This report gives detailed information in the form of the following chapters: (1) overview, (2) plasma physics, (3) magnets, (4) end-plug neutral beams, (5) barrier pump neutral beams, (6) ecr heating, (7) plasma direct converter, and (8) central cell. (MOW)

This report defines the analytical framework for, and presents the results of, a study to determine the macroeconomic effects of increased market penetration of solar energy technologies over the 1977-2000 time period. For the purposes of this document, solar technologies are defined as wind, photovoltaics, ocean thermal electric (OTEC), small-scale (non-utility) hydroelectric and all solar active and passive thermal technologies. This research has been undertaken in support of the National Plan to Accelerate Commercialization (NPAC) of Solar Energy. The capital and operating requirements for three market penetration levels are first determined; the effects of these requirements on economic performance are then estimated using the Hudson-Jorgenson Energy/Economic Model. The analytical design, computational methods, data sources, assumptions and scenario configurations for this analysis are defined in detail. The results of the analysis of the economic impact of solar energy are presented in detail, and the implications of these results are discussed. Appendix A explains the methodology for transforming investment to capital stocks. Appendix B, which is provided in a separate volume, describes the Hudson-Jorgenson Model in greater detail. (WHK)

During the Erie internal alternate fuel review in 1976, the ERDA RFP for small scale demonstration plants was released and Erie responded. The basis of the contract proposal included design, construction and operation of a Demonstration Plant, which could be expanded to a full-sized industrial plant. The government specifically required the ability to handle Eastern, high-caking, high-sulfur coal. Erie's proposal was to utilize low-caking, low-sulfur coals with the Eastern coals optional. Phase I activity included selection of a gasifier and bids were solicited in October 1977. Babcock Contractors, Inc. was selected in February 1978, based on price and technical evaluation of the gasifiers. Some delay was experienced in selection activity due to late bids and clarification of bid proposals. Prior to selection activities, Erie, McKee and DOE participated in a gasifier inspection trip, visiting 11 plants in South Africa, Italy and Czechoslovakia. The operations, maintenance and designs included by the solicited vendors were evaluated and compared with site observations. Knowledge gained from the trip was used to evaluate the gasifiers and initiated various trade-off studies to resolve questionable areas. As design work progressed, delays were incurred with subcontractors due to late funding, delayed contractual approvals and disputes arising from DOE …

The Hudson-Jorgenson Energy/Economic Model - formally known as the Long Term Interindustry Transactions Model (LITM) - is an econometric model of the structure of the US economy. LITM integrates two separate models into one integrated system. These models are the Macroeconomic Model, a growth model incorporating the underlying trends of economic development, and the Interindustry Model, an endogenous coefficient input-output model of the structure of the economy incorporating patterns of expenditure, prices, and production on a sectoral basis. LITM emphasizes the energy system and its role within the economy. Applications of LITM have, therefore, focused on energy, the effect of energy changes on the economy, and the effect of econometric changes on the energy system. In addition, LITM can be used as framework for long term economic projection and structural analysis.

A mechanical model for the emplacement pipe system is developed. The model is then employed to determine the force applied to the surface collar of the emplacement pipe, the pipe-stemming load, and the stress along the emplacement pipe as a function of stemming height. These results are presented as integrals and a method for their numerical integration is given.

A survey of the literature on carbonate scaling is presented as it affects geothermal fluid systems. The geothermal brine, as the fluid is called, contains a number of chemical constituents which have leached into it from the reservoir rock. As the hot fluid is withdrawn through wells, a flow of steam, water, or a mixture of steam and water, results. If the well flows at a high enough rate, some brine will flash to steam because of the pressure drop, resulting in the steam/water flow mixture. The chemical composition of the brines is tabulated as the composition of the components in the water system before flashing and the composition of the non-condensible gases after flashing. Total dissolved solids vary from that of ordinary well water to concentrated solutions as high as 40% by weight. Calcium is a major cationic constituent, and biocarbonate an important anionic constituent of the brine. Prevention/treatment techniques, specific site experimental results, and computer models are presented.

This report presents the results of work performed from January 1, 1979 through March 31, 1979 on the Advanced Gas Cooled Nuclear Reactor Materials Evaluation and Development Program. The objectives of this program are to evaluate candidate alloys for Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) Nuclear Process Heat (NPH) and Direct Cycle Helium Turbine (DCHT) applications, in terms of the effect of simulated reactor primary coolant (helium containing small amounts of various other gases), high temperatures, and long time exposures, on the mechanical properties and structural and surface stability of selected candidate alloys. Work covered in this report includes the activities associated with the creep-rupture testing of the test materials for the purpose of verifying the stresses selected for the screening creep test program, and the status of the simulated reactor helium supply system, testing equipment, and gas chemistry analysis instrumentation and equipment.

