced capture cross sections and capture gamma-ray spectra is investigated. The energy-dependent Breit-Wigner (EDBW) is reparameterized incorporating a more general expression for the Breit-Wigner line shape. Evaluation of the reparameterized E1 gamma-ray strength function is discussed. (WHK)

We have measured transition-metal ion (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) spectra and their effects on Nd fluorescence quenching in Nd-doped phosphate and silicate glasses. Our purpose was to determine the maximum allowable impurity content given particular limits on the absorption loss at 1053 nm and the Nd fluorescence quenching rate. To keep the absorption loss <0.1 m/sup -1/ the transition-metal impurity content should be kept below 0.5 ppMw. To keep the increase in the Nd fluorescence decay rate below 1%, the impurity content should be <3 ppMw. We have also found that the Nd quenching rates do not scale as predicted by the Forster-Dexter dipole-dipole energy transfer theory if we assume that the dominant variation with transition metal is the overlap integral of the Nd fluorescence spectrum and the transition-metal absorption. We suggest that phonon-assisted energy transfer to transition metals is effective in quenching Nd. We find that quenching rates increase 1.5 to 4 times as the Nd concentration increases from 0.5 to 10 x 10/sup 20/ cm/sup -3/.

This paper covers selected aspects of the acute and long term health effects excluding acute radiation syndrome and carcinogenesis, resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation. The changes addressed in this paper are those witnessed within an organ or whole body rather than at the molecular or even cellular level. They include acute and late health effects. Some of these effects are threshold effects, meaning that the dose must exceed a certain threshold before one sees these effects. Less than the threshold dose results in no observable organ or whole body effect. The severity of the effects correlate directly with the amount of cell damage or cell death that has occurred. 15 refs., 4 figs., 8 tabs.