Equations based on kinetic theory relate the contamination of refractory metals in vacuum to the appropriate variables. Several examples are given for which the allowable system pressures are calculated. The examples illustrate the effect of varying several parameters. The importance of the sticking factor for active gases on hot refractory metals and its effect on the system design are discussed. The data for estimating the sticking factor for O/sub 2/ on Nb are given, along with some estimated values. Experimental data on the composition and rates of outgassing of ultrahigh-vacuum systems and their importance in system design are discussed. Several methods of reducing contamination rates and the relative ease and effectiveness of these methods are presented. It was concluded that tests of 1000 hr or longer will probably require system pressures of between 10/sup -9/ and 10/sup -6/ torr, the particular pressure depending upon the residual gas composition, test duration, allowable contamination level, and the other variables discussed. Since the most important source of contamination in a properly designed ultrahigh-vacuum system is the outgassing process, bakeable systems should be designed to operate with walls as cool as practical, and to have a minimum of surface area and outgassing materials inside. …

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