The core safety analyses and reactivity control analyses that have been done to support safe operation of the LOFT reactor in the LOCE pre-blowdown (or pre-LOCE) operating mode (Operating Mode 8) for the L2-3 nuclear loss of coolant experiment are presented. Safety analyses done to support LOFT operation in other operating modes (Modes 5, 6, and 7) with changes in operating conditions or assumptions due to requirements for safe operation of the L2-3 test (changes from conditions or assumptions for previous safety analyses for those operating modes) are also presented. The analyses discussed herein do not include analyses for potential loss of coolant accidents, or for accidents during the LOCE blowdown mode (Mode 9), or for potential radiation releases during LOCE operation.

The interactive effects of elevated temperatures and nutrient enrichment on periphyton communities on glass slides were studied for one year in the Flowing Streams Laboratory, operated by Savannah River Laboratory (SRL) for the Department of Energy (Figure 1). Water from a South Carolina stream called Upper Three Runs, characterized by low pH and low nutrient concentrations and with intermittent swamp drainage, was used.

All the objectives of the regional program monitoring and progress evaluation have been met through personal contacts and the review of data. They are as follows: to determine the existing status of power plant projects and future plans; to identify major problem areas for each project (technical, financial, regulatory) that are affecting progress; and to analyze the data and to develop recommendations directed toward resolving problems. The results have been presented in a tabular summary format that is accompanied by explanatory text covering 25 projects.

Welds in austenitic stainless steel pipes are notoriously difficult to nondestructively examine using conventional ultrasonic and eddy current methods. Survace irregularities and microscopic variations in magnetic permeability cause false eddy current signal variations. Ultrasonic methods have been developed which use computer processing of the data to overcome some of the problems. Electro-thermal nondestructive testing shows promise for detecting flaws that are difficult to detect using other NDT methods. Results of a project completed to develop and demonstrate the potential of an electro-thermal method for nondestructively testing stainless steel pipe welds are presented. Electro-thermal NDT uses a brief pulse of electrical current injected into the pipe. Defects at any depth within the weld cause small differences in surface electrical current distribution. These cause short-lived transient temperature differences on the pipe's surface that are mapped using an infrared scanning camera. Localized microstructural differences and normal surface roughness in the welds have little effect on the surface temperatures.

The appendices for the water resources evaluation report are included for the Imperial Valley KGRA's, Coso, Mono-Long Valley, Geysers Calistoga, Surprise Valley, Wendell Amedee, Glass Mountain, Lassen, Puna, and for power plant case studies. (MHR)

A canonical resolution of the multiplicity problem was proven for U(3) and this resolution is extended to a determination of all U(n) tensor operators characterized by maximal null space. 9 references.

Coatings for laser fusion targets have been deposited in an inductively coupled discharge device by plasma polymerization. Two feed gases were used: perfluoro-2-butene, which produced a fluorocarbon coating (CF/sub 1/ /sub 3/) with a density of 1.8 g/cc, and trans-2-butene which produced a hydrocarbon coating (CH/sub 1/ /sub 3/) with a density of 1.0 g/cc. Uniform pin-hole free films have been deposited to a thickness of up to 30 ..mu..m of fluorocarbon and up to 110 ..mu..m of hydrocarbon. The effect of process variables on surface smoothness has been investigated. The basic defect in the coating has been found to result from shadowing by a small surface irregularity in an anisotropic coating flux.

A retrofit solar water-heating system has been operating for the past two years in a three-story apartment building at Drexel University. The system employs two conventional collector banks (9 PPG collectors) mounted at the latitude angle for Philadelphia of 40 deg from the horizontal and two double-exposure collectors (DEC's) mounted vertically in mirrored enclosures. The relative performance of the conventional and double-exposure collectors has been monitored with an instrumentation system which was developed and installed in the basement of the apartment building. The DEC units have been found to provide from two to four times as much useful heat output per panel area than the PPG collectors. The higher relative performance values occur on clear winter days whereas lower relative performance values are found on clear summer days and generally overcast days. A cost analysis for a DEC unit relative to a conventional collector has also been performed. In the Philadelphia area the DEC units with their mirror enclosures would cost approximately 1.7 times as much per panel area as conventional collectors. Since the DEC units provide two to four times as much useful heat output, they are a cost-effective choice for flat or gently sloping roofs for which they …

Parts that are manufactured with diamond tools on precision machines typically exhibit high-quality surfaces and contours; however, most materials that are diamond turned easily are also relatively soft and damage easily. Therefore, a noncontact, rotary inspection machine was developed. This machine utilizes a focused beam from a laser interferometer to measure variations in the surfaces of the reflective, spherical test parts used to characterize precision machines. Digital output data from the laser display is converted to an analog signal which is available for additional processing to provide contour and/or surface texture information.

The solar fuels and chemicals study was limited to the examination of processes requiring temperatures in excess of 1000/sup 0/K since lower temperature processes had already been examined in studies concerned with the application of waste heat from nuclear power plants to industrial processes. In developing the carbon cycle processes, the primary activity included an extensive literature search and the thermodynamic evaluation of a number of candidate chemical cycles. Although both hydrogen and carbon closed- and open-loop chemical cycles were studied, it was concluded that the carbon cycles offered sufficient additional potential to warrant concentrating on them in subsequent work. The section on new ideas for transportable fuels presents the elements of a new concept for a carbon cycle recovery technique to produce transportable fuels. The elements discussed are sources of carbon dioxide, solar energy reduction of CO/sub 2/, potential carbon cycles, and use of carbon monoxide as fuel and feedstocks. Another section presents some new concepts for the use of high-temperature solar energy in the production of essential materials and for closed-loop chemical storage, as well as for the production of hydrogen as a fuel and open-loop applications. Potential problem areas pertinent to solar-derived fuels and chemicals have been …

The relativistic multigroup diffusion equations describing superthermal electron transport in laser fusion plasmas were derived in an earlier UCRL. A successful numerical scheme based on these equations which is now being used to model laser fusion experiments is described.

Applications of seismic design criteria and qualification methods to the US breeder reactor projects have developed new findings, improvements in design methods, and identified areas for further development. Discussions are presented regarding site free field motion, soil-structure interaction, equipment response spectra, piping, snubbers and support design analyses, dynamic decoupling, seismic qualification testing, and protection of Seismic Category I components from Non-Category I equipment failures.

Four different models of the migration process have been reviewed to determine their suitability as a working model. While there are several common factors in the models additional factors are included to account for several possible effects. The detail of each model leads to a certain degree of difficulty in applying the model to the problem at hand. One model predicts that inclusions smaller than 0.1 mm dimension probably will not migrate. The other models do not consider size as a factor. Thermal diffusion (Soret effect) is considered insignificant in three models, while in the fourth model it is added to the concentration diffusion term. The following conclusions are made: (1) Temperature is the most significant parameter in all models and must be known as a function of time, and distance from the canister. (2) All four models predict about the same migration velocity for a given set of conditions. For 100/sup 0/C and 1/sup 0/C/cm thermal gradient, the individual values are 3.0, 4.8, 5.6 and 6.4 mm/y. (3) The diffusion of ions through the brine inclusions is the rate controlling mechanism. (4) The difference between the thermal gradients in the liquid and in the solid should always be considered, …

The fundamental objective of the water resources analysis was to assess the availability of surface and ground water for potential use as power plant make-up water in the major geothermal areas of California. The analysis was concentrated on identifying the major sources of surface and ground water, potential limitations on the usage of this water, and the resulting constraints on potentially developable electrical power in each geothermal resource area. Analyses were completed for 11 major geothermal areas in California: four in the Imperial Valley, Coso, Mono-Long Valley, Geysers-Calistoga, Surprise Valley, Glass Mountain, Wendel Amedee, and Lassen. One area in Hawaii, the Puna district, was also included in the analysis. The water requirements for representative types of energy conversion processes were developed using a case study approach. Cooling water requirements for each type of energy conversion process were estimated based upon a specific existing or proposed type of geothermal power plant. The make-up water requirements for each type of conversion process at each resource location were then estimated as a basis for analyzing any constraints on the megawatts which potentially could be developed.

Both domestic and international political feasibility studies are being conducted for sub-seabed disposal. (DLC)

The inertia and friction-welding processes were evaluated for joining aluminum alloy 1100-H14 and Type 316 vacuum-induction melted, vacuum-arc remelted (VIM VAR) stainless steel. While both processes consistently produced joints in which the strength exceeded the strength of the aluminum base metal, 100 percent bonding was not reliably achieved with inertia welding. The deficiency points out the need for development of nondestructive testing techniques for this type of joint. Additionally, solid-state volume diffusion did not appear to be a satisfactory explanation for the inertia and friction-welding bonding mechanism.

When canisters containing radwastes are emplaced in a repository the heat produced by the decaying radwaste will cause moderate thermal gradients to develop which will cause the brine present in a halite medium (salt deposits) to accumulate around the canister. Four different models of the migration process have been reviewed to determine their suitability as a working model. One model predicts that inclusions smaller than 0.1 mm dimension probably will not migrate. The other models do not consider size as a factor. Thermal diffusion (Soret effect) is considered insignificant in three models, while in the fourth model it is added to the concentration diffusion term. The following conclusions can be made: Temperature is the most significant parameter in all models and must be known as a function of time, and distance from the canister. All four models predict about the same migration velocity for it is a given set of conditions; for 100/sup 0/C and 1/sup 0/C/cm thermal gradient, it is 3.0, 4.8, 5.6 and 6.4 mm/y. Diffusion of ions through the brine inclusions is the rate controlling mechanism. The difference between the thermal gradients in the liquid and in the solid should always be considered and is a function …